Social mindfulness: Skill and will to navigate the social world

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 86-103

  Doesum, Niels J Van ^a   Van Lange, Dion A W ^b   Van Lange, Paul A M ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b Vossius Gymnasium   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Empathy; Perspective taking; Prosocial; Social mindfulness; Social value orientation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882286791     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0032540     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Allen, J. G. (2006). Mentalization in practice. In J. G. Allen & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of mentalization-based treatment (pp. 1-30). Chichester, England: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470712986.ch1
2. Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2008). Mentalizing in clinical practice. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
3. Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006). Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 268-277. doi:10.1038/nrn1884
4. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of Other in the Self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596-612. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
5. Ashton, M., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 150 -166. doi:10.1177/ 1088868306294907
6. Ashton, M., & Lee, K. (2008). The prediction of Honesty-Humility-related criteria by the HEXACO and Five-Factor Models of personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1216-1228. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03 .006
7. Ashton, M., & Lee, K. (2010). Trait and source factors in HEXACO-PI-R self- and observer reports. European Journal of Personality, 24, 278- 289. doi:10.1002/per.759
8. Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., De Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., . . . De Raad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personalitydescriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356-366. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.356
9. Balliet, D., Parks, C. D., & Joireman, J. (2009). Social value orientation and cooperation in social dilemmas: A meta-analysis. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 12, 533-547. doi:10.1177/ 1368430209105040
10. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Cohen, D. (1993). Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
11. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes' Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychiatry, 42, 241-252. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00715
12. Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imagining how you would feel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 751-758. doi:10.1177/ 0146167297237008
13. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
14. Black, D. S. (2011). A brief definition of mindfulness. Mindfulness Research Guide. Retrieved from http://www.mindfulexperience.org/ resources/brief_definition.pdf
15. Borkowski, J. G., & Burke, J. E. (1996). Theories, models, and measurements of executive functioning: An information processing perspective. In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 235-261). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
16. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475- 482. doi:10.1177/0146167291175001
17. Brewer, M. B. (2012). Optimal distinctiveness theory: Its history and development. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 81-98). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
18. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848. doi:10.1037/0022-3514 .84.4.822
19. Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data?. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3-5. doi:10.1177/ 1745691610393980
20. Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2011). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 187, 441-453. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.011
21. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO Personality Inventory- Revised (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
22. Davis, M. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
23. Davis, M. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
24. Dawes, J. G. (2008). Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point scales. International Journal of Market Research, 51, 61-77. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214808398?accountid 10978
25. Decety, J., & Batson, C. D. (2007). Social neuroscience approaches to interpersonal sensitivity. Social Neuroscience, 2, 151-157. doi:10.1080/ 17470910701506060
26. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
27. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 416-437). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Deci, E. L., Spiegel, N. H., Ryan, R. M., Koestner, R., & Kaufman, M. (1982). Effects of performance standards on teaching styles: Behavior of controlling teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 852-859. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.74.6.852
29. De Cremer, D., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2001). Why prosocials exhibit greater cooperation than proselfs: The roles of social responsibility and reciprocity. European Journal of Personality, 15, S5-S18. doi:10.1002/ per.418
30. Denckla, M. B. (1996). A theory and model of executive function: Aneuropsychological perspective. In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 263-278). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
31. De Vries, R. E., Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). De zes belangrijkste persoonlijkheidsdimensies en de HEXACO Persoonlijkheidsvragenlijst [The six most important personality dimensions and the HEXACO Personality Inventory]. Gedrag en Organisatie, 22, 232-274.
