The significance of ferritin in cancer: Anti-oxidation, inflammation and tumorigenesis

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer

Volumn 1836, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 245-254

  Alkhateeb, Ahmed A ^a   Connor, James R ^a  

^a PENN STATE MILTON S HERSHEY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti oxidation; Ferritin; Inflammation; Iron; Serum ferritin; Tumor associated macrophages

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ANTHRACYCLINE; CD71 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; FERRITIN; HFE PROTEIN; IRON; IRON REGULATORY FACTOR; MESSENGER RNA; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG TARGETING; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; GENE; HFE GENE; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFLAMMATION; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; IRON STORAGE; IRON TRANSPORT; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REVIEW; TUMOR ASSOCIATED LEUKOCYTE; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

ANTI-OXIDATION; FERRITIN; INFLAMMATION; IRON; SERUM FERRITIN; TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; FERRITINS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NEOPLASMS; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

EID: 84882790318     PISSN: 0304419X     EISSN: 18792561     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.07.002     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. Laufberger V. Sur la cristallisation de la ferritine. Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 1937, 19:1575-1582.
2. Crichton R.R. Structure and function of ferritin. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl. 1973, 12:57-65.
3. Banyard S.H., Stammers D.K., Harrison P.M. Electron density map of apoferritin at 2.8-A resolution. Nature 1978, 271:282-284.
4. Harrison P.M., Arosio P. The ferritins: molecular properties, iron storage function and cellular regulation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1996, 1275:161-203.
5. Lawson D.M., Artymiuk P.J., Yewdall S.J., Smith J.M., Livingstone J.C., Treffry A., Luzzago A., Levi S., Arosio P., Cesareni G., et al. Solving the structure of human H ferritin by genetically engineering intermolecular crystal contacts. Nature 1991, 349:541-544.
6. Ford G.C., Harrison P.M., Rice D.W., Smith J.M., Treffry A., White J.L., Yariv J. Ferritin: design and formation of an iron-storage molecule. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1984, 304:551-565.
7. Desideri A., Stefanini S., Polizio F., Petruzzelli R., Chiancone E. Iron entry route in horse spleen apoferritin. Involvement of the three-fold channels as probed by selective reaction of cysteine-126 with the spin label 4-maleimido-tempo. FEBS Lett. 1991, 287:10-14.
8. Tosha T., Ng H.L., Bhattasali O., Alber T., Theil E.C. Moving metal ions through ferritin-protein nanocages from three-fold pores to catalytic sites. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132:14562-14569.
9. Towe K.M. Structural distinction between ferritin and iron-dextran (imferon). An electron diffraction comparison. J. Biol. Chem. 1981, 256:9377-9378.
10. Arosio P., Adelman T.G., Drysdale J.W. On ferritin heterogeneity. Further evidence for heteropolymers. J. Biol. Chem. 1978, 253:4451-4458.
11. Boyd D., Vecoli C., Belcher D.M., Jain S.K., Drysdale J.W. Structural and functional relationships of human ferritin H and L chains deduced from cDNA clones. J. Biol. Chem. 1985, 260:11755-11761.
12. Jain S.K., Barrett K.J., Boyd D., Favreau M.F., Crampton J., Drysdale J.W. Ferritin H and L chains are derived from different multigene families. J. Biol. Chem. 1985, 260:11762-11768.
13. Levi S., Luzzago A., Cesareni G., Cozzi A., Franceschinelli F., Albertini A., Arosio P. Mechanism of ferritin iron uptake: activity of the H-chain and deletion mapping of the ferro-oxidase site. A study of iron uptake and ferro-oxidase activity of human liver, recombinant H-chain ferritins, and of two H-chain deletion mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263:18086-18092.
14. Cozzi A., Corsi B., Levi S., Santambrogio P., Albertini A., Arosio P. Overexpression of wild type and mutated human ferritin H-chain in HeLa cells: in vivo role of ferritin ferroxidase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:25122-25129.
15. Levi S., Santambrogio P., Albertini A., Arosio P. Human ferritin H-chains can be obtained in non-assembled stable forms which have ferroxidase activity. FEBS Lett. 1993, 336:309-312.
16. Wade V.J., Levi S., Arosio P., Treffry A., Harrison P.M., Mann S. Influence of site-directed modifications on the formation of iron cores in ferritin. J. Mol. Biol. 1991, 221:1443-1452.
17. Lawson D.M., Treffry A., Artymiuk P.J., Harrison P.M., Yewdall S.J., Luzzago A., Cesareni G., Levi S., Arosio P. Identification of the ferroxidase centre in ferritin. FEBS Lett. 1989, 254:207-210.
18. Levi S., Corsi B., Rovida E., Cozzi A., Santambrogio P., Albertini A., Arosio P. Construction of a ferroxidase center in human ferritin L-chain. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:30334-30339.
19. Levi S., Yewdall S.J., Harrison P.M., Santambrogio P., Cozzi A., Rovida E., Albertini A., Arosio P. Evidence of H- and L-chains have co-operative roles in the iron-uptake mechanism of human ferritin. Biochem. J. 1992, 288(Pt 2):591-596.
20. Santambrogio P., Levi S., Arosio P., Palagi L., Vecchio G., Lawson D.M., Yewdall S.J., Artymiuk P.J., Harrison P.M., Jappelli R., et al. Evidence that a salt bridge in the light chain contributes to the physical stability difference between heavy and light human ferritins. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:14077-14083.
21. Mazur A., Shorr E. Hepatorenal factors in circulatory homeostasis; the identification of the hepatic vasodepressor substance, VDM, with ferritin. J. Biol. Chem. 1948, 176:771-787.
