Diseases of the Cornea and Sclera

Equine Ophthalmology

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 157-251

  Andrew, Stacy E ^a   Michelle Willis, A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882389519     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-72-160522-2/50007-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (410)

1. Neaderland MH, et al. Healing of experimentally induced corneal ulcers in horses. Am J Vet Res 1987, 48:427-430.
2. Samuelson DA Ophthalmic anatomy. Veterinary ophthalmology 1999, 31-150. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ed 3. K.N. Gelatt (Ed.).
3. Gum GG, Gelatt KN, Ofri R Physiology of the eye. Veterinary ophthalmology 1999, 151-181. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ed 3. K.N. Gelatt (Ed.).
4. Biros DJ, et al. Regional and zonal variations in the sulfation pattern of chondroitin sulfate in normal equine cornea. Am J Vet Res 2002, 63:143-147.
5. Pepose JS, Ubels JL The cornea. Adler's physiology of the eye 1992, 29-70. Mosby, St Louis. W.M. Hart (Ed.).
6. Lavach JD The handbook of equine ophthalmology 1987, 101-149. Giddings Studio Publishing, Ft Collins.
7. Ramsey DT, Hauptman JG, Petersen-Jones SM Corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and optical corneal diameter in Rocky Mountain horses with cornea globosa or clinically normal corneas. Am J Vet Res 1999, 60:1317-1321.
8. Latimer CA, Wyman M, Hamilton J An ophthalmic survey of the neonatal horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:9-14.
9. Plummer CE, Ramsey DT, Hauptman JG Assessment of corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, optical corneal diameter, and axial globe dimensions in Miniature horses. Am J Vet Res 2003, 64:661-665.
10. van der Woerdt A, et al. Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block and intravenous administration of xylazine on intraocular pressure and corneal thickness in horses. Am J Vet Res 1995, 56:155-158.
11. Andrew SE, et al. Density of endothelial cells and corneal thickness in eyes of euthanatized horses. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62:479-482.
12. Ramsey DT, et al. Refractive error in Rocky Mountain horses with cornea globosa and with normal corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000, 41:S135.
13. Roberts SM Equine vision and optics. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1992, 8:451-457.
14. Stuhr CM et al: The normal refractive state of the equine. Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Chicago, IL, October, 1999, p 74.
15. Miller PE Equine vision and optics. Current therapy in equine medicine 5 2003, 454-457. Saunders, St Louis. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
16. Moore CP, et al. Prevalence of ocular microorganisms in hospitalized and stabled horses. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:773-777.
17. Andrew SE, et al. Seasonal effects on the aerobic and fungal conjunctival flora of normal thoroughbred brood mares in Florida. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:45-50.
18. Cattabiani F, et al. Bacterial flora of the conjunctival sac of the horse. Ann Sclavo 1976, 18:91-119.
19. Riis RC Equine ophthalmology. Textbook of veterinary ophthalmology 1981, 569-605. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. ed 1. K.N. Gelatt (Ed.).
20. Rosa M, et al. Fungal flora of normal eyes of healthy horses from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:51-55.
21. Samuelson DA, Andersen TL, Gwin RM Conjunctival fungal flora in horses, cattle, dogs, and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984, 184:1240-1242.
22. Chan-Ling T Sensitivity and neural organization of the cat cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989, 30:1075-1082.
23. Brooks DE, Clark CK, Lester GD Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer-determined corneal sensitivity in neonatal foals and adult horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:133-137.
24. Kaps S, Richter M, Speiss BM Corneal esthesiometry in the healthy horse. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:151-155.
25. Robertson SA, Andrew SE Presence of opioid growth factor and its receptor in the normal dog, cat and horse cornea. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:131-134.
26. Zagon IS, et al. Re-epithelialization of the human cornea is regulated by endogenous opioids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000, 41:73-81.
27. Zagon IS, et al. Re-epithelialization of the rat cornea is accelerated by blockade of opioid receptors. Brain Res 1998, 798:254-260.
28. Tripathi RC, Raja SC, Tripathi BJ Prospects for epidermal growth factor in the management of corneal disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 1990, 34:457-462.
29. Cintron C, Kublin CL, Covington H Quantitative studies of corneal epithelial wound healing in rabbits. Curr Eye Res 1981, 1:507-516.
30. Cenedella RI, Fleschner CR Kinetics of corneal epithelial turnover in vivo: studies of lovastatin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990, 31:1957-1962.
31. Schultz G, Khaw P Growth factors and corneal wound healing. Eye 1994, 8:184-187.
32. Lemp MA, et al. The precorneal tear film. I. Factors in spreading and maintaining a continuous tear film over the corneal surface. Arch Ophthalmol 1970, 83:89-94.
33. Doughman DJ, et al. Human corneal endothelial layer repair during organ culture. Arch Ophthalmol 1976, 94:1791-1796.
34. Van Horn DL, Hyndiuk RA Endothelial wound repair in primate cornea. Exp Eye Res 1975, 21:113-124.
35. Landshman N, Solomon A, Belkin M Cell division in the healing of the corneal endothelium of cats. Arch Ophthalmol 1989, 107:1804-1808.
36. Befanis PJ, Peiffer RL, Brown D Endothelial repair of the canine cornea. Am J Vet Res 1981, 42:590-595.
37. Swank A, Hosgood G Corneal wound healing and the role of growth factors. Comp Contin Educ Pract (Vet) 1996, 18:1007-1016.
38. Schultz G, et al. Effects of growth factors on corneal wound healing. Acta Ophthalmol 1992, 70:60-66.
39. Haber M, et al. Effects of growth factors (EGF, PDGF-BB and TGF-beta 1) on cultured equine epithelial cells and keratocytes: implications for wound healing. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:211-217.
40. Burling K, et al. Effect of topical administration of epidermal growth factor on healing of corneal epithelial defects in horses. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61:1150-1155.
41. Ollivier FJ, et al. Connective tissue growth factor in tear film of the horse: detection, identification and origin. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004, 242:165-171.
42. BenEzra D Possible mediation of vasculogenesis by products of the immune system. Immunology and immunopathology of the eye 1978, 315. Masson, New York. A.M. Silverstein, O'Connor (Eds.).
43. Rochels R Animal experiment studies on the role of inflammation mediators in corneal neovascularization. Doc Ophthalmol 1984, 57:215-262.
44. Hendrix DVH, et al. Corneal stromal abscesses in the horse: a review of 24 cases. Equine Vet J 1995, 27:440-447.
45. Andrew SE, et al. Posterior lamellar keratoplasty for treatment of deep stromal abscesses in nine horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:99-103.
46. Welch PM, et al. In vitro analysis of antiangiogenic activity of fungi isolated from clinical cases of equine keratomycosis. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:145-151.
47. Kern TJ, Brooks DE, White MM Equine keratomycosis: current concepts of diagnosis and therapy. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:22-38.
48. Brooks DE Equine ophthalmology. Veterinary ophthalmology 1999, 1052-1116. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ed 3. K.N. Gelatt (Ed.).
49. Price FW, Whitson WE, Marks RG Progression of visual acuity after penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 1991, 98:1177-1185.
