Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 785-800

  Kim, Heejung ^a   Markus, Hazel Rose ^b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033420932     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Abel, T. M., & Hsu, F. K. (1949). Some aspects of personality of Chinese as revealed by the Rorschach test. Journal of Projective Techniques, 13, 285-301.
2. Asch, S. E. (1952). Effects of group pressures upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In G. E. Swanson, T. M. Newcomb, & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 393-401). New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
3. Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70 (9, No. 416), 70.
4. Asch, S. E. (1987). The transformation of man in society. In S. E. Asch (Ed.), Social psychology (pp. 117-138). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
5. Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York: Harper & Row.
6. Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. New York: Irvington.
7. Berry, J. W. (1967). Independence and conformity in subsistence-level societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 415-418.
8. Bond, R., & Smith, P. B. (1996). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's (1952b, 1956) line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin. 119, 111-137.
9. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475-482.
10. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11. Caillat, Z., & Mueller, B. (1996). The influence of culture on American and British advertising: An exploratory comparison of beer advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 36, 79-88.
12. Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111-1119.
13. Chiu, L. H. (1972). A cross-cultural comparison of cognitive styles in Chinese and American children. International Journal of Psychology. 7, 235-242.
14. Crystal, D. S. (1994). Concepts of deviance in children and adolescents: The case of Japan. Deviant Behavior, 15, 241-266.
15. Durkheim, E. (1953). Sociology and philosophy (D. F. Pocock, Trans.). New York: Free Press. (Original work published 1924)
16. Durkheim, E. (1958). Suicide: A study in sociology (J. A. Spaulding & G. Simpson, Trans.). New York: Free Press. (Original work published 1897)
17. Farr, R. M. (1998). From collective to social representations: Aller et retour. Culture and Psychology, 4, 275-296.
18. Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57, 217-282.
19. Fiske, A., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). The cultural matrix of social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handhook of social psychology (pp. 915-981). New York: McGraw-Hill.
20. Flick, U. (1998). Everyday knowledge in social psychology. In U. Flick (Ed.). The psychology of the social (pp. 41-59). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
21. Frijda, N. H.m & Mesquita, B. (1994). The social roles and functions of emotions. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.). Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 51-87). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
22. Glenn, E. S., Witmeyer, D., & Stevenson, K. A. (1977). Cultural styles of persuasion. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 3, 52-65.
23. Gregory, G. D.. & Munch, J. M. (1997). Cultural values in international advertising: An examination of familial norms and roles in Mexico. Psychology and Marketing, 4, 99-119.
24. Han, S., &,Shavitt, S. (1994). Persuasion and culture: Advertising appeals in individualistic and collectivistic societies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 326-350.
25. Heckausen, J., & Shulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304.
26. Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1997). The cultural construction of self-enhancement: An examination of group-serving biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1268-1283.
27. Hsu, F. L. K. (1948). Under the ancestor's shadow: Chinese culture and personality. New York: Columbia University Press.
28. Huang, L. C. & Harris, M. B. (1973). Conformity in Chinese and Americans: A field experiment Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4, 427-434.
29. Hunt, D. E. (1955). Changes in goal-object preference as a function of expectancy for social reinforcement. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 372-377.
30. Irwin, F. W., & Gebhard, M. E. (1946). Studies in object-preferences: The effect of ownership and other social influences. American Journal of Psychology, 39, 633-651.
31. lyengar, S. S., &,Lepper, M. R. (1999). Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 349-366.
32. Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
33. Javalgi, R. G., Cutler, B. D., & Malhotra, N. K. (1995). Print advertising at the component level: A cross-cultural comparison of the United States and Japan. Journal of Business Research, 34, 117-124.
34. Kakutani, M. (1997, November 9). Bananas for rent. New York Times Magazine, p. 32.
35. Kim, H., Muramoto, Y., & Markus, H. R. (1998). Cultural ways of being: An analysis of magazine advertisements. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
36. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, U. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1245-1267.
37. Kunst-Wilson, W. R., & Zajonc, R. B. (1980. February 1). Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized. Science, 207, 557-558.
38. Langfeldt, H. (1992). Teachers' perceptions of problem behavior: A cross-cultural study between Germany and South Korea. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 62, 217-224.
39. Lebra, T. S. (1992). Culture, self, and communication. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
40. Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
41. Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991a). Cultural variation in the self-concept. In G. R. Goethals & J. Strauss (Eds.). Multidisciplinary perspectives on the self (pp. 18-48). New York: Springer-Verlag.
42. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991b). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
43. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behavior. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.). Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 89-132). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
44. Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S., & Heiman, R. J. (1996). Culture and "basic" psychological principles. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 857-913). New York: Guilford Press.