32. de Vries, R. E., Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2008). The Dutch HEXACO Personality Inventory: Psychometric properties, self- other agreement, and relations with psychopathy among low and high acquaintanceship dyads. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 142-151. doi:10.1080/ 00223890701845195
33. Eek, D., & Garling, T. (2006). Prosocials prefer equal outcomes to maximizing joint outcomes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 321- 337. doi:10.1348/014466605X52290
34. Fehr, E., Naef, M., & Schmidt, K. M. (2005). Inequality aversion, efficiency, and maximin preferences in simple distribution experiments: Comment. The American Economic Review, 96, 1912-1917. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30035004
35. Gergen, K. J. (2009). Relational being: Beyond self and community. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
36. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229. doi:10.1037/ 0022-3514.59.6.1216
37. Greeson, J. M. (2009). Mindfulness research update: 2008. Complementary Health Practice Review, 14, 10-18. doi:10.1177/1533210108329862
38. Haruno, M., & Frith, C. D. (2010). Activity in the amygdala elicited by unfair divisions predicts social value orientation. Nature Neuroscience, 13, 160-161. doi:10.1038/nn.2468
39. Hashimoto, H., Li, Y., & Yamagishi, T. (2011). Beliefs and preferences in cultural agents and cultural game players. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 140-147. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01337.x
40. Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1-46. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60381-0
41. Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169-183. doi:10.1037/a0018555
42. Iyengar, S. S., & DeVoe, S. E. (2003). Rethinking the value of choice: Considering mediators of intrinsic motivation. In V. Murphy-Berman & J. Berman (Eds.), Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (pp. 129-179). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
43. Johnson, D. W. (1975a). Affective perspective taking and cooperative predisposition. Developmental Psychology, 11, 869-870. doi:10.1037/ 0012-1649.11.6.869
44. Johnson, D. W. (1975b). Cooperativeness and social perspective taking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 241-244. doi: 10.1037/h0076285
45. Johnson, J. W. (2000). A heuristic method for estimating the relative weight of predictor variables in multiple regression. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 35, 1-19. doi:10.1207/S15327906MBR3501_1
46. Kelley, H. H. (1984). The theoretical description of interdependence by means of transition lists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 956-982. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.956
47. Kelley, H. H., Holmes, J. G., Kerr, L. K., Reis, H. T., Rusbult, C. E., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2003). An atlas of interpersonal situations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
48. Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1978). Interpersonal relations. New York, NY: Wiley.
49. Kim, H., & Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 785-800. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785
50. Klapwijk, A., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2009). Promoting cooperation and trust in "noisy" situations: The power of generosity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 83-103. doi:10.1037/a0012823
51. Köpetz, C. E., Lejuez, C. W., Wiers, R. W., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2013). Motivation and self-regulation in addiction: A call for convergence. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 3-24. doi:10.1177/ 1745691612457575
52. Kuhlman, D. M., Camac, C., & Cunha, D. A. (1986). Individual differences in social orientation. In H. Wilke, D. Messick, & C. Rutte (Eds.), Experimental social dilemmas (pp. 151-176). New York, NY: Verlag Peter Lang.
53. Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo.
54. Langer, E. J. (1992). Matters of mind: Mindfulness/mindlessness in perspective. Consciousness and Cognition, 1, 289-305. doi:10.1016/1053- 8100(92)90066-J
55. Langer, E. J., Blank, A., & Chanowitz, B. (1978). The mindlessness of ostensibly thoughtful action: The role of placebic information in interpersonal interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 635-642. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.6.635
56. Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2007). Individual differences in the need to belong: Mapping the nomological network. Unpublished manuscript, Duke University.
57. Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2008). The HEXACO personality factors in the indigenous personality lexicons of English and 11 other languages. Journal of Personality, 76, 1001-1054. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008 .00512.x
58. Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative role models: Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 854-864. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.854
59. Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Ohman, A. (1998). Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces [Database of standardized facial images]. Psychology Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved from http://webscript. princeton.edu/~tlab/databases/database-2-karolinska-dataset/
60. Magee, J. C., & Langner, C. A. (2008). How personalized and socialized power motivation facilitate antisocial and prosocial decision-making. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1547-1559. doi:10.1016/j.jrp .2008.07.009
61. Mason, W., & Suri, S. (2012). Conducting behavioral research on Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Behavioral Research Methods, 44, 1-23. doi: 10.3758/s13428-011-0124-6
62. Messick, D. M., & McClintock, C. G. (1968). Motivational bases of choice in experimental games. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 1-25. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(68)90046-2
63. Messick, D. M., & Sentis, K. P. (1985). Estimating social and nonsocial utility functions from ordinal data. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 389-399. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420150403
64. Murphy, R. O., Ackermann, K. A., & Handgraaf, M. J. J. (2011). Measuring social value orientation. Judgment and Decision Making, 6, 771-781. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1804189
65. Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105, 11087-11092. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805664105
66. Oswald, P. A. (1996). The effects of cognitive and affective perspective taking on empathic concern and altruistic helping. The Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 613-623. doi:10.1080/00224545.1996.9714045
67. Payne, B. K. (2005). Conceptualizing control in social cognition: How executive function modulates the expression of automatic stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 488 -503. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.488
68. Pronk, T. M., Karremans, J. C., Overbeek, G., Vermulst, A. A., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2010). What it takes to forgive: When and whyexecutive functioning facilitates forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 119-131. doi:10.1037/a0017875
69. Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2004). How would you feel versus how do you think she would feel? A neuroimaging study of perspective-taking with social emotions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 988-999. doi: 10.1162/0898929041502661
70. Rule, N. O., Krendl, A. C., Ivcevic, Z., & Ambady, N. (2013). Accuracy and consensus in judgments of trustworthiness from faces: Behavioral and neural correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 409-426. doi:10.1037/a0031050
71. Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1999, March 12). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science, 283, 1657-1661. doi:10.1126/ science.283.5408.1657
72. Stouten, J., De Cremer, D., & van Dijk, E. (2005). All is well that ends well, at least for proselfs: Emotional reactions to equality violation as a function of social value orientation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 767-783. doi:10.1002/ejsp.276
73. Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271-324. doi:10.1111/j.0022- 3506.2004.00263.x
74. Thibaut, J. W., & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
75. Todorov, A., Said, C. P., Engell, A. D., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2008). Understanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 455-460. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.001
76. Tyler, T. R., & Degoey, P. (1995). Collective restraint in social dilemmas: Procedural justice and social identification effects on support for authorities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 482-497. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.482
77. Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Sympathy through affective perspective taking and its relation to prosocial behavior in toddlers. Developmental Psychology, 45, 534 -543. doi:10.1037/ a0014322
78. Van Doesum, N. J. (2011). The nearness of you: Preliminary studies in social mindfulness. Unpublished master's thesis, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
79. Van Kleef, G., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2008). What other's disappointment may do to selfish people: Emotion and social value orientation in a negotiation context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1084-1095. doi:10.1177/0146167208318402
80. Van Lange, P. A. M. (1999). The pursuit of joint outcomes and equalities in outcomes: An integrative model of social value orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 337-349. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.77.2.337
81. Van Lange, P. A. M., Otten, W., De Bruin, E. M. N., & Joireman, J. A. (1997). Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 733-746. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1330
82. Van Lange, P. A. M., & Rusbult, C. E. (2012). Interdependence theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 251-272). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781446249222.n39
83. Van Lange, P. A. M., Schippers, M., & Balliet, D. (2011). Who volunteers in psychology experiments? An empirical review of prosocial motivation in volunteering. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 279- 284. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.038
84. Van Lange, P. A. M., & Van Doesum, N. J. (2012). The psychology of interaction goals comes as a package. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 75-79. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2012.657566
85. Van Lange, P. A. M., Van Doesum, N. J., Vuolevi, J. H. K., & Finkenauer, C. (2013). Social mindfulness: To limit or leave options for others. Manuscript in preparation.
86. Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128. doi:10.1016/0010- 0277(83)90004-5
87. Yamagishi, T., Hashimoto, H., Cook, K. S., Kiyonari, T., Shinada, M., Mifune, N., . . . Li, Y. (2012). Modesty in self-presentation: A comparison between the USA and Japan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 60-68. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2011.01362.x
88. Yamagishi, T., Hashimoto, H., & Schug, J. (2008). Preferences versus strategies as explanations for culture-specific behavior. Psychological Science, 19, 579-584. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02126.x