Alcoholic lung injury: Metabolic, biochemical and immunological aspects

Toxicology Letters

Volumn 222, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 171-179

  Kaphalia, Lata ^a   Calhoun, William J ^a  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

ER stress; Ethanol; Lung; Metabolism; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUTATHIONE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALCOHOL METABOLISM; ALCOHOLIC LUNG INJURY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; LUNG INFECTION; LUNG INJURY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TISSUE INJURY;

ER STRESS; ETHANOL; LUNG; METABOLISM; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ALCOHOLISM; ANIMALS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; LUNG; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; RESPIRATORY MUCOSA; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84882757640     PISSN: 03784274     EISSN: 18793169     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.016     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Alling C., Chick J.D., Anton R., Mayfield R.D., Salaspuro M., Helander A., Harris R.A. Revealing alcohol abuse: to ask or to test?. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2005, 29:1257-1263.
2. Appelman L.M., Woutersen R.A., Feron V.J., Hooftman R.N., Notten W.R.F. Effect of variable versus fixed exposure levels on the toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology 1986, 6:331-336.
3. Aradottir S., Asanovska G., Gjerss S., Hansson P., Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) concentrations in blood are correlated to reported alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2006, 41:431-437.
4. Aradottir S., Lundqvist C., Alling C. Phosphatidylethanol in rat organs after ethanol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2002, 26:514-518.
5. Arning M., Kliche K.O., Schneider W. GM-CSF therapy and capillary-leak syndrome. Annals of Hematology 1991, 62:83.
6. Aytacoglu B.N., Calikoglu M., Tamer L., Coskun B., Sucu N., Kose N., Aktas S., Dikmengil M. Alcohol-induced lung damage and increased oxidative stress. Respiration 2006, 73:100-104.
7. Basu S., Dunn A., Ward A. G-CSF: function and modes of action (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2002, 10:3-10.
8. Bechara R.I., Brown L.A.S., Eaton D.C., Roman J., Guidot D.M. Chronic ethanol ingestion increases expression of the angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor and enhances tumor necrosis factor-alpha- and angiotensin II-induced cytotoxicity via AT(2) signaling in rat alveolar epithelial cells. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2003, 27:1006-1014.
9. Beck J.M., Liggitt H.D., Brunette E.N., Fuchs H.J., Shellito J.E., Debs R.J. Reduction in intensity of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice by aerosol administration of gamma-interferon. Infection and Immunity 1991, 59:3859-3862.
10. Bermudez L.E., Young L.S. Ethanol augments intracellular survival of mycobacterium-avium complex and impairs macrophage responses to cytokines. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1991, 163:1286-1292.
11. Bernstein J. The role of the lung in the metabolism of ethanol. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 1982, 38:43-56.
12. Bernstein J., Basilio C., Martinez B. Ethanol sulfation by the pulmonary ethanol metabolizing system (PET). Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 1990, 68:219-234.
13. Bhopale K., Nauduri D., Soman K., Sood G., Okorodudu A., Ansari G., Kaphalia B. Differential expression of plasma proteins in patients diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2011, 1:89-99.
14. Boe D.M., Nelson S., Zhang P., Quinton L., Bagby G.J. Alcohol-induced suppression of lung chemokine production and the host defense response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2003, 27:1838-1845.
15. Bouchery E.E., Harwood H.J., Sacks J.J., Simon C.J., Brewer R.D. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011, 41:516-524.
16. Bykov I., Junnikkala S., Pekna M., Lindros K.O., Meri S. Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the expression of complement components and acute-phase proteins in liver. Clinical Immunology 2007, 124:213-220.
17. Capps, Coleman Influence of alcohol on prognosis of pneumonia in cook county hospital: a statistical report. Journal of the American Medical Association 1923, 80:750-752.
18. CDC Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost - United States, 2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2004, 53:866-870.
19. Cederbaum A.I. Role of CYP2E1 in ethanol-induced oxidant stress, fatty liver and hepatotoxicity. Digestive Diseases 2010, 28:802-811.
20. Chadha K.C., Stadler I., Albini B., Nakeeb S.M., Thacore H.R. Effect of alcohol on spleen-cells and their functions in C57BL/6 mice. Alcohol 1991, 8:481-485.
