Optic nerve axonal injury

Ocular Disease: Mechanisms and Management

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 322-329

  Toffoli, Daniela ^a   Levin, Leonard A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882539962     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-2983-7.00042-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (116)

1. Levin L, Gordon L Retinal ganglion cell disorders: types and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res Sep 2002, 21:465-484.
2. Waller AV Experiments on the section of glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves of the frog, and observations on the alterations produced thereby in the structure of their of their primitive fibers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1850, 140:423-429.
3. Raff MC, Whitmore AV, Finn JT Axonal self-destruction and neurodegeneration. Science 2002, 296:868-871.
4. Schwartz M, Yoles E, Levin LA 'Axogenic' and 'somagenic' neurodegenerative diseases: definitions and therapeutic implications. Mol Med Today 1999, 5:470-473.
5. Vargas ME, Barres BA Why is Wallerian degeneration in the CNS so slow. Annu Rev Neurosci 2007, 30:153-179.
6. Whitmore AV, Libby RT, John SW Glaucoma: thinking in new ways-a role for autonomous axonal self-destruction and other compartmentalised processes. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005, 24:639-662.
7. Coleman M Axon degeneration mechanisms: commonality amid diversity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005, 6:889-898.
8. Quigley HA, Nickells RW, Kerrigan LA, et al. Retinal ganglion cell death in experimental glaucoma and after axotomy occurs by apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995, 36:774-786.
9. Pearson HE, Thompson TP Atrophy and degeneration of ganglion cells in central retina following loss of postsynaptic target neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult cat. Exp Neurol 1993, 119:113-119.
10. Quigley HA, Addicks EM Chronic experimental glaucoma in primates. II. Effect of extended intraocular pressure elevation on optic nerve head and axonal transport. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1980, 19:137-152.
11. Lieven CJ, Schlieve CR, Hoegger MJ, et al. Retinal ganglion cell axotomy induces an increase in intracellular superoxide anion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006, 47:1477-1485.
12. Libby RT, Li Y, Savinova OV, et al. Susceptibility to neurodegeneration in a glaucoma is modified by Bax gene dosage. PLoS Genet 2005, 1:e4.
13. Deckwerth TL, Johnson EM Neurites can remain viable after destruction of the neuronal soma by programmed cell death (apoptosis). Dev Biol 1994, 165:63-72.
14. Glass JD, Brushart TM, George EB, et al. Prolonged survival of transected nerve fibres in C57BL/Ola mice is an intrinsic characteristic of the axon. J Neurocytol 1993, 22:311-321.
15. Beirowski B, Babetto E, Coleman MP, et al. The WldS gene delays axonal but not somatic degeneration in a rat glaucoma model. Eur J Neurosci 2008, 28:1166-1179.
16. Quigley HA Glaucoma: macrocosm to microcosm the Friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005, 46:2662-2670.
17. Boland MV, Quigley HA Risk factors and open-angle glaucoma: classification and application. J Glaucoma 2007, 16:406-418.
18. Levin LA Pathophysiology of the progressive optic neuropathy of glaucoma. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2005, 18:355-364.
19. Challa P Glaucoma genetics: advancing new understandings of glaucoma pathogenesis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2004, 44:167-185.
20. Dutta R, Trapp BD Pathogenesis of axonal and neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2007, 68(Suppl. 3):S22-S31.
21. Weinreb RN, Khaw PT Primary open-angle glaucoma. Lancet 2004, 363:1711-1720.
22. George EB, Glass JD, Griffin JW Axotomy-induced axonal degeneration is mediated by calcium influx through ion-specific channels. J Neurosci 1995, 15:6445-6452.
23. Zhai Q, Wang J, Kim A, et al. Involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the early stages of wallerian degeneration. Neuron 2003, 39:217-225.
24. Hernandez MR, Pena JD The optic nerve head in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1997, 115:389-395.
25. Susanna R The lamina cribrosa and visual field defects in open-angle glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol 1983, 18:124-126.
26. Quigley HA, Addicks EM Regional differences in the structure of the lamina cribrosa and their relation to glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Arch Ophthalmol 1981, 99:137-143.
27. Emery JM, Landis D, Paton D, et al. The lamina cribrosa in normal and glaucomatous human eyes. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1974, 78:OP290-OP297.
28. Anderson DR What happens to the optic disc and retina in glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1983, 90:766-770.
29. Airaksinen PJ, Mustonen E, Alanko HI Optic disc haemorrhages precede retinal nerve fibre layer defects in ocular hypertension. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1981, 59:627-641.
30. Drance SM, Fairclough M, Butler DM, et al. The importance of disc hemorrhage in the prognosis of chronic open angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1977, 95:226-228.
31. Howell GR, Libby RT, Jakobs TC, et al. Axons of retinal ganglion cells are insulted in the optic nerve early in DBA/2J glaucoma. J Cell Biol 2007, 179:1523-1537.