50. English RV Immune responses and the eye. Veterinary ophthalmology 1999, 239-258. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ed 3. K.N. Gelatt (Ed.).
51. Mader TH, Stulting RD The high-risk penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 1991, 4:411-426.
52. Sano Y, Ksander BR, Streilein JW Fate of orthotopic corneal allografts in eyes that cannot support anterior chamber-associated immune deviation induction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995, 37:2176-2185.
53. Gillette TE, Chandler JW, Greiner JW Langerhans' cells of the ocular surface. Ophthalmology 1982, 89:700-711.
54. Streilein JW, Toews GB, Bergstresser R Corneal allografts fail to express Ia antigens. Nature 1979, 282:325-327.
55. Whitley RD, Gilger BC Diseases of the canine cornea and sclera. Veterinary ophthalmology 1999, 646-648. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ed 3. K.N. Gelatt (Ed.).
56. Halenda RM, et al. Congenital equine glaucoma: clinical and light microscopic findings in two cases. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1997, 7:105-109.
57. Zadunaisky JA Active transport of chloride ions across the cornea. Nature 1977, 209:1136-1137.
58. Twining SS, et al. Alpha 2-macroglobulin is present in and synthesized by the cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994, 35:3226-3233.
59. Twining SS, et al. Corneal synthesis of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-antitrypsin). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994, 35:458-462.
60. Slansky HH, et al. Cysteine and acetylcysteine in the prevention of corneal ulcerations. Ann Ophthalmol 1970, 2:488-491.
61. Fini ME, Girard MT Expression of collagenolytic/gelatinolytic metalloproteinases by normal cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990, 31:1779-1788.
62. Fini ME, Girard MT, Matsubara M Collagenolytic/gelatinolytic enzymes in corneal wound healing. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl 1992, 202:26-33.
63. Fini ME, Cook JR, Mohan R Proteolytic mechanisms in corneal ulceration and repair. Arch Dermatol Res 1998, 290(Suppl):S12-S23.
64. Sivak JM, Fini ME MMPs in the eye: emerging roles for matrix metalloproteinases in ocular physiology. Prog Retin Eye Res 2002, 21:1-14.
65. Strubbe DT, et al. Evaluation of tear film proteinases in horses with ulcerative keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:111-119.
66. Ollivier FO, et al. Evaluation of various compounds to inhibit activity of matrix metalloproteinases in the tear film of horses with ulcerative keratitis. Am J Vet Res 2003, 64:1081-1087.
67. Brooks DE, et al. MMP production by microbial isolates from equine corneal ulcers. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:354.
68. Ollivier FO, et al. Reduction in matrix metalloproteinase activity in the equine tear film during corneal healing. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:350.
69. Rainbow ME, et al. Effects of systemic flunixin meglumine, topical oxytetracycline, and topical prednisolone on tear film proteinases in normal horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:357.
70. Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB), W. Lafayette, Ind, Purdue University.
71. Ramsey DT, et al. Congenital ocular abnormalities of Rocky Mountain horses. Vet Ophthalmol 1999, 2:47-59.
72. Latimer CA, Wyman M Neonatal ophthalmology. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1985, 1:235-259.
73. Mann I Developmental abnormalities of the eye 1957, 352. JB Lippincott, London, .
74. Townsend WM Congenital anomalies of the cornea. The cornea 1988, 333-360. Churchill Livingstone, New York. H.E. Kaufman (Ed.).
75. Ewart SL, et al. The horse homolog of congenital aniridia conforms to codominant inheritance. J Hered 2000, 91:93-98.
76. Barnett KC, et al. Color atlas and text of equine ophthalmology 1995, 98-135. Mosby, London.
77. Williams DL, Barnett KC Bilateral optic disc colobomas and microphthalmos in a thoroughbred horse. Vet Rec 1993, 132:101-103.
78. Cook CS Embryogenesis of congenital eye malformations. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1995, 5:109-123.
79. Lewis DG, Kelly DF, Sansom J Congenital microphthalmia and other developmental anomalies in the Doberman. J Small Anim Pract 1986, 27:559-566.
80. Narfstrom K, Dubielzig RR Posterior lenticonus, cataracts, and microphthalmia: congenital ocular defects in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel. J Small Anim Pract 1984, 25:669-677.
81. Joyce JR, et al. Iridal hypoplasia (aniridia) accompanied by limbic dermoids in a group of related quarterhorses. Equine Vet J Suppl 1990, 2:26-28.
82. McLaughlin SA, Brightman AH Bilateral ocular dermoids in a colt. Equine Pract 1983, 5:10-14.
83. Munroe GA Congenital corneal vascularization in a neonatal Thoroughbred foal. Equine Vet J 1995, 27:156-157.
84. Gelatt KN The eye. Equine medicine and surgery 1982, 1280-1282. American Veterinary Publications, Santa Barbara, Calif. ed 3. R.A. Mansmann, E.S. McAllister, P.W. Pratt (Eds.).
85. Szutter L Ophthalmoscopic examination of newborn domestic animals. Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung 1961, 11:183-193.
86. Burton H Somatic sensations form the eye. Adler's physiology of the eye 1992, 71-100. Mosby, St Louis. ed 9. W.M. Hart (Ed.).
87. Massa KL, et al. Usefulness of aerobic microbial culture and cytologic evaluation of corneal specimens in the diagnosis of infectious ulcerative keratitis in animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999, 215:1671-1674.
88. Dantas PE, et al. Antibacterial activity of anesthetic solutions and preservatives: an in vitro comparative study. Cornea 2000, 19:353-354.
89. Jacob P, et al. Calcium alginate swab versus Bard Parker blade in the diagnosis of microbial keratitis. Cornea 1995, 14:360-364.
90. Andrew SE, et al. Equine ulcerative keratomycosis: visual outcome and ocular survival in 39 cases (1987-1996). Equine Vet J 1998, 30:109-116.
91. Gaarder JE, et al. Clinical appearance, healing patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of horses with fungal keratitis: 53 cases (1978-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 213:105-112.
92. Alexandrakis G, et al. Corneal biopsy in the management of progressive microbial keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2000, 129:571-576.
93. Wilkie DA, Whittaker C Surgery of the cornea. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1997, 27:1067-1107.
94. Peiffer RL Corneoconjunctival foreign body in a horse. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1977, 12:1870-1871.
95. Rebhun WC Chronic corneal epithelial erosions in horses. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1983, 78:1635-1638.
96. Nasisse MP, Nelms S Equine ulcerative keratitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1992, 8:537-555.
97. Boulton C, Campbell K Orbital bone sequestration as a cause of equine recurrent blepharitis and ulcerative keratitis. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1982, 77:1057-1058.
98. Moore CP Eyelid and nasolacrimal disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1992, 8:499-519.
99. Vestre WA, Brightman AN Correction of cicatricial entropion and trichiasis in the horse. Equine Pract 1980, 2:13-16.
100. Miller WW Aberrant cilia as an aetiology for recurrent corneal ulcers: a case report. Equine Vet J 1988, 20:145-146.