21. Chauhan D., Singh A., Brahmandam M., Podar K., Hideshirna T., Richardson P., Munshi N., Palladino M.A., Anderson K.C. Combination of proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and NPI-0052 trigger in vivo synergistic cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Blood 2008, 111:1654-1664.
22. Condos R., Rom W.N., Schluger N.W. Treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with interferon-gamma via aerosol. Lancet 1997, 349:1513-1515.
23. Dannenberg A.M. Immune-mechanisms in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1989, 11:S369-S378.
24. Das S.K., Mukherjee S. Long-term ethanol consumption leads to lung tissue oxidative stress and injury. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2010, 3:414-420.
25. Day C.P., Yeaman S.J. The biochemistry of alcohol-induced fatty liver. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1994, 1215:33-48.
26. Dierdorf R., Kreuter U., Jones T. A role for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the treatment of neutropenic patients with pneumonia. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997, 1:68-76.
27. Domiati-Saad R., Jerrells T.R. The influence of age on blood-alcohol levels and ethanol-associated immunosuppression in a murine model of ethanol-consumption. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1993, 17:382-388.
28. Gallin J.I., Farber J.M., Holland S.M., Nutman T.B. Interferon-gamma in the management of infectious-diseases. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995, 123:216-224.
29. Gamble L., Mason C.M., Nelson S. The effects of alcohol on immunity and bacterial infection in the lung. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses 2006, 36:72-77.
30. Grant B.F., Dawson D.A., Stinson F.S., Chou S.P., Dufour M.C., Pickering R.P. The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2004, 74:223-234.
31. Greenberg S.S., Zhao X.F., Hua L., Wang J.F., Nelson S., Ouyang J. Ethanol inhibits lung clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a neutrophil and nitric oxide-dependent mechanism, in vivo. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1999, 23:735-744.
32. Greenberger M.J., Kunkel S.L., Strieter R.M., Lukacs N.W., Bramson J., Gauldie J., Graham F.L., Hitt M., Danforth J.M., Standiford T.J. IL-12 gene therapy protects mice in lethal Klebsiella pneumonia. Journal of Immunology 1996, 157:3006-3012.
33. Greene C.M., McElvaney N.G. Z α-1 antitrypsin deficiency and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2010, 1:94-101.
34. Guidot D.M., Brown L.A.S. Mitochondrial glutathione replacement restores surfactant synthesis and secretion in alveolar epithelial cells of ethanol-fed rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2000, 24:1070-1076.
35. Guidot D.M., Modelska K., Lois M., Jain L., Moss I.M., Pittet J.F., Brown L.A.S. Ethanol ingestion via glutathione depletion impairs alveolar epithelial barrier function in rats. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2000, 279:L127-L135.
36. Guidot D.M., Roman J. Chronic ethanol ingestion increases susceptibility to acute lung injury - role of oxidative stress and tissue remodeling. Chest 2002, 122:309S-314S.
37. Halliwell B. Vitamin C: antioxidant or pro-oxidant in vivo?. Free Radical Research 1996, 25:439-454.
38. Heffner J.E., Repine J.E. Pulmonary strategies of antioxidant defense. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1989, 140:531-554.
39. Holguin F., Moss I.M., Brown L.A.S., Guidot D.M. Chronic ethanol ingestion impairs alveolar type II cell glutathione homeostasis and function and predisposes to endotoxin-mediated acute edematous lung injury in rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1998, 101:761-768.
40. Hukkanen J., Pelkonen O., Hakkola J.H.R. Expression and regulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in human lung. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 2002, 32:391-411.
41. Jaffe H.A., Buhl R., Mastrangeli A., Holroyd K.J., Saltini C., Czerski D., Jaffe H.S., Kramer S., Sherwin S., Crystal R.G. Organ specific cytokine therapy - local activation of mononuclear phagocytes by delivery of an aerosol of recombinant interferon-gamma to the human lung. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1991, 88:297-302.
42. Ji C. Mechanisms of alcohol-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and organ injuries. Biochemistry Research International 2012, 2012:12.
43. Ji C., Kaplowitz N., Lau M.Y., Kao E., Petrovic L.M., Lee A.S. Liver-specific loss of glucose-regulated protein 78 perturbs the unfolded protein response and exacerbates a spectrum of liver diseases in mice. Hepatology 2011, 54:229-239.