22. Reissmann K.R., Dietrich M.R. On the presence of ferritin in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular disease. J. Clin. Invest. 1956, 35:588-595.
23. Arosio P., Yokota M., Drysdale J.W. Characterization of serum ferritin in iron overload: possible identity to natural apoferritin. Br. J. Haematol. 1977, 36:199-207.
24. Worwood M., Dawkins S., Wagstaff M., Jacobs A. The purification and properties of ferritin from human serum. Biochem. J. 1976, 157:97-103.
25. Santambrogio P., Cozzi A., Levi S., Arosio P. Human serum ferritin G-peptide is recognized by anti-L ferritin subunit antibodies and concanavalin-A. Br. J. Haematol. 1987, 65:235-237.
26. Hazard J.T., Yokota M., Arosio P., Drysdale J.W. Immunologic differences in human isoferritins: implications for immunologic quantitation of serum ferritin. Blood 1977, 49:139-146.
27. Jacobs A., Miller F., Worwood M., Beamish M.R., Wardrop C.A. Ferritin in the serum of normal subjects and patients with iron deficiency and iron overload. Br. Med. J. 1972, 4:206-208.
28. Walters G.O., Miller F.M., Worwood M. Serum ferritin concentration and iron stores in normal subjects. J. Clin. Pathol. 1973, 26:770-772.
29. Addison G.M., Beamish M.R., Hales C.N., Hodgkins M., Jacobs A., Llewellin P. An immunoradiometric assay for ferritin in the serum of normal subjects and patients with iron deficiency and iron overload. J. Clin. Pathol. 1972, 25:326-329.
30. Allen K.J., Gurrin L.C., Constantine C.C., Osborne N.J., Delatycki M.B., Nicoll A.J., McLaren C.E., Bahlo M., Nisselle A.E., Vulpe C.D., Anderson G.J., Southey M.C., Giles G.G., English D.R., Hopper J.L., Olynyk J.K., Powell L.W., Gertig D.M. Iron-overload-related disease in HFE hereditary hemochromatosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:221-230.
31. O'Meara A., Infanti L., Stebler C., Ruesch M., Sigle J.P., Stern M., Buser A. The value of routine ferritin measurement in blood donors. Transfusion 2011, 51:2183-2188.
32. Liu J.M., Hankinson S.E., Stampfer M.J., Rifai N., Willett W.C., Ma J. Body iron stores and their determinants in healthy postmenopausal US women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 78:1160-1167.
33. Milman N., Ovesen L., Byg K., Graudal N. Iron status in Danes updated 1994. I: prevalence of iron deficiency and iron overload in 1332 men aged 40-70years. Influence of blood donation, alcohol intake, and iron supplementation. Ann. Hematol. 1999, 78:393-400.
34. Konijn A.M., Hershko C. Ferritin synthesis in inflammation. I. Pathogenesis of impaired iron release. Br. J. Haematol. 1977, 37:7-16.
35. Kalantar-Zadeh K., Rodriguez R.A., Humphreys M.H. Association between serum ferritin and measures of inflammation, nutrition and iron in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004, 19:141-149.
36. Feelders R.A., Vreugdenhil G., Eggermont A.M., Kuiper-Kramer P.A., van Eijk H.G., Swaak A.J. Regulation of iron metabolism in the acute-phase response: interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor alpha induce hypoferraemia, ferritin production and a decrease in circulating transferrin receptors in cancer patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 28:520-527.
37. Beard J.L., Murray-Kolb L.E., Rosales F.J., Solomons N.W., Angelilli M.L. Interpretation of serum ferritin concentrations as indicators of total-body iron stores in survey populations: the role of biomarkers for the acute phase response. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84:1498-1505.
38. Fleming D.J., Jacques P.F., Massaro J.M., D'Agostino R.B., Wilson P.W., Wood R.J. Aspirin intake and the use of serum ferritin as a measure of iron status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 74:219-226.
39. De Domenico I., Vaughn M.B., Paradkar P.N., Lo E., Ward D.M., Kaplan J. Decoupling ferritin synthesis from free cytosolic iron results in ferritin secretion. Cell Metab. 2011, 13:57-67.
40. Ghosh S., Hevi S., Chuck S.L. Regulated secretion of glycosylated human ferritin from hepatocytes. Blood 2004, 103:2369-2376.
41. Zhang X., Surguladze N., Slagle-Webb B., Cozzi A., Connor J.R. Cellular iron status influences the functional relationship between microglia and oligodendrocytes. Glia 2006, 54:795-804.
42. Tran T.N., Eubanks S.K., Schaffer K.J., Zhou C.Y., Linder M.C. Secretion of ferritin by rat hepatoma cells and its regulation by inflammatory cytokines and iron. Blood 1997, 90:4979-4986.
43. Cohen L.A., Gutierrez L., Weiss A., Leichtmann-Bardoogo Y., Zhang D.L., Crooks D.R., Sougrat R., Morgenstern A., Galy B., Hentze M.W., Lazaro F.J., Rouault T.A., Meyron-Holtz E.G. Serum ferritin is derived primarily from macrophages through a nonclassical secretory pathway. Blood 2010, 116:1574-1584.
44. Ferring-Appel D., Hentze M.W., Galy B. Cell-autonomous and systemic context-dependent functions of iron regulatory protein 2 in mammalian iron metabolism. Blood 2009, 113:679-687.
45. Zhang Z., Zhang F., An P., Guo X., Shen Y., Tao Y., Wu Q., Zhang Y., Yu Y., Ning B., Nie G., Knutson M.D., Anderson G.J., Wang F. Ferroportin1 deficiency in mouse macrophages impairs iron homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Blood 2011, 118:1912-1922.