101. Wilkinson JD Distichiasis in the horse treated by partial tarsal lid excision. Vet Rec 1974, 94:128-129.
102. Stern GA, Weitzenkorn D, Valenti J Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the mouse cornea. Epithelial v stromal adherence. Arch Ophthalmol 1982, 100:1956-1958.
103. Rao NA, et al. Adherence of Candida to corneal surface. Curr Eye Res 1985, 4:851-856.
104. Ramphal R, McNiece MT, Polack FM Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the injured cornea: a step in the pathogenesis of corneal infections. Ann Ophthalmol 1981, 13:421-425.
105. Sloop GD, et al. Acute inflammation of the eyelid and cornea in Staphylococcus keratitis in the rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999, 40:385-391.
106. McGregor MLK Anticholinergic drugs (parasympatholytics). Havener's ocular pharmacology 1994, 140-159. Mosby, St Louis. ed 6. T.F. Mauger, E.L. Craig (Eds.).
107. Hardee MM, Moore JN, Hardee GE Effects of flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone and a selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (UK-38,485) on thromboxane and prostacyclin production in healthy horses. Res Vet Sci 1986, 40:152-156.
108. Halbert SP, Swick L, Sonn C Characteristics of antibiotic-producing strains of the ocular surface bacterial flora. J Immunol 1953, 70:400-413.
109. Berman MB, et al. Corneal ulceration and the serum antiproteases. I. Alpha 1-antitrypsin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1973, 12:759-770.
110. Berman M Collagenase inhibitors: rationale for their use in treating corneal ulceration. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1975, 15:49-66.
111. Berman M, et al. Corneal ulceration and the serum antiproteases. II. Complexes of corneal collagenases and alpha-macroglobulins. Exp Eye Res 1975, 20:231-244.
112. Woessner JF Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in connective tissue remodeling. FASEB J 1991, 5:2145-2154.
113. Twining SS Regulation of proteolytic activity in tissues. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1994, 29:315-383.
114. Woessner FJ MMP inhibition. From the Jurassic to the third millennium. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999, 878:388-403.
115. Pruzanski W, et al. Inhibition of enzymatic activity of phospholipases A2 by minocycline and doxycycline. Biochem Pharmacol 1992, 44:1165-1170.
116. Solomon A, et al. Doxycycline inhibition of interleukin-1 in the corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000, 41:2544-2557.
117. Kuzin II, et al. Tetracyclines inhibit activated B cell function. Int Immunol 2001, 13:921-931.
118. Miller TR Principles of therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1992, 8:479-497.
119. Moore CP Diseases of the cornea. Current therapy in equine medicine II 1987, 450-456. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
120. Wada S, Yoshinari M, Mizuno Y Practical usefulness of a therapeutic soft contact lens for a corneal ulcer in a racehorse. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:217-219.
121. Cooley PL, Wyman M Indolent-like corneal ulcers in 3 horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986, 188:295-297.
122. Tammeus J, Krall CJ, Rengstorff RH Therapeutic extended wear contact lens for corneal injury in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 182:286. 286.
123. Gelatt KN Pseudomonas ulcerative keratitis and abscess in a horse. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1974, 69:1309-1310.
124. Divers TJ, George LW Hypopyon and descemetocele associated with Pseudomonas ulcerative keratitis in a horse: a case report and review. Equine Vet Sci 1982, 2:104.
125. Moore CP, et al. Bacterial and fungal isolates from Equidae with ulcerative keratitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 182:600-603.
126. Moore CP, Collins BK, Fales WH Antibacterial susceptibility patterns for microbial isolates associated with infectious keratitis in horses: 63 cases (1986-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995, 207:928-933.
127. Sweeney CR, Irby NL Topical treatment of Pseudomonas sp-infected corneal ulcers in horses: 70 cases (1977-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996, 209:954-957.
128. Brooks DE, et al. Ulcerative keratitis caused by beta-hemolytic Streptococcus equi in 11 horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:121-125.
129. da Silva Curiel JMA, et al. Nutritionally variant streptococci associated with corneal ulcers in horses: 35 cases (1982-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 197:624-626.
130. Callegan MC, et al. Corneal virulence of Staphylococcus aureus: roles of alpha-toxin and protein A in pathogenesis. Infect Immun 1994, 62:2478-2482.
131. Aarestrup FM, Scott NL, Sordillo LM Ability of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase genotypes to resist neutrophil bactericidal activity and phagocytosis. Infect Immun 1994, 62:5679-5682.
132. Raus J, Love DN Characterization of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from veterinary clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1983, 18:789-792.
133. Dajcs JJ, et al. Corneal virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in an experimental model of keratitis. DNA Cell Biol 2002, 21:375-382.
134. Loeffler DA, Norcross NL Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of milk immunoglobulins to leukocidin toxin of Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:1728-1732.
135. Reichert RW, Das ND, Zam ZS Adherence properties of Pseudomonas pili to epithelial cells of the human cornea. Curr Eye Res 1982-1983, 2:289-293.
136. Stern GA, Lubniewski A, Allen C The interaction between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the corneal epithelium: an electron microscopic study. Arch Ophthalmol 1985, 103:1221-12251225.
137. Twining SS, et al. Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase, alkaline protease, and exotoxin A on corneal proteinases and proteins. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993, 34:2699-2712.
138. Jones S, et al. Ocular streptococcal infections. Cornea 1988, 7:295-299.
139. Bachman JA, Gabriel H A 10-year case report and current clinical review of chronic beta-hemolytic streptococcal keratoconjunctivitis. Optometry 2002, 73:303-310.
140. Schoster JV The assembly and placement of ocular lavage systems in horses. Vet Med 1992, 87:460-471.
141. Sweeney CR, Russell GE Complications associated with the use of a one-hole subpalpebral lavage system in horses: 150 cases (1977-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997, 211:1271-1274.
142. Giuliano EA, et al. Inferomedial placement of a single-entry subpalpebral lavage tube for treatment of equine eye disease. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:153-156.
143. McLaughlin SA, et al. Pathogenic bacteria and fungi associated with extraocular disease in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 182:241.
144. Goldstein M, Kowalski R, Gordon YJ Emerging fluoroquinolone resistance in bacterial keratitis. Ophthalmology 1999, 106:1313-1318.
145. Alexander G, Alfonso EC, Miller D Shifting trends in bacterial keratitis in south Florida and emerging resistance to fluoroquinolones. Ophthalmology 2000, 107:1497-1502.
146. Kowalski RP, et al. Gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin: an in vitro susceptibility comparison to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin using bacterial isolates. Am J Ophthalmol 2003, 136:500-505.
147. Sauer P, et al. Changes in antibiotic resistance in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1991-2000): 65 horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:309-313.
148. Wilhelmus KR, Schlech BA Clinical and epidemiological advantages of culturing bacterial keratitis. Cornea 2004, 23:38-42.
149. Brown S, Weller C, Akiya S Pathogenesis of ulcers of the alkali-burned cornea. Arch Ophthalmol 1970, 83:205-208.
150. Aruoma OI, et al. Apparent inactivation of alpha 1-antiproteinase by sulphur-containing radicals derived from penicillamine. Biochem Pharmacol 1989, 38:4353-4357.