44. Jones A.W. Measuring and reporting the concentration of acetaldehyde in human breath. Alcohol and Alcoholism 1995, 30:271-285.
45. Jose G.S., Fortuno A., Moreno M.U., Robador P.A., Bidegain J., Varo N., Beloqui O., Diez J., Zalba G. The angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with phagocytic NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide generation: potential implication in hypertension. Clinical Science 2009, 116:233-240.
46. Joshi P.C., Applewhite L., Mitchell P.O., Fernainy K., Roman J., Eaton D.C., Guidot D.M. GM-CSF receptor expression and signaling is decreased in lungs of ethanol-fed rats. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2006, 291:L1150-L1158.
47. Joshi P.C., Applewhite L., Ritzenthaler J.D., Roman J., Fernandez A.L., Eaton D.C., Brown L.A.S., Guidot D.M. Chronic ethanol ingestion in rats decreases granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor expression and downstream signaling in the alveolar macrophage. The Journal of Immunology 2005, 175:6837-6845.
48. Kaphalia B.S., Cai P., Khan M.F., Okorodudu A.O., Ansari G.A.S. Fatty acid ethyl esters: markers of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Alcohol 2004, 34:151-158.
49. Kaphalia L., Calhoun W.J. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) fluid from asthmatic patients and lipopolysaccharide activate the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in primary human bronchial smooth muscle cells. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2012, A4278-A4285.
50. Kaphalia L., Nahal B., Bhupendra S.K., William J.C. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in the lungs of deer mice after chronic exposure to ethanol. B57 Opportunities for Prevention of Community and Workplace Disease. American Thoracic Society 2013, A3143.
51. Kardosh A., Golden E.B., Pyrko P., Uddin J., Hofman F.M., Chen T.C., Louie S.G., Petasis N.A., Schonthal A.H. Aggravated endoplasmic reticulum stress as a basis for enhanced glioblastoma cell killing by bortezomib in combination with celecoxib or its non-coxib analogue, 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib. Cancer Research 2008, 68:843-851.
52. Kelsen S.G., Duan X.B., Ji R., Perez O., Liu C., Merali S. Cigarette smoke induces an unfolded protein response in the human lung - a proteomic approach. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2008, 38:541-550.
53. Laposata E.A., Lange L.G. Presence of nonoxidative ethanol-metabolism in human organs commonly damaged by ethanol abuse. Science 1986, 231:497-499.
54. Laso F.J., Vaquero J.M., Almeida J., Marcos M., Orfao A. Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with changes in the distribution, immunophenotype, and the inflammatory cytokine secretion profile of circulating dendritic cells. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2007, 31:846-854.
55. Lau A.H., Szabo G., Thomson A.W. Antigen-presenting cells under the influence of alcohol. Trends in Immunology 2009, 30:13-22.
56. Lawson W.E., Cheng D.S., Degryse A.L., Tanjore H., Polosukhin V.V., Xu X.C.C., Newcomb D.C., Jones B.R., Roldan J., Lane K.B., Morrisey E.E., Beers M.F., Yull F.E., Blackwell T.S. Endoplasmic reticulum stress enhances fibrotic remodeling in the lungs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:10562-10567.
57. Liang Y., Yeligar S.M., Brown L.A.S. Chronic-alcohol-abuse-induced oxidative stress in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Scientific World Journal 2012, 2012:9.
58. Lieber C.S. Seminars in medicine of the Beth-Israel-hospital, Boston - medical disorders of alcoholism. New England Journal of Medicine 1995, 333:1058-1065.
59. Lieber C.S. Alcoholic fatty liver: its pathogenesis and mechanism of progression to inflammation and fibrosis. Alcohol 2004, 34:9-19.
60. Lundy J., Raaf J., Deakins S., Wanebo H., Jacobs D., Lee T., Jacobowitz D., Spear C., Oettgen H. The acute and chronic effects of alcohol on the human immune system. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 1975, 141:212-218.
61. Macgregor R., Loubia D. Alcohol and infection. Current Clinical Topics in Infectious Diseases 1997, 17:291-315.
62. Macgregor R.R., Safford M., Shalit M. Effect of ethanol on functions required for the delivery of neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988, 157:682-689.