46. Kew M.C., Torrance J.D., Derman D., Simon M., Macnab G.M., Charlton R.W., Bothwell T.H. Serum and tumour ferritins in primary liver cancer. Gut 1978, 19:294-299.
47. Niitsu Y., Ohtsuka S., Kohgo Y., Watanabe N., Koseki J., Urushizaki I. Hepatoma ferritin in the tissue and serum. Tumor Res. 1975, 10:31-42.
48. Eshhar Z., Order S.E., Katz D.H. Ferritin, a Hodgkin's disease associated antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1974, 71:3956-3960.
49. Weinstein R.E., Bond B.H., Silberberg B.K. Tissue ferritin concentration in carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 1982, 50:2406-2409.
50. Marcus D.M., Zinberg N. Isolation of ferritin from human mammary and pancreatic carcinomas by means of antibody immunoadsorbents. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1974, 162:493-501.
51. Guner G., Kirkali G., Yenisey C., Tore I.R. Cytosol and serum ferritin in breast carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 1992, 67:103-112.
52. Weinstein R.E., Bond B.H., Silberberg B.K., Vaughn C.B., Subbaiah P., Pieper D.R. Tissue ferritin concentration and prognosis in carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 1989, 14:349-353.
53. Alkhateeb A., Han B., Connor J.R. Ferritin stimulates breast cancer cells through an iron-independent mechanism and is primarily localized within tumor-associated macrophages. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2013, 137:733-744.
54. Arosio P., Yokota M., Drysdale J.W. Structural and immunological relationships of isoferritins in normal and malignant cells. Cancer Res. 1976, 36:1735-1739.
55. Jezequel P., Campion L., Spyratos F., Loussouarn D., Campone M., Guerin-Charbonnel C., Joalland M.P., Andre J., Descotes F., Grenot C., Roy P., Carlioz A., Martin P.M., Chassevent A., Jourdan M.L., Ricolleau G. Validation of tumor-associated macrophage ferritin light chain as a prognostic biomarker in node-negative breast cancer tumors: a multicentric 2004 national PHRC study. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 131:426-437.
56. Rossiello R., Carriero M.V., Giordano G.G. Distribution of ferritin, transferrin and lactoferrin in breast carcinoma tissue. J. Clin. Pathol. 1984, 37:51-55.
57. Hogemann-Savellano D., Bos E., Blondet C., Sato F., Abe T., Josephson L., Weissleder R., Gaudet J., Sgroi D., Peters P.J., Basilion J.P. The transferrin receptor: a potential molecular imaging marker for human cancer. Neoplasia 2003, 5:495-506.
58. Shindelman J.E., Ortmeyer A.E., Sussman H.H. Demonstration of the transferrin receptor in human breast cancer tissue. Potential marker for identifying dividing cells. Int. J. Cancer 1981, 27:329-334.
59. Pinnix Z.K., Miller L.D., Wang W., D'Agostino R., Kute T., Willingham M.C., Hatcher H., Tesfay L., Sui G., Di X., Torti S.V., Torti F.M. Ferroportin and iron regulation in breast cancer progression and prognosis. Sci. Transl. Med. 2010, 2:43ra56.
60. Grivennikov S.I., Greten F.R., Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 2010, 140:883-899.
61. Hanahan D., Coussens L.M. Accessories to the crime: functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2012, 21:309-322.
62. Cozzi A., Corsi B., Levi S., Santambrogio P., Biasiotto G., Arosio P. Analysis of the biologic functions of H- and L-ferritins in HeLa cells by transfection with siRNAs and cDNAs: evidence for a proliferative role of L-ferritin. Blood 2004, 103:2377-2383.
63. Mannello F., Tonti G.A., Medda V., Simone P., Darbre P.D. Analysis of aluminium content and iron homeostasis in nipple aspirate fluids from healthy women and breast cancer-affected patients. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2011, 31:262-269.
64. Mannello F., Tonti G.A., Simone P., Ligi D., Medda V. Iron-binding proteins and C-reactive protein in nipple aspirate fluids: role of iron-driven inflammation in breast cancer microenvironment?. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2010, 3:100-113.
65. Coffman L.G., Parsonage D., D'Agostino R., Torti F.M., Torti S.V. Regulatory effects of ferritin on angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106:570-575.
66. Matzner Y., Hershko C., Polliack A., Konijn A.M., Izak G. Suppressive effect of ferritin on in vitro lymphocyte function. Br. J. Haematol. 1979, 42:345-353.
67. Fargion S., Fracanzani A.L., Brando B., Arosio P., Levi S., Fiorelli G. Specific binding sites for H-ferritin on human lymphocytes: modulation during cellular proliferation and potential implication in cell growth control. Blood 1991, 78:1056-1061.
68. Fahmy M., Young S.P. Modulation of iron metabolism in monocyte cell line U937 by inflammatory cytokines: changes in transferrin uptake, iron handling and ferritin mRNA. Biochem. J. 1993, 296(Pt 1):175-181.
69. Muoz C., Olivares M. Transferrin modulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion by cultured human mononuclear cells: influence of iron status. Nutrition 2000, 16:229-230.
70. Weiss G., Bogdan C., Hentze M.W. Pathways for the regulation of macrophage iron metabolism by the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. J. Immunol. 1997, 158:420-425.
71. Sindrilaru A., Peters T., Wieschalka S., Baican C., Baican A., Peter H., Hainzl A., Schatz S., Qi Y., Schlecht A., Weiss J.M., Wlaschek M., Sunderkotter C., Scharffetter-Kochanek K. An unrestrained proinflammatory M1 macrophage population induced by iron impairs wound healing in humans and mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2011, 121:985-997.