151. Ralph RA Tetracyclines and the treatment of corneal stromal ulceration. Cornea 2000, 19:274-277.
152. Frauenfelder H, McIlwraith W Heparin treatment of an equine corneal ulcer. Equine Vet J 1980, 12:88-89.
153. Schultz GS, et al. Treatment of alkali-injured rabbit corneas with a synthetic inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992, 33:3325-3331.
154. Shams N, Hanninen L, Kenyon K Increased gelatinolytic and caseinolytic activity in the thermally injured, nutritionally compromised rat cornea: detection of a 27-kDa lymphoreticular cell-associated caseinase. Curr Eye Res 1994, 13:11-19.
155. Haffner JC, Fecteau KA, Eiler H Inhibition of collagenase breakdown of equine corneas by tetanus antitoxin, equine serum and acetylcysteine. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:67-72.
156. Ueda Y, Homma JY, Abe C Effects of immunization of horses with common antigen (OEP), protease toxoid, and elastase toxoid on corneal ulceration due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jpn J Vet Sci 1982, 44:289-300.
157. Ueda Y, Sanai Y, Homma JY Therapeutic effect of intracorneal injection of immunoglobulins on corneal ulcers in horses experimentally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jpn J Vet Sci 1982, 44:301-308.
158. Williams MM, et al. Systemic effects of topical and subconjunctival ophthalmic atropine in the horse. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:193-199.
159. Imanishi J, et al. Growth factors: importance in wound healing and maintenance of transparency of the cornea. Prog Retin Eye Res 2000, 19:113-129.
160. Blair MJ, et al. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor: effect on corneal wound healing. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1997, 7:168-172.
161. Lambiase A, et al. Clinical application of nerve growth factor on human corneal ulcer. Arch Ital Biol 2003, 141:141-148.
162. Sosne G, et al. Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Exp Eye Res 2002, 74:293-299.
163. Sassani JW, Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ Opioid growth factor modulation of corneal epithelium: uppers and downers. Curr Eye Res 2003, 26:249-262.
164. Klippenstein K, et al. The qualitative evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of subconjunctivally injected antifungal agents in rabbits. Cornea 1993, 12:512-516.
165. Baum J, Barza M Topical vs subconjunctival treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers. Ophthalmology 1983, 90:162-168.
166. Reichel MB, et al. New model of conjunctival scarring in the mouse eye. Br J Ophthalmol 1998, 82:1072-1077.
167. Gelatt KN, Gelatt JP Handbook of small animal ophthalmic surgery, vol 1, Extraocular procedures 1994, 165-188. Pergamon, New York.
168. Collins MB, Ethell MT, Hodgson DR Management of mycotic keratitis in a horse using a conjunctival pedicle graft. Aust Vet J 1994, 71:298-299.
169. Holmberg DL Conjunctival pedicle grafts used to repair corneal perforations in the horse. Can Vet J 1981, 22:86-89.
170. Nasisse MP Principles of microsurgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1997, 27:987-1010.
171. Hacker DV, et al. Surgical repair of collagenolytic ulcerative keratitis in the horse. Equine Vet J 1990, 22:88-92.
172. Hekmati P Lamellar corneal transplantation in the horse. Vet Rec 1976, 99:46-49.
173. McLaughlin SA, Brightman AH, Brogdon JD Autogenous, partial-thickness corneal graft for repair of a perforated corneal ulcer in a horse. Equine Pract 1985, 7:34-38.
174. Andrew SE, Tou S, Brooks DE Corneoconjunctival transposition for the treatment of feline corneal sequestra: a retrospective study of 17 cases (1990-1998). Vet Ophthalmol 2001, 4:107-111.
175. Hacker DV Frozen corneal grafts in dogs and cats: a report on 19 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1991, 27:387-398.
176. Andrew SE, et al. Comparison of Optisol-GS and neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin ophthalmic solution for corneal storage in the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 1999, 2:155-161.
177. Andrew SE Corneal stromal abscess in a horse. Vet Ophthalmol 1999, 2:207-211.
178. Lassaline ME, et al. Equine amniotic membrane transplantation for keratomalacia in three horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 3:352.
179. Solomon A, et al. Amniotic membrane grafts for nontraumatic corneal perforations, descemetoceles, and deep ulcers. Ophthalmology 2002, 109:694-703.
180. Kim JS, et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation in infectious corneal ulcer. Cornea 2001, 20:720-726.
181. Madhavan HN, et al. Preparation of amniotic membrane for ocular surface reconstruction. Indian J Ophthalmol 2002, 50:227-231.
182. Tseng SC, et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation with or without limbal allografts for corneal surface reconstruction in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. Arch Ophthalmol 1998, 116:431-441.
183. Lee SH, Tseng SC Amniotic membrane transplantation for persistent epithelial defects with ulceration. Am J Ophthalmol 1997, 123:303-312.
184. Shimazaki J, Yang HY, Tsubota K Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction in patients with chemical and thermal burns. Ophthalmology 1997, 104:2068-2076.
185. Grahn B, et al. Equine keratomycosis: clinical and laboratory findings in 23 cases. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1993, 3:2-7.
186. Barton MH Equine keratomycosis. Comp Contin Educ Pract (Vet) 1992, 14:936-944.
187. Beech J, Sweeney CR Keratomycoses in 11 horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:39-44.
188. Ball MA, et al. Evaluation of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment for treatment of keratomycosis in nine horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997, 211:199-203.
189. Jones BR Principles in the management of oculomycosis. XXXI Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 1975, 79:719-751.
190. Coad CT, Robinson NM, Wilhelmus KR Antifungal sensitivity testing for equine keratomycosis. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:676-678.
191. Brooks DE, et al. Rose bengal positive epithelial microerosions as a manifestation of equine keratomycosis. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:83-86.
192. Kuonen VJ, et al. A PCR-based assay for the diagnosis of equine fungal keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:364.
193. Neary A, et al. Diagnosis of equine fungal keratitis using polymerase chain reaction. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:363.
194. Wu TG, Wilhelmus KR, Mitchell BM Experimental keratomycosis in a mouse model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:210-216.
195. Gaudio PA, et al. Polymerase chain reaction based detection of fungi in infected corneas. Br J Ophthalmol 2002, 86:755-760.
196. Ferrer C, et al. Polymerase chain reaction diagnosis in fungal keratitis caused by Alternaria alternate. Am J Ophthalmol 2002, 133:398-399.
197. Kercher L, et al. Molecular screening of donor corneas for fungi before excision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001, 42:2578. 2578.
198. Zhu WS, et al. Extracellular proteases of Aspergillus flavus: fungal keratitis, proteases, and pathogenesis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1990, 13:491-497.
199. Sack RA, et al. Changes in the diurnal pattern of the distribution of gelatinases and associated proteins in normal and pathological tear fluids: evidence that the PMN cell is a major source of MMP activity in tear fluid. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002, 506:539.
200. Isnard N, et al. Effect of hyaluronan on MMP expression and activation. Cell Biol Int 2001, 25:735739.
201. Lassaline ME, et al. Histologic analysis of keratectomy specimens from horses undergoing corneal transplantation for stromal abscess. Vet Ophthalmol 2002, 5:286.