32. Soto I, Oglesby E, Buckingham BP, et al. Retinal ganglion cells downregulate gene expression and lose their axons within the optic nerve head in a mouse glaucoma model. J Neurosci 2008, 28:548-561.
33. Watanabe M, Sawai H, Fukuda Y Number and dendritic morphology of retinal ganglion cells that survived after axotomy in adult cats. J Neurobiol 1995, 27:189-203.
34. Weber AJ, Kaufman PL, Hubbard WC Morphology of single ganglion cells in the glaucomatous primate retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998, 39:2304-2320.
35. Germain F, Fernandez E, de la Villa P Morphological signs of apoptosis in axotomized ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Neuroscience 2007, 144:898-910.
36. Quigley HA, Anderson DR Descending optic nerve degeneration in primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977, 16:841-849.
37. Grafstein B, Ingoglia NA Intracranial transection of the optic nerve in adult mice: preliminary observations. Exp Neurol 1982, 76:318-330.
38. Allcutt D, Berry M, Sievers J A qualitative comparison of the reactions of retinal ganglion cell axons to optic nerve crush in neonatal and adult mice. Brain Res 1984, 318:231-240.
39. Allcutt D, Berry M, Sievers J A quantitative comparison of the reactions of retinal ganglion cells to optic nerve crush in neonatal and adult mice. Brain Res 1984, 318:219-230.
40. Villegas-Perez MP, Vidal-Sanz M, Rasminsky M, et al. Rapid and protracted phases of retinal ganglion cell loss follow axotomy in the optic nerve of adult rats. J Neurobiol 1993, 24:23-36.
41. Peinado-Ramon P, Salvador M, Villegas-Perez MP, et al. Effects of axotomy and intraocular administration of NT-4, NT-3, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on the survival of adult rat retinal ganglion cells. A quantitative in vivo study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37:489-500.
42. von Bussmann KA, Garey LJ, Jen LS Injury-resistant retinal ganglion cells that are rich in cytochrome oxidase. Neuroreport 1993, 4:247-250.
43. Radius RL, Anderson DR Retinal ganglion cell degeneration in experimental optic atrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 1978, 86:673-679.
44. Kupfer C Retinal ganglion cell degeneration following chiasmal lesions in man. Arch Ophthalmol 1963, 70:256-260.
45. Pavlidis M, Stupp T, Naskar R, et al. Retinal ganglion cells resistant to advanced glaucoma: a postmortem study of human retinas with the carbocyanine dye DiI. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:5196-5205.
46. Murray M, Grafstein B Changes in the morphology and amino acid incorporation of regenerating goldfish optic neurons. Exp Neurol 1969, 23:544-560.
47. Humphrey MF, Beazley LD Retinal ganglion cell death during optic nerve regeneration in the frog Hyla moorei. J Comp Neurol 1985, 263:382-402.
48. Humphrey MF A morphometric study of the retinal ganglion cell response to optic nerve severance in the frog Rana pipiens. J Neurocytol 1988, 17:293-304.
49. Berkelaar M, Clarke DB, Wang YC, et al. Axotomy results in delayed death and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in adult rats. J Neurosci 1994, 14:4368-4374.
50. Barron KD, Dentinger MP, Krohel G, et al. Qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural observations on retinal ganglion cell layer of rat after intraorbital optic nerve crush. J Neurocytol 1986, 15:345-362.
51. Yuan J, Yankner BA Apoptosis in the nervous system. Nature 2000, 407:802-809.
52. Cragg BG What is the signal for chromatolysis. Brain Res 1970, 23:1-21.
53. Thanos S, Pavlidis C, Mey J, et al. Specific transcellular staining of microglia in the adult rat after traumatic degeneration of carbocyanine-filled retinal ganglion cells. Exp Eye Res 1992, 55:101-117.
54. Watson WE Cellular responses to axotomy and to related procedures. Br Med Bull 1974, 30:112-115.
55. Schnitzer J, Scherer J Microglial cell responses in the rabbit retina following transection of the optic nerve. J Comp Neurol 1990, 302:779-791.
56. Mansour-Robaey S, Clarke DB, Wang YC, et al. Effects of ocular injury and administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on survival and regrowth of axotomized retinal ganglion cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:1632-1636.
57. Cui Q, Harvey AR At least two mechanisms are involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells following target ablation in neonatal rats. J Neurosci 1995, 15:8143-8155.
58. Yoles E, Muller S, Schwartz M NMDA-receptor antagonist protects neurons from secondary degeneration after partial optic nerve crush. J Neurotrauma 1997, 14:665-675.
59. Stys PK, Ransom BR, Waxman SG, et al. Role of extracellular calcium in anoxic injury of mammalian central white matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990, 87:4212-4216.