72. Kruidenier L., Chung C.W., Cheng Z., Liddle J., Che K., Joberty G., Bantscheff M., Bountra C., Bridges A., Diallo H., Eberhard D., Hutchinson S., Jones E., Katso R., Leveridge M., Mander P.K., Mosley J., Ramirez-Molina C., Rowland P., Schofield C.J., Sheppard R.J., Smith J.E., Swales C., Tanner R., Thomas P., Tumber A., Drewes G., Oppermann U., Patel D.J., Lee K., Wilson D.M. A selective jumonji H3K27 demethylase inhibitor modulates the proinflammatory macrophage response. Nature 2012, 488:404-408.
73. Bieber C.P., Bieber M.M. Detection of ferritin as a circulating tumor-associated antigen in Hodgkin's disease. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1973, 36:147-157.
74. Jacobs A., Slater A., Whittaker J.A., Canellos G., Wiernik P.H. Serum ferritin concentration in untreated Hodgkin's disease. Br. J. Cancer 1976, 34:162-166.
75. Hann H.W., Lange B., Stahlhut M.W., McGlynn K.A. Prognostic importance of serum transferrin and ferritin in childhood Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 1990, 66:313-316.
76. Melia W.M., Bullock S., Johnson P.J., Williams R. Serum ferritin in hepatocellular carcinoma. A comparison with alphafetoprotein. Cancer 1983, 51:2112-2115.
77. Hann H.W., Levy H.M., Evans A.E. Serum ferritin as a guide to therapy in neuroblastoma. Cancer Res. 1980, 40:1411-1413.
78. Hann H.W., Evans A.E., Siegel S.E., Wong K.Y., Sather H., Dalton A., Hammond D., Seeger R.C. Prognostic importance of serum ferritin in patients with stages III and IV neuroblastoma: the Children's Cancer Study Group experience. Cancer Res. 1985, 45:2843-2848.
79. Sato Y., Honda Y., Asoh T., Oizumi K., Ohshima Y., Honda E. Cerebrospinal fluid ferritin in glioblastoma: evidence for tumor synthesis. J. Neurooncol 1998, 40:47-50.
80. Maxim P.E., Veltri R.W. Serum ferritin as a tumor marker in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer 1986, 57:305-311.
81. Partin A.W., Criley S.R., Steiner M.S., Hsieh K., Simons J.W., Lumadue J., Carter H.B., Marshall F.F. Serum ferritin as a clinical marker for renal cell carcinoma: influence of tumor volume. Urology 1995, 45:211-217.
82. Luger T.A., Linkesch W., Knobler R., Kokoschka E.M. Serial determination of serum ferritin levels in patients with malignant melanoma. Oncology 1983, 40:263-267.
83. Gray C.P., Arosio P., Hersey P. Association of increased levels of heavy-chain ferritin with increased CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cell levels in patients with melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9:2551-2559.
84. Kukulj S., Jaganjac M., Boranic M., Krizanac S., Santic Z., Poljak-Blazi M. Altered iron metabolism, inflammation, transferrin receptors, and ferritin expression in non-small-cell lung cancer. Med. Oncol. 2010, 27:268-277.
85. Kalousova M., Krechler T., Jachymova M., Kubena A.A., Zak A., Zima T. Ferritin as an independent mortality predictor in patients with pancreas cancer. Results of a pilot study. Tumour Biol. 2012, 33:1695-1700.
86. Plebani M., Fabris C., Basso D., Del Favero G., Angonese C., Leandro G., Di Mario F., Burlina A., Naccarato R. Limits of CEA and ferritin in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Int. J. Pancreatol. 1988, 3(Suppl. 1):S113-S117.
87. Nitti D., Fabris C., Del Favero G., Farini R., Grassi F., Farini A., Baccaglini U., Pedrazzoli S., Piccoli A., Lise M., Naccarato R. Serum ferritin in pancreatic disease. An accurate test of malignancy?. Digestion 1982, 25:258-262.
88. Basso D., Fabris C., Del Favero G., Meggiato T., Panozzo M.P., Vianello D., Plebani M., Naccarato R. Hepatic changes and serum ferritin in pancreatic cancer and other gastrointestinal diseases: the role of cholestasis. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1991, 28(Pt 1):34-38.
89. Marcus D.M., Zinberg N. Measurement of serum ferritin by radioimmunoassay: results in normal individuals and patients with breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1975, 55:791-795.
90. Jacobs A., Jones B., Ricketts C., Bulbrook R.D., Wang D.Y. Serum ferritin concentration in early breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 1976, 34:286-290.
91. Alkhateeb A., Leitzel K., Ali S.M., Campbell-Baird C., Evans M., Fuchs E., Kostler W.J., Lipton A., Connor J.R. Elevation in inflammatory serum biomarkers predicts response to trastuzumab-containing therapy. PLoS One 2012, 7:e51379.
92. Jones B.M., Worwood M., Jacobs A. Serum ferritin in patients with cancer: determination with antibodies to HeLa cell and spleen ferritin. Clin. Chim. Acta 1980, 106:203-214.
93. Robertson J.F., Pearson D., Price M.R., Selby C., Pearson J., Blamey R.W., Howell A. Prospective assessment of the role of five tumour markers in breast cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1991, 33:403-410.
94. Hazard J.T., Drysdale J.W. Ferritinaemia in cancer. Nature 1977, 265:755-756.
95. Fisher J., Devraj K., Ingram J., Slagle-Webb B., Madhankumar A.B., Liu X., Klinger M., Simpson I.A., Connor J.R. Ferritin: a novel mechanism for delivery of iron to the brain and other organs. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2007, 293:C641-C649.