202. Davis BD Bacterial architecture. Microbiology 1990, 38-39. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia. ed 4. B.D. Davis (Ed.).
203. Alcamo IE Fundamentals of microbiology. Microbiology: an introduction 1991, Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif. G.S. Tortora, B.R. Funke, C.L. Case (Eds.).
204. Miller Michau T, et al. Findings from 16 consecutive cases of penetrating keratoplasty for deep stromal abscess in the horse (2001-2002). Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 5:296.
205. Woo S, et al. Synergism between fungal enzymes and bacterial antibiotics may enhance biocontrol. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2002, 81:353-356.
206. Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M Introductory mycology 1996, 20-60. John Wiley & Sons, New York. ed 4. C.J. Alexopoulos, C.W. Mims, M. Blackwell (Eds.).
207. Johns KJ, O'Day DM Pharmacologic management of keratomycoses. Surv Ophthalmol 1988, 33:178-188.
208. O'Day DM, et al. Influence of the corneal epithelium on the efficacy of topical antifungal agents. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984, 25:855.
209. Foster CS, Stefanyszyn M Intraocular penetration of miconazole in rabbits. Arch Ophthalmol 1979, 97:1703-1706.
210. Hemady RK, Chu W, Foster CS Intraocular penetration of ketoconazole in rabbits. Cornea 1992, 11:329-333.
211. Foster CS, et al. Ocular toxicity of topical antifungal agents. Arch Ophthalmol 1981, 99:1081-1084.
212. Ball MA, et al. Corneal concentrations and preliminary toxicological evaluation of an itraconazole/dimethyl sulphoxide ophthalmic ointment. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1997, 20:100-104.
213. Latimer FG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole following intravenous and oral administration and body fluid concentrations of fluconazole following repeated oral dosing in horses. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62:1606-1611.
214. Yee RW, et al. Ocular penetration and pharmacokinetics of topical fluconazole. Cornea 1997, 16:64-71.
215. Ghannoum MA, Kuhn DM Voriconazole: better chances for patients with invasive mycoses. Eur J Med Res 2002, 31:242-256.
216. Kappe R Antifungal activity of the new azole UK-109,496 (voriconazole). Mycoses 1999, 42(Suppl 2):83-86.
217. Holmberg K In vitro assessment of antifungal drug resistance. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1986, 121:131-138.
218. Brooks DE, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of fungi isolated from horses with ulcerative keratomycosis. Am J Vet Res 1998, 59:138-142.
219. Afonso EC, Rosa RH Fungal keratitis. Cornea, vol II, Cornea and external disease. Clinical diagnosis and management 1997, 1253-1265. Mosby, St Louis. J.H. Krachmer, M.J. Mannis, E.J. Holland (Eds.).
220. Roberts SM, Severin GA, Lavach JD Antibacterial activity of dilute povidone iodine solutions used for ocular surface disinfection. Am J Vet Res 1986, 47:1207-1210.
221. Bates EE, McCartney DL A study of the potential effect of povidone-iodine solution in treating ocular fungal pathogens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37:S872.
222. Wlodkowski TJ, Rosenkranz HS Antifungal activity of silver sulphadiazine. Lancet 1973, 29:739-740.
223. De Lucca AJ, Walsh TJ, Daigle DJ N-acetylcysteine inhibits germination of conidia and growth of Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996, 40:1274-1276.
224. Rahman MR, et al. Trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for fungal corneal ulcers. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 1997, 4:141-149.
225. Scotty NC, et al. Lufenuron: determination of antifungal activity in vitro and measurement of blood concentrations following oral administration in horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:351.
226. Rebhun WC Corneal stromal abscesses in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 181:677-679.
227. Sweeney CR, et al. Corneal stromal abscess in two horses: a case report. Comp Contin Educ Pract (Vet) 1984, 6:S595-S599.
228. Schmotzer WB, Riebold T, Holland J Corneal stromal abscess in a horse. Mod Vet Pract 1985, 66:967-968.
229. Wolfer J, Grahn B Diagnostic ophthalmology. Can Vet J 1994, 35:450-451.
230. Whittaker CJG, et al. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for deep corneal stromal abscesses in eight horses. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1997, 7:19-28.
231. Hamilton HL, et al. Histological findings in corneal stromal abscesses of 11 horses: correlation with cultures and cytology. Equine Vet J 1994, 26:448-453.
232. Rebhun WC Corneal stromal infections in horses. Comp Contin Educ Pract (Vet) 1992, 14:363-371.
233. Mondino BJ Inflammatory diseases of the peripheral cornea. Ophthalmology 1988, 95:577-590.
234. Wilcock BP The eye and ear. Pathology of domestic animals 1990, 441-522. Academic Press, San Diego. ed 4. K.V.F. Jubb, P.C. Kennedy, N. Palmer (Eds.).
235. O'Conner RG Basic mechanism responsible for the initiation and recurrence of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1983, 96:577-599.
236. Robert PY, Adenis JP Comparative review of topical ophthalmic antibacterial preparations. Drugs 2001, 61:175-185.
237. O'Day DM, et al. Efficacy of antifungal agents in the cornea. II. Influence of corticosteroids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984, 25:331-335.
238. Gilger BC, McLaughlin SA Glaucoma and corneal stromal abscess in a horse treated by an intraocular silicone prosthesis and a conjunctival pedicle flap. Equine Pract 1993, 15:10-15.
239. Carson-Dunkerley S, et al. Treatment of equine corneal stromal abscesses using frozen canine corneal grafts. Vet Surg 1996, 25:442.
240. Danjoux JP, Reck AC Corneal sutures: is routine removal really necessary?. Eye 1994, 8:339-342.
241. van Ee RT, et al. Effects of nylon and polyglactin 910 suture material on perilimbal corneal wound healing in the dog. Vet Surg 1986, 15:435-440.
242. Melles GRJ, et al. A surgical technique for posterior lamellar keratoplasty. Cornea 1998, 17:618-626.
243. Brooks DE, et al. Deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) in six horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:354.
244. Jain S, Azar DT New lamellar keratoplasty techniques: posterior keratoplasty and deep lamellar keratoplasty. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2001, 12:262-268.
245. Krohne SG, et al. Use of small intestinal submucosa (SIS) as a graft for corneal perforations and abscesses in horses, dogs and cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:354.
246. Draeger J, Kohler L, Winter R Technical aspects in ultra-large corneal grafts. Ophthalmic Res 1985, 17:266-268.
247. Inoue K, et al. Risk factors for corneal graft failure and rejection in penetrating keratoplasty. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001, 79:251-255.
248. Andrew SE, Brooks DE The success and complication rates of penetrating keratoplasty in the horse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999, 40:S253.
249. Banerjee S, Dick AD Recent developments in the pharmacological treatment and prevention of corneal graft rejection. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003, 12:29-37.
250. Harkins JD, Carney JM, Tobin T Clinical use and characteristics of the corticosteroids. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993, 9:543-562.
251. Murthy RC, et al. Corneal transduction to inhibit angiogenesis and graft failure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:1837-1842.