63. MacNee W. Oxidative stress and lung inflammation in airways disease. European Journal of Pharmacology 2001, 429:195-207.
64. Malhotra J.D., Kaufman R.J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress: a vicious cycle or a double-edged sword?. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2007, 9:2277-2293.
65. Manautou J., Buss N., Carlson G. Oxidative and non-oxidative metabolism of ethanol by the rabbit lung. Toxicology Letters 1992, 62:93-99.
66. Manautou J.E., Carlson G.P. Ethanol-induced fatty acid ethyl ester formation in vivo and in vitro in rat lung. Toxicology 1991, 70:303-312.
67. Mandrekar P., Catalano D., Szabo G. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-mediated NFκB activation by ethanol in human monocytes. International Immunology 1999, 11:1781-1790.
68. Mandujano J.F., Dsouza N.B., Nelson S., Summer W.R., Beckerman R.C., Shellito J.E. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1995, 151:1233-1238.
69. Mason C.M., Dobard E., Zhang P., Nelson S. Alcohol exacerbates murine pulmonary tuberculosis. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72:2556-2563.
70. Matalon S. Mechanisms and regulation of ion transport in adult mammalian alveolar type II pneumocytes. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 1991, 261:C727-C738.
71. Moore T.A., Perry M.L., Getsoian A.G., Newstead M.W., Standiford T.J. Divergent role of gamma interferon in a murine model of pulmonary versus systemic Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Infection and Immunity 2002, 70:6310-6318.
72. Moss M., Bucher B., Moore F.A., Moore E.E., Parsons P.E. The role of chronic alcohol abuse in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 1996, 275:50-54.
73. Moss M., Guidot D.M., Wong-Lambertina M., Ten Hoor T., Perez R.L., Brown L.A.S. The effects of chronic alcohol abuse on pulmonary glutathione homeostasis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000, 161:414-419.
74. Murray H.W. Interferon-gamma and host antimicrobial defense - current and future clinical-applications. American Journal of Medicine 1994, 97:459-467.
75. Nelson S., Belknap S.M., Carlson R.W., Dale D., DeBoisblanc B., Farkas S., Fotheringham N., Ho H., Marrie T., Movahhed H., Root R., Wilson J., Grp C.A.P.S. A randomized controlled trial of filgrastim as an adjunct to antibiotics for treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1998, 178:1075-1080.
76. Ness K.J., Fan J., Wilke W.W., Coleman R.A., Cook R.T., Schlueter A.J. Chronic ethanol consumption decreases murine langerhans cell numbers and delays migration of langerhans cells as well as dermal dendritic cells. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2008, 32:657-668.
77. NIAAA 10th Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health 2000, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
78. Pabst D., Kuehn J., Schuler-Luettmann S., Wiebe K., Lebiedz P. Acute respiratory distress syndrome as a presenting manifestation in young patients infected with H1N1 influenza virus. European Journal of Internal Medicine 2011, 22:e119-e124.
79. Paine R., Preston A.M., Wilcoxen S., Jin H., Siu B.B., Morris S.B., Reed J.A., Ross G., Whitsett J.A., Beck J.M. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the innate immune response to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice. Journal of Immunology 2000, 164:2602-2609.
80. Pelaez A., Bechara R.I., Joshi P.C., Brown L.A.S., Guidot D.M. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment improves alveolar epithelial barrier function in alcoholic rat lung. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2004, 286:L106-L111.
81. Polikandriotis J.A., Rupnow H.L., Elms S.C., Clempus R.E., Campbell D.J., Sutliff R.L., Brown L.A.S., Guidot D.M., Hart C.M. Chronic ethanol ingestion increases superoxide production and NADPH oxidase expression in the lung. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2006, 34:314-319.
82. Qin G.H., Meng Z.Q. The expressions of protooncogenes and CYP1A in lungs of rats exposed to sulfur dioxide and benzo(a)pyrene. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2006, 45:36-43.
83. Rahman I., MacNee W. Role of oxidants/antioxidants in smoking-induced lung diseases. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1996, 21:669-681.
84. Rikans L.E., Gonzalez L.P. Antioxidant protection systems of rat lung after chronic ethanol inhalation. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1990, 14:872-877.