96. Li J.Y., Paragas N., Ned R.M., Qiu A., Viltard M., Leete T., Drexler I.R., Chen X., Sanna-Cherchi S., Mohammed F., Williams D., Lin C.S., Schmidt-Ott K.M., Andrews N.C., Barasch J. Scara5 is a ferritin receptor mediating non-transferrin iron delivery. Dev. Cell 2009, 16:35-46.
97. Tappin J.A., George W.D., Bellingham A.J. Effect of surgery on serum ferritin concentration in patients with breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 1979, 40:658-660.
98. Bezwoda W., Derman D., Bothwell T., MacPhil P., Levin J., De Moor N. Significance of serum concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen, ferritin, and calcitonin in breast cancer. Cancer 1981, 48:1623-1628.
99. Stevens R.G., Beasley R.P., Blumberg B.S. Iron-binding proteins and risk of cancer in Taiwan. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1986, 76:605-610.
100. Hercberg S., Estaquio C., Czernichow S., Mennen L., Noisette N., Bertrais S., Renversez J.C., Briancon S., Favier A., Galan P. Iron status and risk of cancers in the SU.VI.MAX cohort. J. Nutr. 2005, 135:2664-2668.
101. Hann H.W., Kim C.Y., London W.T., Blumberg B.S. Increased serum ferritin in chronic liver disease: a risk factor for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 1989, 43:376-379.
102. Zacharski L.R., Chow B.K., Howes P.S., Shamayeva G., Baron J.A., Dalman R.L., Malenka D.J., Ozaki C.K., Lavori P.W. Decreased cancer risk after iron reduction in patients with peripheral arterial disease: results from a randomized trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2008, 100:996-1002.
103. Tseng M., Greenberg E.R., Sandler R.S., Baron J.A., Haile R.W., Blumberg B.S., McGlynn K.A. Serum ferritin concentration and recurrence of colorectal adenoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2000, 9:625-630.
104. Cross A.J., Gunter M.J., Wood R.J., Pietinen P., Taylor P.R., Virtamo J., Albanes D., Sinha R. Iron and colorectal cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene cancer prevention study. Int. J. Cancer 2006, 118:3147-3152.
105. Chan A.T., Ma J., Tranah G.J., Giovannucci E.L., Rifai N., Hunter D.J., Fuchs C.S. Hemochromatosis gene mutations, body iron stores, dietary iron, and risk of colorectal adenoma in women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005, 97:917-926.
106. Knekt P., Reunanen A., Takkunen H., Aromaa A., Heliovaara M., Hakulinen T. Body iron stores and risk of cancer. Int. J. Cancer 1994, 56:379-382.
107. Jackson H.A., Carter K., Darke C., Guttridge M.G., Ravine D., Hutton R.D., Napier J.A., Worwood M. HFE mutations, iron deficiency and overload in 10,500 blood donors. Br. J. Haematol. 2001, 114:474-484.
108. Feder J.N., Gnirke A., Thomas W., Tsuchihashi Z., Ruddy D.A., Basava A., Dormishian F., Domingo R., Ellis M.C., Fullan A., Hinton L.M., Jones N.L., Kimmel B.E., Kronmal G.S., Lauer P., Lee V.K., Loeb D.B., Mapa F.A., McClelland E., Meyer N.C., Mintier G.A., Moeller N., Moore T., Morikang E., Prass C.E., Quintana L., Starnes S.M., Schatzman R.C., Brunke K.J., Drayna D.T., Risch N.J., Bacon B.R., Wolff R.K. A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat. Genet. 1996, 13:399-408.
109. Osborne N.J., Gurrin L.C., Allen K.J., Constantine C.C., Delatycki M.B., McLaren C.E., Gertig D.M., Anderson G.J., Southey M.C., Olynyk J.K., Powell L.W., Hopper J.L., Giles G.G., English D.R. HFE C282Y homozygotes are at increased risk of breast and colorectal cancer. Hepatology 2010, 51:1311-1318.
110. Kallianpur A.R., Hall L.D., Yadav M., Christman B.W., Dittus R.S., Haines J.L., Parl F.F., Summar M.L. Increased prevalence of the HFE C282Y hemochromatosis allele in women with breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2004, 13:205-212.
111. Kikyo N., Hagiwara K., Fujisawa M., Yazaki Y., Okabe T. Purification of a cell growth factor from a human lung cancer cell line: its relationship with ferritin. J. Cell. Physiol. 1994, 161:106-110.
112. Sarcione E.J., Smalley J.R., Lema M.J., Stutzman L. Increased ferritin synthesis and release by Hodgkin's disease peripheral blood lymphocytes. Int. J. Cancer 1977, 20:339-346.
113. Kikyo N., Suda M., Hagiwara K., Yasukawa K., Fujisawa M., Yazaki Y., Okabe T. Purification and characterization of a cell growth factor from a human leukemia cell line: immunological identity with ferritin. Cancer Res. 1994, 54:268-271.
114. Gray C.P., Franco A.V., Arosio P., Hersey P. Immunosuppressive effects of melanoma-derived heavy-chain ferritin are dependent on stimulation of IL-10 production. Int. J. Cancer 2001, 92:843-850.
115. Hann H.L., Stahlhut M.W., Millman I. Human ferritins present in the sera of nude mice transplanted with human neuroblastoma or hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1984, 44:3898-3901.
116. Torti F.M., Torti S.V. Regulation of ferritin genes and protein. Blood 2002, 99:3505-3516.
117. Torti S.V., Kwak E.L., Miller S.C., Miller L.L., Ringold G.M., Myambo K.B., Young A.P., Torti F.M. The molecular cloning and characterization of murine ferritin heavy chain, a tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263:12638-12644.
118. Rogers J.T., Bridges K.R., Durmowicz G.P., Glass J., Auron P.E., Munro H.N. Translational control during the acute phase response. Ferritin synthesis in response to interleukin-1. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:14572-14578.