60. Kiryu-Seo S, Sasaki M, Yokohama H, et al. Damage-induced neuronal endopeptidase (DINE) is a unique metallopeptidase expressed in response to neuronal damage and activates superoxide scavengers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:4345-4350.
61. Kikuchi M, Tenneti L, Lipton SA Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in axotomy-induced apoptosis of rat retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 2000, 20:5037-5044.
62. Barde YA Trophic factors and neuronal survival. Neuron 1989, 2:1525-1534.
63. Raff MC Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature 1992, 356:397-400.
64. Pearson HE, Stoffler DJ, Sonstein WJ Response of retinal terminals to loss of postsynaptic target neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult cat. J Comp Neurol 1992, 315:333-343.
65. Reynolds AJ, Bartlett SE, Hendry IA Molecular mechanisms regulating the retrograde axonal transport of neurotrophins. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000, 33:169-178.
66. Minckler DS, Bunt AH, Johanson GW Orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport during acute ocular hypertension in the monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977, 16:426-441.
67. Quigley H, Anderson DR The dynamics and location of axonal transport blockade by acute intraocular pressure elevation in primate optic nerve. Invest Ophthalmol 1976, 15:606-616.
68. Anderson DR, Hendrickson A Effect of intraocular pressure on rapid axoplasmic transport in monkey optic nerve. Invest Ophthalmol 1974, 13:771.
69. Quigley HA, McKinnon SJ, Zack DJ, et al. Retrograde axonal transport of BDNF in retinal ganglion cells is blocked by acute IOP elevation in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000, 41:3460-3466.
70. Johnson EC, Deppmeier LMH, Wentzien SKF, et al. Chronology of optic nerve head and retinal responses to elevated intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000, 41:431-442.
71. Meyer-Franke A, Kaplan MR, Pfrieger FW, et al. Characterization of the signaling interactions that promote the survival and growth of developing retinal ganglion cells in culture. Neuron 1995, 15:805-819.
72. Chen H, Weber AJ BDNF enhances retinal ganglion cell survival in cats with optic nerve damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001, 42:966-974.
73. Ko ML, Hu DN, Ritch R, et al. Patterns of retinal ganglion cell survival after brain-derived neurotrophic factor administration in hypertensive eyes of rats. Neurosci Lett 2001, 305:139-142.
74. Martin KR, Quigley HA, Zack DJ, et al. Gene therapy with brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a protection: retinal ganglion cells in a rat glaucoma model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:4357-4365.
75. Wang N, Zeng M, Ruan Y, et al. Protection of retinal ganglion cells against glaucomatous neuropathy by neurotrophin-producing, genetically modified neural progenitor cells in a rat model. Chin Med J (Engl) 2002, 115:1394-1400.
76. McKinnon SJ, Lehman DM, Tahzib NG, et al. Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing-4 protects optic nerve axons in a rat glaucoma model. Mol Ther 2002, 5:780-787.
77. Shen S, Wiemelt AP, McMorris FA, et al. Retinal ganglion cells lose trophic responsiveness after axotomy. Neuron 1999, 23:285-295.
78. Carpenter P, Sefton AJ, Dreher B, et al. Role of target tissue in regulating the development of retinal ganglion cells in the albino rat: effects of kainate lesions in the superior colliculus. J Comp Neurol 1986, 251:240-259.
79. Beirowski B, Adalbert R, Wagner D, et al. The progressive nature of Wallerian degeneration in wild-type and slow Wallerian degeneration (WldS) nerves. BMC Neurosci 2005, 6:6.
80. Cook RD, Wisniewski HM The role of oligodendroglia and astroglia in Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerve. Brain Res 1973, 61:191.
81. Ling EA Electron microscopic studies of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration of rat optic nerve after intravenous injection of colloidal carbon. J Anat 1978, 126:111.
82. Clifford-Jones RE, Landon DN, McDonald WI Remyelination during optic nerve compression. J Neurol Sci 1980, 46:239-243.
83. Liu KM, Shen CL Ultrastructural sequence of myelin breakdown during Wallerian degeneration in the rat optic nerve. Cell Tissue Res 1985, 242:245.
84. Cook RD, Wisniewski HM The spatio-temporal pattern of Wallerian degeneration in the rhesus monkey optic nerve. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1987, 72:261.
85. Frank M, Wolburg H Cellular reactions at the lesion site after crushing of the rat optic nerve. Glia 1996, 16:227-240.
86. Kerschensteiner M, Schwab ME, Lichtman JW, et al. In vivo imaging of axonal degeneration and regeneration in the injured spinal cord. Nat Med 2005, 11:572-577.
87. Low LK, Cheng HJ A little nip and tuck: axon refinement during development and axonal injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2005, 15:549-556.