85. Rosenbloom A.J., Linden P.K., Dorrance A., Penkosky N., Cohen-Melamed M.H., Pinsky M.R. Effect of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy on leukocyte function and clearance of serious infection in nonneutropenic patients. Chest 2005, 127:2139-2150.
86. Roychowdhury S., McMullen M.R., Pritchard M.T., Hise A.G., van Rooijen N., Medof M.E., Stavitsky A.B., Nagy L.E. An early complement-dependent and TLR-4-independent phase in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2009, 49:1326-1334.
87. Saad A.J., Jerrells T.R. Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical evaluation of ethanol-induced changes in splenic and thymic lymphoid-cell populations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1991, 15:796-803.
88. Shang Y., Wang F., Bai C., Huang Y., Zhao L.J., Yao X.P., Li Q.A., Sun S.H. Dexamethasone protects airway epithelial cell line NCI-H292 against lipopolysaccharide induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. Chinese Medical Journal 2011, 124:38-44.
89. Sharma R., Gupta S., Singhal S.S., Ahmad H., Haque A., Awasthi Y.C. Independent segregation of glutathione-S-transferase and fatty-acid ethyl-ester synthase from pancreas and other human tissues. Biochemical Journal 1991, 275:507-513.
90. Shellito J.E. Alcohol and host defense against pulmonary infection with Pneumocystis carinii. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1998, 22:208S-211S.
91. Shellito J.E., Olariu R. Alcohol decreases T-lymphocyte migration into lung tissue in response to Pneumocystis carinii and depletes T-lymphocyte numbers in the spleens of mice. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1998, 22:658-663.
92. Shellito J.E., Zheng M.Q., Ye P., Ruan S., Shean M.K., Kolls J. Effect of alcohol consumption on host release of interleukin-17 during pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2001, 25:872-881.
93. Siggins R.W., Bagby G.J., Molina P., Dufour J., Nelson S., Zhang P. Alcohol exposure impairs myeloid dendritic cell function in Rhesus macaques. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2009, 33:1524-1531.
94. Siggins R.W., Melvan J.N., Welsh D.A., Bagby G.J., Nelson S., Zhang P. Alcohol suppresses the granulopoietic response to pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection with enhancement of STAT3 signaling. The Journal of Immunology 2011, 186:4306-4313.
95. Spinozzi F., Bertotto A., Rondoni F., Gerli R., Scalise F., Grignani F. T-lymphocyte activation pathways in alcoholic liver-disease. Immunology 1991, 73:140-146.
96. Spinozzi F., Cimignoli E., Gerli R., Agea E., Bertotto A., Rondoni F., Grignani F. IGG subclass deficiency and sinopulmonary bacterial-infections in patients with alcoholic liver-disease. Archives of Internal Medicine 1992, 152:99-104.
97. Standiford T.J., Danforth J.M. Ethanol feeding inhibits proinflammatory cytokine expression from murine alveolar macrophages ex vivo. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1997, 21:1212-1217.
98. Starkenburg S., Munroe M.E., Waltenbaugh C. Early alteration in leukocyte populations and Th1/Th2 function in ethanol-consuming mice. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2001, 25:1221-1230.
99. Stoltz D.A., Nelson S., Kolls J.K., Zhang P., Bohm R.P., Murphey-Corb M., Bagby G.J. In vitro ethanol suppresses alveolar macrophage TNF-alpha during simian immunodeficiency virus infection. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000, 161:135-140.
100. Stoltz D.A., Zhang P., Nelson S., Bohm R.P., Murphey-Corb M., Bagby G.J. Ethanol suppression of the functional state of polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from uninfected and simian immunodeficiency virus infected Rhesus macaques. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1999, 23:878-884.
101. Szabo G., Catalano D., White B., Mandrekar P. Acute alcohol consumption inhibits accessory cell function of monocytes and dendritic cells. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2004, 28:824-828.
102. Szabo G., Mandrekar P., Dolganiuc A., Catalano D., Kodys K. Reduced alloreactive T-cell activation after alcohol intake is due to impaired monocyte accessory cell function and correlates with elevated IL-10 IL-13, and decreased IFNγ levels. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2001, 25:1766-1772.