119. Wei Y., Miller S.C., Tsuji Y., Torti S.V., Torti F.M. Interleukin 1 induces ferritin heavy chain in human muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1990, 169:289-296.
120. Smirnov I.M., Bailey K., Flowers C.H., Garrigues N.W., Wesselius L.J. Effects of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta on iron metabolism by A549 cells and influence on cytotoxicity. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 277:L257-L263.
121. Kwak E.L., Larochelle D.A., Beaumont C., Torti S.V., Torti F.M. Role for NF-kappa B in the regulation of ferritin H by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:15285-15293.
122. Cox F., Gestautas J., Rapoport B. Molecular cloning of cDNA corresponding to mRNA species whose steady state levels in the thyroid are enhanced by thyrotropin. Homology of one of these sequences with ferritin H. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263:7060-7067.
123. Ursini M.V., de Franciscis V. TSH regulation of ferritin H chain messenger RNA levels in the rat thyroids. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1988, 150:287-295.
124. Chazenbalk G.D., Wadsworth H.L., Rapoport B. Transcriptional regulation of ferritin H messenger RNA levels in FRTL5 rat thyroid cells by thyrotropin. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:666-670.
125. Chazenbalk G.D., Wadsworth H.L., Foti D., Rapoport B. Thyrotropin and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate stimulate the activity of the ferritin-H promoter. Mol. Endocrinol. 1990, 4:1117-1124.
126. Yokomori N., Iwasa Y., Aida K., Inoue M., Tawata M., Onaya T. Transcriptional regulation of ferritin messenger ribonucleic acid levels by insulin in cultured rat glioma cells. Endocrinology 1991, 128:1474-1480.
127. Cairo G., Tacchini L., Pogliaghi G., Anzon E., Tomasi A., Bernelli-Zazzera A. Induction of ferritin synthesis by oxidative stress. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation by expansion of the "free" iron pool. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:700-703.
128. Tsuji Y., Ayaki H., Whitman S.P., Morrow C.S., Torti S.V., Torti F.M. Coordinate transcriptional and translational regulation of ferritin in response to oxidative stress. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000, 20:5818-5827.
129. Wasserman W.W., Fahl W.E. Functional antioxidant responsive elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:5361-5366.
130. Kennedy M.C., Antholine W.E., Beinert H. An EPR investigation of the products of the reaction of cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitases with nitric oxide. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:20340-20347.
131. Cosse J.P., Michiels C. Tumour hypoxia affects the responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy and promotes cancer progression. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2008, 8:790-797.
132. Qi Y., Dawson G. Hypoxia specifically and reversibly induces the synthesis of ferritin in oligodendrocytes and human oligodendrogliomas. J. Neurochem. 1994, 63:1485-1490.
133. Qi Y., Jamindar T.M., Dawson G. Hypoxia alters iron homeostasis and induces ferritin synthesis in oligodendrocytes. J. Neurochem. 1995, 64:2458-2464.
134. Toth I., Yuan L., Rogers J.T., Boyce H., Bridges K.R. Hypoxia alters iron-regulatory protein-1 binding capacity and modulates cellular iron homeostasis in human hepatoma and erythroleukemia cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:4467-4473.
135. Irace C., Scorziello A., Maffettone C., Pignataro G., Matrone C., Adornetto A., Santamaria R., Annunziato L., Colonna A. Divergent modulation of iron regulatory proteins and ferritin biosynthesis by hypoxia/reoxygenation in neurones and glial cells. J. Neurochem. 2005, 95:1321-1331.
136. Smith J.J., O'Brien-Ladner A.R., Kaiser C.R., Wesselius L.J. Effects of hypoxia and nitric oxide on ferritin content of alveolar cells. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 2003, 141:309-317.
137. Stohs S.J., Bagchi D. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1995, 18:321-336.
138. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M. Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem. J. 1984, 219:1-14.
139. Kim Y.I., Cho J.H., Yoo O.J., Ahnn J. Transcriptional regulation and life-span modulation of cytosolic aconitase and ferritin genes in C. elegans. J. Mol. Biol. 2004, 342:421-433.
140. Cermak J., Balla J., Jacob H.S., Balla G., Enright H., Nath K., Vercellotti G.M. Tumor cell heme uptake induces ferritin synthesis resulting in altered oxidant sensitivity: possible role in chemotherapy efficacy. Cancer Res. 1993, 53:5308-5313.
141. Cozzi A., Levi S., Corsi B., Santambrogio P., Campanella A., Gerardi G., Arosio P. Role of iron and ferritin in TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. FEBS Lett. 2003, 537:187-192.
142. Pham C.G., Bubici C., Zazzeroni F., Papa S., Jones J., Alvarez K., Jayawardena S., De Smaele E., Cong R., Beaumont C., Torti F.M., Torti S.V., Franzoso G. Ferritin heavy chain upregulation by NF-kappaB inhibits TNFalpha-induced apoptosis by suppressing reactive oxygen species. Cell 2004, 119:529-542.
143. Zhang K.H., Tian H.Y., Gao X., Lei W.W., Hu Y., Wang D.M., Pan X.C., Yu M.L., Xu G.J., Zhao F.K., Song J.G. Ferritin heavy chain-mediated iron homeostasis and subsequent increased reactive oxygen species production are essential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:5340-5348.
144. Ferreira C., Bucchini D., Martin M.E., Levi S., Arosio P., Grandchamp B., Beaumont C. Early embryonic lethality of H ferritin gene deletion in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:3021-3024.