88. Dubois-Dauphin M, Frankowski H, Tsujimoto Y, et al. Neonatal motoneurons overexpressing the bcl-2 protooncogene in transgenic mice are protected from axotomy-induced cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:3309-3313.
89. Sagot Y, Dubois-Dauphin M, Tan SA, et al. Bcl-2 overexpression prevents motoneuron cell body loss but not axonal degeneration in a mouse model of a neurodegenerative disease. J Neurosci 1995, 15:7727-7733.
90. Conforti L, Tarlton A, Mack TG, et al. A Ufd2/D4Cole1e chimeric protein and overexpression of Rbp7 in the slow Wallerian degeneration (WldS) mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:11377-11382.
91. Coleman MP, Conforti L, Buckmaster EA, et al. An 85-kb tandem triplication in the slow Wallerian degeneration (Wlds) mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:9985-9990.
92. Avery MA, Sheehan AE, Kerr KS, et al. Wld S requires Nmnat1 enzymatic activity and N16-VCP interactions to suppress Wallerian degeneration. J Cell Biol 2009, 184:501-513.
93. Beirowski B, Babetto E, Gilley J, et al. Non-nuclear Wld(S) determines its neuroprotective efficacy for axons and synapses in vivo. J Neurosci 2009, 29:653-668.
94. Conforti L, Wilbrey A, Morreale G, et al. Wld S protein requires Nmnat activity and a short N-terminal sequence to protect axons in mice. J Cell Biol 2009, 184:491-500.
95. Wishart TM, Pemberton HN, James SR, et al. Modified cell cycle status in a mouse model of altered neuronal vulnerability (slow Wallerian degeneration; Wlds). Genome Biol 2008, 9:R101.
96. Tang BL, Chua CE SIRT1 and neuronal diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2008, 29:187-200.
97. Levkovitch-Verbin H, Quigley HA, Martin KR, et al. A model to study differences between primary and secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rats by partial optic nerve transection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:3388-3393.
98. Yoles E, Schwartz M Degeneration of spared axons following partial white matter lesion: implications for optic nerve neuropathies. Exp Neurol 1998, 153:1-7.
99. Yoles E, Schwartz M Potential neuroprotective therapy for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Surv Ophthalmol 1998, 42:367-372.
100. Crowe A, Morgan EV The effects of iron loading and iron deficiency on the tissue uptake of cu-64 during development in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subjects 1996, 1291:53-59.
101. Liu D, McAdoo DJ An experimental model combining microdialysis with electrophysiology, histology, and neurochemistry for exploring mechanisms of secondary damage in spinal cord injury: effects of potassium. J Neurotrauma 1993, 10:349-362.
102. Yoles E, Schwartz M Elevation of intraocular glutamate levels in rats with partial lesion of the optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol 1998, 116:906-910.
103. Li GL, Farooque M, Holtz A, et al. Apoptosis of oligodendrocytes occurs for long distances away from the primary injury after compression trauma to rat spinal cord. Acta Neuropathol 1999, 98:473-480.
104. Barres BA, Schmid R, Sendnter M, et al. Multiple extracellular signals are required for long-term oligodendrocyte survival. Development 1993, 118:283-295.
105. Crowe MJ, Bresnahan JC, Shuman SL, et al. Apoptosis and delayed degeneration after spinal cord injury in rats and monkeys. Nat Med 1997, 3:73-76.
106. Shuman SL, Bresnahan JC, Beattie MS Apoptosis of microglia and oligodendrocytes after spinal cord contusion in rats. J Neurosci Res 1997, 50:798-808.
107. D'Souza SD, Bonetti B, Balasingam V, et al. Multiple sclerosis: Fas signaling in oligodendrocyte cell death. J Exp Med 1996, 184:2361-2370.
108. Demjen D, Klussmann S, Kleber S, et al. Neutralization of CD95 ligand promotes regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Nat Med 2004, 10:389-395.
109. Lawson LJ, Frost L, Risbridger J, et al. Quantification of the mononuclear phagocyte response to Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerve. J Neurocytol 1994, 23:729-744.
110. Skoff RP, Vaughn JE An autoradiographic study of cellular proliferation in degenerating rat optic nerve. J Comp Neurol 1971, 141:133-155.
111. Barron KD The microglial cell. A historical review. J Neurol Sci 1995, 134(Suppl.):57-68.
112. Stoll G, Griffin JW, Li CY, et al. Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system: participation of both Schwann cells and macrophages in myelin degradation. J Neurocytol 1989, 18:671-683.
113. Rucker JC, Biousse V, Newman NJ Ischemic optic neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 2004, 17:27-35.
114. Sarkies N Traumatic optic neuropathy. Eye 2004, 18:1122-1125.
115. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B Ipsilateral recurrence of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2001, 132:734-742.
116. Luneau K, Newman NJ, Biousse V Ischemic optic neuropathies. Neurologist 2008, 14:341-354.