252. Kershaw O, et al. Detection of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) in horses with keratoconjunctivitis. Virus Res 2001, 80:93-99.
253. Collinson PN, et al. Isolation of equine herpesvirus type 2 (equine gammaherpesvirus 2) from foals with keratoconjunctivitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994, 205:329-331.
254. Matthews AG, Handscombe MC Superficial keratitis in the horse: treatment with the antiviral drug idoxuridine. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:29-31.
255. Miller TR, et al. Herpetic keratitis in a horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 1990, 10:15-17.
256. Maggs DJ Ocular manifestations of equine herpesviruses. Current therapy in equine medicine 5 2003, 473-476. Saunders, St Louis. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
257. Telford EAR, et al. Equine herpesvirus 2 and 5 are gamma-herpesviruses. Virology 1993, 195:492-499.
258. Cello RM: Recent findings in periodic ophthalmia. In: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, vol 123, 1962, p 123.
259. Cello RM Ocular onchocerciasis in the horse. Equine Vet J 1971, 3:148. 143.
260. Schmidt GM, et al. Equine ocular onchocerciasis: histopathologic study. Am J Vet Res 1982, 43:1371-1375.
261. Hammond R, Severin GA, Snyder S Equine ocular onchocerciasis: a case report. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:74-75.
262. Munger RJ Equine onchocercal keratoconjunctivitis. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:65-70.
263. Stannard AA, Cello RM Onchocerca cervicalis infection in horses from the western United States. Am J Vet Res 1975, 36:1029-1031.
264. Lloyd S, Soulsby EJL Survey for infection with Onchocerca cervicalis in horses in eastern United States. Am J Vet Res 1978, 39:1962-1963.
265. Moran CT, James ER Equine ocular pathology ascribed to Onchocerca cervicalis infection: a re-examination. Trop Med Parasitol 1987, 38:287-288.
266. Collobert C, Bernard N, Lamidey C Prevalence of Onchocerca species and Thelazia lacrimalis in horses examined post mortem in Normandy. Vet Rec 1995, 136:463-465.
267. French DD, et al. Efficacy of ivermectin in paste and injectable formulations against microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis and resolution of associated dermatitis in horses. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:1550-1554.
268. Lyons ET, Drudge JH, Tolliver SC Verification of ineffectual activity of ivermectin against adult Onchocerca spp in the ligamentum nuchae of horses. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:983-985.
269. Monahan CM, et al. Efficacy of moxidectin oral gel against Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae. J Parasitol 1995, 81:117-118.
270. Gilger BC Equine recurrent uveitis. Current therapy in equine medicine 5 2003, 468-473. Saunders, St Louis. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
271. Hakanson NE, Dubielzig RR Chronic superficial corneal erosions with anterior stromal sequestration in three horses. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1994, 4:179-183.
272. McLellan GL, Archer FJ Corneal stromal sequestration and keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a horse. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:207-212.
273. Brooks DE, et al. Nonulcerative keratouveitis in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 196:1985-1991.
274. Gratzek AT, et al. Ophthalmic cyclosporine in equine keratitis and keratouveitis: 11 cases. Equine Vet J 1995, 27:327-333.
275. Matthews AG Nonulcerative keratopathies in the horse. Equine Vet Educ 2000, 350-357.
276. Wada S, et al. Nonulcerative keratouveitis as a manifestation of Leptospiral infection in a horse. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:191-195.
277. Lucchesi PM, Parma AE A DNA fragment of Leptospira interrogans encodes a protein which shares epitopes with equine cornea. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999, 71:173-179.
278. Ramsey DT, et al. Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994, 205:1308-1311.
279. Yamagata M, Wilkie DA, Gilger BC Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in seven horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996, 209:1283-1286.
280. Glaze MB Equine adnexal habronemiasis. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:71-73.
281. McEwan BJ, et al. The response of the eosinophil in acute inflammation in the horse. Advances in veterinary dermatology 1990, 176-194. Bailliere Tindall, London. C. von Tascharner, R.E.W. Halliwell (Eds.).
282. Trocme SD, et al. Eosinophilic granule major basic protein deposition in corneal ulcers associated with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1983, 115:640-643.
283. Rebhun WC Conjunctival and corneal foreign bodies. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1973, 68:874.
284. Lavach JD, Severin GA, Roberts SM Lacerations of the equine eye: a review of 48 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984, 184:1243-1248.
285. Chmielewski NT, et al. Visual outcome and ocular survival following iris prolapse in the horse: a review of 32 cases. Equine Vet J 1997, 29:31-39.
286. Scott WR, et al. Ocular injuries due to projectile impacts. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med 2000, 44:205-217.
287. Gwin RM, Peiffer RL, Gelatt KN Repair of a limbal laceration in a horse. J Equine Med Surg 1977, 1:413-417.
288. Riggs C, Whitley RD Intraocular silicone prostheses in a dog and a horse with corneal lacerations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 196:617-619.
289. Riedl M, et al. Intraocular ointment after small-incision cataract surgery causing chronic uveitis and secondary glaucoma. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003, 29:1022-1025.
290. Keller WF, Blanchard GL, Goble DO Vesicle formation and scarring of a horse's cornea following whip injury. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1973, 9:252-255.
291. Moore CP, et al. Post traumatic keratouveitis in horses. Equine Vet J 1998, 30:366-372.
292. Robin JB, et al. The histopathology of corneal neovascularization. Inhibitor effects. Arch Ophthalmol 1985, 103:284-287.
293. Iniguez MA, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2: a therapeutic target in angiogenesis. Trends Mol Med 2003, 9:73-78.
294. Thompson RW, et al. Long-term graft survival after penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 2003, 110:1396-1402.
295. Michau TM, et al. Use of thermokeratoplasty for treatment of ulcerative keratitis and bullous keratopathy secondary to corneal endothelial disease in dogs: 13 cases (1994-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003, 222:607-612.
296. Rebhun WC Chemical keratitis in a horse. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1980, 75:1537-1539.
297. Haddox JL, Pfister RR, Yuille-Barr D The efficacy of topical citrate after alkali injury is dependent on the period of time it is administered. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989, 30:1062-1068.
298. Chung JH, et al. Effect of topically applied 0.1% dexamethasone on endothelial healing and aqueous composition during the repair process of rabbit corneal alkali wounds. Curr Eye Res 1999, 18:110-116.
299. Meller D, et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation for acute chemical or thermal burns. Ophthalmology 2000, 107:980-989.
300. Millichamp NJ, Carter GK, Dziezyc J Idiopathic corneal odema in a horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 1990, 10:12-14.
301. Rebhun WC Corneal dystrophies and degenerations in horses. Comp Contin Educ Pract (Vet) 1992, 14:945-950.
302. Rebhun WC, Murphy CJ, Hacker DV Calcific band keratopathy in horses. Comp Contin Educ Pract (Vet) 1993, 15:1402-1409.
303. O'Connor GR Calcific band keratopathy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1972, 70:58-81.
304. Taravella MJ, et al. Calcific band keratopathy associated with the use of topical steroid-phosphate containing preparations. Arch Ophthalmol 1994, 112:608-613.