145. Ferreira C., Santambrogio P., Martin M.E., Andrieu V., Feldmann G., Henin D., Beaumont C. H ferritin knockout mice: a model of hyperferritinemia in the absence of iron overload. Blood 2001, 98:525-532.
146. Thompson K., Menzies S., Muckenthaler M., Torti F.M., Wood T., Torti S.V., Hentze M.W., Beard J., Connor J. Mouse brains deficient in H-ferritin have normal iron concentration but a protein profile of iron deficiency and increased evidence of oxidative stress. J. Neurosci. Res. 2003, 71:46-63.
147. Levy J.E., Jin O., Fujiwara Y., Kuo F., Andrews N.C. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system. Nat. Genet. 1999, 21:396-399.
148. Todorich B., Zhang X., Slagle-Webb B., Seaman W.E., Connor J.R. Tim-2 is the receptor for H-ferritin on oligodendrocytes. J. Neurochem. 2008, 107:1495-1505.
149. Todorich B., Zhang X., Connor J.R. H-ferritin is the major source of iron for oligodendrocytes. Glia 2011, 59:927-935.
150. Gelvan D., Fibach E., Meyron-Holtz E.G., Konijn A.M. Ferritin uptake by human erythroid precursors is a regulated iron uptake pathway. Blood 1996, 88:3200-3207.
151. Meyron-Holtz E.G., Vaisman B., Cabantchik Z.I., Fibach E., Rouault T.A., Hershko C., Konijn A.M. Regulation of intracellular iron metabolism in human erythroid precursors by internalized extracellular ferritin. Blood 1999, 94:3205-3211.
152. Leimberg M.J., Prus E., Konijn A.M., Fibach E. Macrophages function as a ferritin iron source for cultured human erythroid precursors. J. Cell. Biochem. 2008, 103:1211-1218.
153. Leimberg J.M., Konijn A.M., Fibach E. Developing human erythroid cells grown in transferrin-free medium utilize iron originating from extracellular ferritin. Am. J. Hematol. 2003, 73:211-212.
154. Broxmeyer H.E., Williams D.E., Geissler K., Hangoc G., Cooper S., Bicknell D.C., Levi S., Arosio P. Suppressive effects in vivo of purified recombinant human H-subunit (acidic) ferritin on murine myelopoiesis. Blood 1989, 73:74-79.
155. Broxmeyer H.E., Bognacki J., Dorner M.H., de Sousa M. Identification of leukemia-associated inhibitory activity as acidic isoferritins. A regulatory role for acidic isoferritins in the production of granulocytes and macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 1981, 153:1426-1444.
156. Broxmeyer H.E., Cooper S., Levi S., Arosio P. Mutated recombinant human heavy-chain ferritins and myelosuppression in vitro and in vivo: a link between ferritin ferroxidase activity and biological function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1991, 88:770-774.
157. DeNardo D.G., Barreto J.B., Andreu P., Vasquez L., Tawfik D., Kolhatkar N., Coussens L.M. CD4(+) T cells regulate pulmonary metastasis of mammary carcinomas by enhancing protumor properties of macrophages. Cancer Cell 2009, 16:91-102.
158. Ruffell B., Au A., Rugo H.S., Esserman L.J., Hwang E.S., Coussens L.M. Leukocyte composition of human breast cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109:2796-2801.
159. Tait J.F., Fujikawa K. Primary structure requirements for the binding of human high molecular weight kininogen to plasma prekallikrein and factor XI. J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262:11651-11656.
160. Schiffman S., Mannhalter C., Tyner K.D. Human high molecular weight kininogen. Effects of cleavage by kallikrein on protein structure and procoagulant activity. J. Biol. Chem. 1980, 255:6433-6438.
161. Henriques O.B., Gapanhuk E., Kauritcheva N., Budnitskaya P. Methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin release from plasma kininogen by plasmin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1969, 18:1789-1790.
162. Kerbiriou D.M., Griffin J.H. Human high molecular weight kininogen. Studies of structure-function relationships and of proteolysis of the molecule occurring during contact activation of plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 1979, 254:12020-12027.
163. Coffman L.G., Brown J.C., Johnson D.A., Parthasarathy N., D'Agostino R.B., Lively M.O., Hua X., Tilley S.L., Muller-Esterl W., Willingham M.C., Torti F.M., Torti S.V. Cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen by elastase and tryptase is inhibited by ferritin. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2008, 294:L505-L515.
164. Parthasarathy N., Torti S.V., Torti F.M. Ferritin binds to light chain of human H-kininogen and inhibits kallikrein-mediated bradykinin release. Biochem. J. 2002, 365:279-286.
165. Torti S.V., Torti F.M. Human H-kininogen is a ferritin-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:13630-13635.
166. Tesfay L., Huhn A.J., Hatcher H., Torti F.M., Torti S.V. Ferritin blocks inhibitory effects of two-chain high molecular weight kininogen (HKa) on adhesion and survival signaling in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012, 7:e40030.
167. Ruddell R.G., Hoang-Le D., Barwood J.M., Rutherford P.S., Piva T.J., Watters D.J., Santambrogio P., Arosio P., Ramm G.A. Ferritin functions as a proinflammatory cytokine via iron-independent protein kinase C zeta/nuclear factor kappaB-regulated signaling in rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2009, 49:887-900.
168. Bretscher M.S., Thomson J.N. Distribution of ferritin receptors and coated pits on giant HeLa cells. EMBO J. 1983, 2:599-603.
169. Fargion S., Arosio P., Fracanzani A.L., Cislaghi V., Levi S., Cozzi A., Piperno A., Fiorelli G. Characteristics and expression of binding sites specific for ferritin H-chain on human cell lines. Blood 1988, 71:753-757.