103. Tagawa Y., Hiramatsu N., Kasai A., Hayakawa K., Okamura M., Yao J., Kitamura M. Induction of apoptosis by cigarette smoke via ROS-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP). Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2008, 45:50-59.
104. Vander Top E.A., Perry G.A., Snitily M.U., Gentry-Nielsen M.J. Smoke exposure and ethanol ingestion modulate intrapulmonary polymorphonuclear leukocyte killing, but not recruitment or phagocytosis. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2006, 30:1599-1607.
105. Vander Top E.A., Wyatt T.A., Gentry-Nielsen M.J. Smoke exposure exacerbates an ethanol-induced defect in mucociliary clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2005, 29:882-887.
106. Vasiliou V., Marselos M. Tissue distribution of inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the rat after treatment with phenobarbital or methylcholanthrene. Pharmacology and Toxicology 1989, 64:39-42.
107. Werner J., Laposata M., FernandezDelCastillo C., Saghir M., Iozzo R.V., Lewandrowski K.B., Warshaw A.L. Pancreatic injury in rats induced by fatty acid ethyl ester, a nonoxidative metabolite of alcohol. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:286-294.
108. Wu H., Cai P., Clemens D.L., Jerrells T.R., Ansari G.A.S., Kaphalia B.S. Metabolic basis of ethanol-induced cytotoxicity in recombinant HepG2 cells: role of nonoxidative metabolism. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2006, 216:238-247.
109. Wyatt T.A., Kharbanda K.K., McCaskill M.L., Tuma D.J., Yanov D., DeVasure J., Sisson J.H. Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde-adducted protein inhalation causes lung injury. Alcohol 2012, 46:51-59.
110. Ye P., Rodriguez F.H., Kanaly S., Stocking K.L., Schurr J., Schwarzenberger P., Oliver P., Huang W., Zhang P., Zhang J., Shellito J.E., Bagby G.J., Nelson S., Charrier K., Peschon J.J., Kolls J.K. Requirement of interleukin 17 receptor signaling for lung CXC chemokine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor expression, neutrophil recruitment, and host defense. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2001, 194:519-528.
111. Yeh M.Y., Burnham E.L., Moss M., Brown L.A.S. Chronic alcoholism alters systemic and pulmonary glutathione redox status. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2007, 176:270-276.
112. Yeligar S.M., Harris F.L., Hart C.M., Brown L.A.S. Ethanol induces oxidative stress in alveolar macrophages via upregulation of NADPH oxidases. The Journal of Immunology 2012, 188:3648-3657.
113. Yin S.-J., Liao C.-S., Chen C.-M., Fan F.-T., Lee S.-C. Genetic polymorphism and activities of human lung alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: implications for ethanol metabolism and cytotoxicity. Biochemical Genetics 1992, 30:203-215.
114. Yin S. Alcohol dehydrogenase: enzymology and metabolism. Alcohol and Alcoholism Supplement 1994, 2:113-119.
115. Zakhari S. Overview: how is alcohol metabolized by the body?. Alcohol Research and Health: The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 2006, 29:245-254.
116. Zhang P., Bagby G.J., Boé D.M., Zhong Q., Schwarzenberger P., Kolls J.K., Summer W.R., Nelson S. Acute alcohol intoxication suppresses the CXC chemokine response during endotoxemia. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2002, 26:65-73.
117. Zhang P., Bagby G.J., Happel K.I., Summer W.R., Nelson S. Pulmonary host defenses and alcohol. Frontiers in Bioscience 2002, 7:D1314-D1330.
118. Zhang P., Bagby G.J., Stoltz D.A., Summer W.R., Nelson S. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor modulates the pulmonary host response to endotoxin in the absence and presence of acute ethanol intoxication. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999, 179:1441-1448.
119. Zhang P., Quinton L.J., Gamble L., Bagby G.J., Summer W.R., Nelson S. The granulopoietic cytokine response and enhancement of granulopoiesis in mice during endotoxemia. Shock 2005, 23:344-352.
120. Zisman D.A., Strieter R.M., Kunkel S.L., Tsai W.C., Wilkowski J.M., Bucknell K.A., Standiford T.J. Ethanol feeding impairs innate immunity and alters the expression of Th1- and Th2-phenotype cytokines in murine Klebsiella pneumonia. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1998, 22:621-627.