305. Crispin SM Tear-deficient and evaporative dry eye syndromes of the horse. Vet Ophthalmol 2000, 3:87-92.
306. Joyce JR, Bratton GR Keratoconjunctivitis sicca secondary to fracture of the mandible. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1973, 68:619-620.
307. Spurlock SL, Spurlock GH, Wise M Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with fracture of the stylohyoid bone in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989, 194:258-259.
308. Van Kampen KR, James LF Ophthalmic lesions in locoweed poisoning of cattle, sheep, and horses. Am J Vet Res 1971, 32:1293-1295.
309. Collins BK, et al. Immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a horse. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1994, 4:61-65.
310. Spiess BM, Wilcock BP, Physick-Sheard PW Eosinophilic granulomatous dacryoadenitis causing bilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a horse. Equine Vet J 1989, 21:226-229.
311. Beech J, et al. Schirmer tear test results in normal horses and ponies: effect of age, season, environment, sex, time of day and placement of strips. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:251-254.
312. Marts BS, Bryan GM, Prieur DJ Schirmer tear test measurements and lysozyme concentration of equine tears. J Equine Med Surg 1977, 1:427-430.
313. Williams RD, Manning JP, Peiffer RL The Schirmer tear test in the equine: normal values and the contribution of the gland of the nictitating membrane. J Equine Med Surg 1979, 3:117-119.
314. Scagliotti RH Comparative neuro-ophthalmology. Veterinary ophthalmology 1999, 1307-1400. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ed 3. K.N. Gelatt (Ed.).
315. Reilly L, Beech J Bilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a horse. Equine Vet J 1994, 26:171-172.
316. Hollingsworth SR, et al. Effect of topically administered atropine on tear production in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992, 200:1481-1484.
317. Wolf ED, Merideth R Parotid duct transposition in the horse. Equine Vet Sci 1981, 1:143-145.
318. Rebhun WC, Georgi M, Georgi JR Persistent corneal ulcers in horses caused by embedded burdock pappus bristles. Vet Med 1991, 86:930-935.
319. Anderson BC Indolent-like corneal ulcers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986, 188:1138-1139.
320. Michau TM, et al. Superficial, non-healing corneal ulcers in horses: 23 cases (1989-2003). Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:291-297.
321. Tripathi RC, Bron A Ultrastructural study of non-traumatic recurrent corneal erosions. Br J Ophthalmol 1972, 56:73-85.
322. Gelatt KN, Samuelson DA Recurrent corneal erosions and epithelial dystrophy in the boxer dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982, 18:453-460.
323. Kirschner SE, Niyo Y, Betts DM Idiopathic persistent corneal erosions: clinical and pathological findings in 18 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1989, 25:84-90.
324. Bentley E, et al. Morphology and immunohistochemistry of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED) in dogs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001, 42:2262-2269.
325. Bentley E, Murphy CJ Thermal cautery of the cornea for treatment of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects in dogs and horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004, 224:250-253.
326. Moore CP, Corwin LA, Collier LL Keratopathy induced by beta radiation therapy in a horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:112-116.
327. Slatter DH, Nelson A, Smith G Ocular sequelae of high-dose periocular gamma irradiation in a horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:110-111.
328. Singer B Ocular effects of ionizing radiation: past and present problems. Br J Ophthalmol 1979, 63:455-456.
329. Bergeder H, Rink H Ionizing radiation. Radiation energy and the eye 1979, 281-285. MacMillan, New York. S. Lerman (Ed.).
330. 90Sr for treatment of periocular squamous cell carcinoma in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 180:307-309.
331. Rebhun WC Tumors of the eye and ocular adnexal tissues. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1998, 14:579-606.
332. Dugan SJ, et al. Prognostic factors and survival of horses with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma: 147 cases (1978-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991, 198:298-303.
333. Walker MA, Goble D, Geiser D Two-year non-recurrence rates for equine ocular and periorbital squamous cell carcinoma following radiotherapy. Vet Radiol 1986, 27:146.
334. Rebhun WC Treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinomas involving the equine cornea. Vet Surg 1990, 19:297-302.
335. Schoster JV Using combined excision and cryotherapy to treat limbal squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Med 1992, 87:357.
336. Grier RL, et al. Treatment of bovine and equine ocular squamous cell carcinoma by radiofrequency hyperthermia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980, 177:55-61.
337. Kim SH, Kim JH, Hahn EW The radiosensitization of hypoxic tumor cells by hyperthermia. Radiology 1975, 114:727-728.
338. English RV, Nasisse MP, Davidson MG Carbon dioxide laser ablation for treatment of limbal squamous cell carcinoma in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 196:439-442.
339. Fortier LA, Mac Harg MA Topical use of 5-fluorouracil for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the external genitalia of horses: 11 cases (1988-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994, 205:1183-1185.
340. Paterson S Treatment of superficial ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma in three horses with topical 5-fluorouracil. Vet Rec 1997, 141:626-628.
341. Dugan SJ Ocular neoplasia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1992, 8:609-626.
342. van der Woerdt A, Gilger BC, Wilkie DA Penetrating keratoplasty for treatment of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cornea in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996, 208:1692-1694.
343. Hirst LW, et al. Benign epibulbar melanocytoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 183:333-334.
344. Lavach JD, Severin GA Neoplasia of the equine eye, adnexa, and orbit: a review of 68 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977, 170:202-203.
345. Hamor RE, et al. Melanoma of the conjunctiva and cornea in a horse. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1997, 7:52-55.
346. Murphy J, Young S Intraocular melanoma in a horse. Vet Pathol 1979, 16:539-542.
347. Valentine BA Equine melanocytic tumors: a retrospective study of 53 horses (1988 to 1991). J Vet Intern Med 1995, 9:291-297.
348. Seltenhammer MH, et al. Equine melanoma in a population of 296 grey Lipizzaner horses. Equine Vet J 2003, 35:153-157.
349. Martin CL Canine epibulbar melanomas and their management. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981, 17:83-90.
350. Harling DE, Peiffer RL, Cook CS Feline limbal melanoma: four cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1986, 22:795-802.
351. Blogg JR, Dutton AG, Stanley RG Use of third eyelid grafts to repair full-thickness defects in the cornea and sclera. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1989, 25:505-512.
352. Wilkie DA, Wolf ED Treatment of epibulbar melanocytoma in a dog, using full-thickness eyewall resection and synthetic graft. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991, 198:1019-1022.
353. Sullivan TC, et al. Photocoagulation of limbal melanoma in dogs and cats: 15 cases (1989-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996, 208:891-894.
354. Jakobiec FA, et al. Combined surgery and cryotherapy for diffuse malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol 1980, 98:1390-1396.
355. Jakobiec FA, et al. The role of cryotherapy in the management of conjunctival melanoma. Ophthalmology 1982, 89:502-515.
356. Werschnik C, Lommatzsch PK Long-term follow-up of patients with conjunctival melanoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2002, 25:248-255.
357. Goetz TE, et al. Cimetidine for treatment of melanomas in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 196:449-452.
358. Ucar K The effects of histamine H2 receptor antagonists on melanogenesis and cellular proliferation in melanoma cells in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991, 177:545. 452.