170. Moss D., Hibbs A.R., Stenzel D., Powell L.W., Halliday J.W. The endocytic pathway for H-ferritin established in live MOLT-4 cells by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Br. J. Haematol. 1994, 88:746-753.
171. Hulet S.W., Heyliger S.O., Powers S., Connor J.R. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells internalize ferritin via clathrin-dependent receptor mediated endocytosis. J. Neurosci. Res. 2000, 61:52-60.
172. Mack U., Powell L.W., Halliday J.W. Detection and isolation of a hepatic membrane receptor for ferritin. J. Biol. Chem. 1983, 258:4672-4675.
173. Chen T.T., Li L., Chung D.H., Allen C.D., Torti S.V., Torti F.M., Cyster J.G., Chen C.Y., Brodsky F.M., Niemi E.C., Nakamura M.C., Seaman W.E., Daws M.R. TIM-2 is expressed on B cells and in liver and kidney and is a receptor for H-ferritin endocytosis. J. Exp. Med. 2005, 202:955-965.
174. Li L., Fang C.J., Ryan J.C., Niemi E.C., Lebron J.A., Bjorkman P.J., Arase H., Torti F.M., Torti S.V., Nakamura M.C., Seaman W.E. Binding and uptake of H-ferritin are mediated by human transferrin receptor-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:3505-3510.
175. Li R., Luo C., Mines M., Zhang J., Fan G.H. Chemokine CXCL12 induces binding of ferritin heavy chain to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, alters CXCR4 signaling, and induces phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of ferritin heavy chain. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:37616-37627.
176. Jiang Y., Oliver P., Davies K.E., Platt N. Identification and characterization of murine SCARA5, a novel class A scavenger receptor that is expressed by populations of epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:11834-11845.
177. Miller L.D., Coffman L.G., Chou J.W., Black M.A., Bergh J., D'Agostino R., Torti S.V., Torti F.M. An iron regulatory gene signature predicts outcome in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2011, 71:6728-6737.
178. Huang J., Zheng D.L., Qin F.S., Cheng N., Chen H., Wan B.B., Wang Y.P., Xiao H.S., Han Z.G. Genetic and epigenetic silencing of SCARA5 may contribute to human hepatocellular carcinoma by activating FAK signaling. J. Clin. Invest. 2010, 120:223-241.
179. Motz G.T., Coukos G. The parallel lives of angiogenesis and immunosuppression: cancer and other tales. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2011, 11:702-711.
180. DeNardo D.G., Brennan D.J., Rexhepaj E., Ruffell B., Shiao S.L., Madden S.F., Gallagher W.M., Wadhwani N., Keil S.D., Junaid S.A., Rugo H.S., Hwang E.S., Jirstrom K., West B.L., Coussens L.M. Leukocyte complexity predicts breast cancer survival and functionally regulates response to chemotherapy. Cancer Discov. 2011, 1:54-67.
181. Shree T., Olson O.C., Elie B.T., Kester J.C., Garfall A.L., Simpson K., Bell-McGuinn K.M., Zabor E.C., Brogi E., Joyce J.A. Macrophages and cathepsin proteases blunt chemotherapeutic response in breast cancer. Genes Dev. 2011, 25:2465-2479.
182. Lin E.Y., Li J.F., Gnatovskiy L., Deng Y., Zhu L., Grzesik D.A., Qian H., Xue X.N., Pollard J.W. Macrophages regulate the angiogenic switch in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2006, 66:11238-11246.
183. Rolny C., Mazzone M., Tugues S., Laoui D., Johansson I., Coulon C., Squadrito M.L., Segura I., Li X., Knevels E., Costa S., Vinckier S., Dresselaer T., Akerud P., De Mol M., Salomaki H., Phillipson M., Wyns S., Larsson E., Buysschaert I., Botling J., Himmelreich U., Van Ginderachter J.A., De Palma M., Dewerchin M., Claesson-Welsh L., Carmeliet P. HRG inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by inducing macrophage polarization and vessel normalization through downregulation of PlGF. Cancer Cell 2011, 19:31-44.
184. Conklin K.A. Dietary antioxidants during cancer chemotherapy: impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness and development of side effects. Nutr. Cancer 2000, 37:1-18.
185. Keizer H.G., Pinedo H.M., Schuurhuis G.J., Joenje H. Doxorubicin (adriamycin): a critical review of free radical-dependent mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Pharmacol. Ther. 1990, 47:219-231.
186. Karawajew L., Rhein P., Czerwony G., Ludwig W.D. Stress-induced activation of the p53 tumor suppressor in leukemia cells and normal lymphocytes requires mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species. Blood 2005, 105:4767-4775.
187. Macip S., Igarashi M., Berggren P., Yu J., Lee S.W., Aaronson S.A. Influence of induced reactive oxygen species in p53-mediated cell fate decisions. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003, 23:8576-8585.
188. Tsang W.P., Chau S.P., Kong S.K., Fung K.P., Kwok T.T. Reactive oxygen species mediate doxorubicin induced p53-independent apoptosis. Life Sci. 2003, 73:2047-2058.
189. Johnson T.M., Yu Z.X., Ferrans V.J., Lowenstein R.A., Finkel T. Reactive oxygen species are downstream mediators of p53-dependent apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996, 93:11848-11852.
190. Liu X., Madhankumar A.B., Slagle-Webb B., Sheehan J.M., Surguladze N., Connor J.R. Heavy chain ferritin siRNA delivered by cationic liposomes increases sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Res. 2011, 71:2240-2249.
191. De Domenico I., Vaughn M.B., Li L., Bagley D., Musci G., Ward D.M., Kaplan J. Ferroportin-mediated mobilization of ferritin iron precedes ferritin degradation by the proteasome. EMBO J. 2006, 25:5396-5404.