45. Markus, H. R., Mullally, P., & Kitayama, S. (1997). Selfways: Diversity in modes of cultural participation. In U. Neisser & D. A. Jopling (Eds.). The conceptual self in context: Culture, experience, self-understanding (pp. 13-61). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
46. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
47. Meade, R. D., & Barnard, W. (1973). Conformity and anticonformity among Americans and Chinese. Journal of Social Psychology, 89, 15-25.
48. Milgram, S. (1961). Nationality and conformity. Scientific American, 205, 45-51.
49. Morris, M. W., & Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 949-971.
50. Moscovici, S. (1984). The phenomena of social representations. In R. M. Farr & S. Moscovici (Eds.). Social representation (pp. 3-69). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
51. Much, N. C. & Harré. R. (1994). How psychologies "secrete" moralities. New Ideas in Psychology, 12, 291-321.
52. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more that we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
53. Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). Control and covariation detection. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.
54. Peng, K., Nisbett, R. E., & Wong, N. Y. C. (1997). Validity problems comparing values across cultures and possible solutions. Psychological Methods, 2, 329-344.
55. Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1965). Structure and function in primitive society: Essays and addresses. New York: Free Press. (Original work published 1940)
56. Random House Webster's college dictionary, (1992). New York: Random House.
57. Rohlen, T. P. (1991, June). A developmental topography of self and society in Japan. Paper presented at the Conference on Self and Society in India. China, and Japan, Honolulu, HI.
58. Rozin, P., & Zellner, D. (1985). The role of Pavlovian conditioning in the acquisition of food likes and dislikes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 443, 189-202.
59. Russell, J. A. (1991). Culture and the categorization of emotions. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 426-450.
60. Sampson, E. E. (1988). The debate on individualism: Indigenous psychologies of the individual and their role in personal and societal functioning. American Psychologist, 43, 15-22.
61. Schachter, S. (1951). Deviation, rejection, and communication. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 46, 190-207.
62. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55, 169-210.
63. Searle, J. R. (1995). The construction of social reality. New York: Free Press.
64. Sherif, M. (1936). The psychology of social norms. New York: Harper.
65. Shore, B. (1991). Twice born, once conceived: Meaning construction and cultural cognition. American Anthropologist, 93, 9-27.
66. Shore, B. (1996). Culture in mind: Cognition, culture, and the problem of meaning. New York: Oxford University Press.
67. Shweder, R. (1995). Cultural psychology: What is it? In N. R. Goldberger & J. B. Veroff (Eds.), The Culture and Psychology Reader (pp. 41-86). New York: New York University Press.
68. Shweder, R. A., & Sullivan, M. A. (1990). The semiotic subject of cultural psychology. In L. A. Pervin, Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 399-416). New York: Guilford Press.
69. Smith, P. B., & Bond, M. H. (1993). Social psychology across cultures: Analysis and perspectives. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
70. Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1980). Uniqueness: The human pursuit of difference. New York: Plenum.
71. Spindler, G. D., & Spindler, L. S. (1990). American mainstream culture. In G. D. Spindler & L. S. Spindler. The American cultural dialogue and its transmission (pp. 22-41). New York: Falmer Press.
72. Stevenson, H. W., & Stigler, J. W. (1992). The learning gap: Why our schools are failing and what we can leant from Japanese and Chinese education. New York: Summit Books.
73. Stropes-Roe, M. E., & Cochrane, R. (1990). The child-rearing values of Asian and British parents and young people: An inter-ethnic and inter-generational comparison in the evaluation of Kohn's 13 qualities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 149-160.
74. Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 482-493.
75. Taylor, C. (1989). Source of the self: The making of modern identities. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.
76. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
77. Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1006-1020.
78. White, M., & LeVine, R. A. (1986). What is an Il ko (good child)? In H. Stevenson, H. Azuma, & K. Hakuta (Eds.). Child development and education in Japan (pp. 55-62). New York: Freeman.
79. Wierzbicka, A. (1984). Human emotions: Universal or culture specific? American Anthropologist, 88, 584-594.
80. Wierzbicka, A. (1997). Understanding cultures through their key words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese. New York: Cambridge University Press.
81. Yang, K. S. (1981). Social orientation and individual modernity among Chinese students in Taiwan. Journal of Social Psychology, 113, 159-170.
82. Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1-27.
83. Zhang, Y., & Gelb, B. D. (1996). Matching advertising appeals to culture: The influence of products' use conditions. Journal of Advertising, 25, 29-46.
84. Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In W. J. Arnold & D. Levine (Eds.). Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 17 (pp. 237-307). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.