359. Bolton JR, et al. Ocular neoplasms of vascular origin in the horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 1990, 10:73-75.
360. Hacker DV, Moore PF, Buyukmihci NC Ocular angiosarcoma in four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986, 189:200-203.
361. Moore PF, Hacker DV, Buyukmihci NC Ocular angiosarcoma in the horse: morphological and immunohistochemical studies. Vet Pathol 1986, 23:240-244.
362. Crawley GR, Bryan GM, Gogolewski RP Ocular hemangiosarcoma in a horse. Equine Pract 1987, 9:11-14.
363. Vestre WA, Turner TA, Carlton WW Conjunctival hemangioma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 180:1481-1482.
364. Rebhun WC, Del Piero F Ocular lesions in horses with lymphosarcoma: 21 cases (1977-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 212:852-854.
365. Ward DA, Lakritz J, Bauer RW Scleral mastocytosis in a horse. Equine Vet J 1993, 25:79-80.
366. Hum S, Bowers JR Ocular mastocytosis in a horse. Aust Vet J 1989, 66:32.
367. Martin CL, Leipold HW Mastocytoma of the globe in a horse. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1972, 8:32-34.
368. Wilcock BP Neoplastic diseases of the skin. Pathology of domestic animals 1985, 519-520. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. K.V.F. Jubb, P.C. Kennedy, N. Palmer (Eds.).
369. Prasse KW, Lundvall RL, Cheville NF Generalized mastocytosis in a foal, resembling urticaria pigmentosa of man. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1975, 166:68-70.
370. Altera K, Clark L Equine cutaneous mastocytosis. Pathol Vet 1970, 7:43-45.
371. Lundvall RL: The bacteria and mycotic flora of the normal conjunctival sac in the horse. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1967, pp 101-107.
372. Whitley RD, Moore CP Microbiology of the equine eye in health and disease. Vet Clin North Am 1984, 6:451.
373. Whitley RD, Burgess EC, Moore CP Microbial isolates of the normal equine eye. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:138.
374. Ward D Ocular pharmacology. Veterinary ophthalmology 1999, 336-354. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ed 3. K.N. Gelatt (Ed.).
375. Barletta JP, et al. Inhibition of pseudomonal ulceration in rabbit corneas by a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37:20-28.
376. Burns FR, et al. The effect of a synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor on corneal ulceration in alkali burns and pseudomonas keratitis. Matrix Suppl 1992, 1:317-318.
377. Kanao S, et al. Clinical application of 3% N-acetylcysteine eye drops in corneal diseases in dogs. J Japan Vet Med Assoc 1993, 46:487-491.
378. Petroutsos G, et al. Effect of acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) on epithelial wound healing. Ophthalmic Res 1982, 14:241-248.
379. Rawal SY, Rawal YB Non-antimicrobial properties of tetracyclines: dental and medical implications. West Indian Med 1984, 50:105-108.
380. Golub LM, et al. Tetracyclines inhibit tissue collagenase activity. J Perdiodontal Res 1984, 19:651-655.
381. Seedor JA, et al. Systemic tetracycline treatment of alkali-induced corneal ulceration in rabbits. Arch Ophthalmol 1987, 105:268-271.
382. Perry HD, et al. Effect of doxycycline hyclate on corneal epithelial wound healing in the rabbit alkali-burn model: preliminary observations. Cornea 1993, 12:379-382.
383. Rebhun WC, et al. Presumed clostridial and aerobic bacterial infections of the cornea in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999, 214:1519-1522.
384. Rebhun WC Bacterial ulcers of the equine eye. Equine Pract 1981, 3:40-49.
385. Adamson PJ, Jang SS Ulcerative keratitis associated with Salmonella arizonae infection in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985, 186:1219-1220.
386. Sanchez S, et al. Listeria keratitis in a horse. Vet Ophthalmol 2001, 4:217-219.
387. Cullen CL, Grahn BH Diagnostic ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2000, 41:867-868.
388. Higgins R, Biberstein EL, Jang SS Nutritionally variant streptococci from corneal ulcers in horses. J Clin Microbiol 1984, 20:1130-1134.
389. Gwin RM Equine fungal keratitis: diagnosis and treatment. Equine Vet Sci 1981, 66-68.
390. Bistner SI, Riis RC Clinical aspects of mycotic keratitis in the horse. Cornell Vet 1979, 69:364-372.
391. Aho R, Tala M, Kivalo M Mycotic keratitis in a horse caused by Aspergillus fumigatus: the first reported case in Finland. Acta Vet Scand 1991, 32:373-376.
392. Marolt J, Naglic T, Hajsig D Aspergillus oryzae als ursache einer keratomykose beim pferd. Tieraztl Prax 1984, 12:489-492.
393. Hendrix DVH, Ward DA, Guglick MA Disseminated candidiasis in a neonatal foal with keratomycosis as the initial sign. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1997, 7:10-13.
394. Chopin JB, et al. Keratomycosis in a Percheron cross horse caused by Cladorrhinum bulbillosum. J Med Vet Mycol 1997, 35:53-55.
395. Hendrix DVH, et al. Keratomycosis in four horses caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1996, 6:252-257.
396. Hodgson DR, Jacobs KA Two cases of Fusarium keratomycosis in the horse. Vet Rec 1982, 110:520-522.
397. Mitchell JS, Attleberger MH Fusarium keratomycosis in the horse. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1973, 68:1257-1260.
398. Richter M, et al. Keratitis due to Histoplasma spp. in a horse. Vet Ophthalmol 2003, 6:99-103.
399. Foley JE, Norris CR, Jang SS Paecilomycosis in dogs and horses and a review of the literature. J Vet Intern Med 2002, 16:238-243.
400. Friedman DS, et al. Pseudallescheria boydii keratomycosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989, 195:616-618.
401. Cooper SM, Sheridan A, Burge S Mycosis fungoides responding to systemic itraconazole. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003, 17:588-590.
402. Shah KB, et al. Activity of voriconazole against corneal isolates of Scedosporium apiospermum. Cornea 2003, 22:33-36.
403. Varanasi NL, et al. Novel effect of voriconazole on conidiation of Aspergillus species. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004, 23:72-79.
404. Wlodkowski TJ, Rosenkranz HS Antifungal activity of silver sulphadiazine. Lancet 1973, ii:739-740.
405. Fowler JD, Schuh JCL Preoperative chemical preparation of the eye: a comparison of chlorhexidine diacetate, chlorhexidine gluconate, and povidone-iodine. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1992, 28:451-457.
406. Hale LM The treatment of corneal ulcer with povidone-iodine (Betadine). N C Med J 1969, 30:54-56.
407. Torres MA, et al. Topical ketoconazole for fungal keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1985, 100:293-298.
408. Mohan M, et al. Topical silver sulphadiazine: a new drug for ocular keratomycosis. Br J Ophthalmol 1988, 72:192-195.
409. Joyce JR Thiabendazole therapy of mycotic keratitis in horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 1983, 2:45-46.
410. Korenek NL, et al. Treatment of mycotic rhinitis with itraconazole in three horses. J Vet Intern Med 1994, 8:224-227.