메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 105, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 861-880

Unmotivated or motivated to fail? A cross-cultural study of achievement motivation, fear of failure, and student disengagement

Author keywords

Achievement; Defensive pessimism; Fear of failure; Motivation; Self handicapping

Indexed keywords


EID: 84881647970     PISSN: 00220663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0032464     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (135)

References (134)
  • 1
    • 0017891311 scopus 로고
    • Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation
    • doi:10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
    • Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49-74. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
    • (1978) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.87 , pp. 49-74
    • Abramson, L.Y.1    Seligman, M.E.P.2    Teasdale, J.D.3
  • 3
    • 21644468689 scopus 로고
    • Classroom: Goals, structures and student motivation
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261
    • Ames, C. (1992). Classroom: Goals, structures and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261-271. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261
    • (1992) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 261-271
    • Ames, C.1
  • 4
    • 0000518439 scopus 로고
    • Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior
    • doi:10.1037/h0043445
    • Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64, 359-372. doi:10.1037/h0043445
    • (1957) Psychological Review , vol.64 , pp. 359-372
    • Atkinson, J.W.1
  • 5
    • 0002704552 scopus 로고
    • Achievement motive and test anxiety conceived as motive to approach success and motive to avoid failure
    • doi: 10.1037/h0041119
    • Atkinson, J. W., & Litwin, G. H. (1960). Achievement motive and test anxiety conceived as motive to approach success and motive to avoid failure. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 52-63. doi: 10.1037/h0041119
    • (1960) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 52-63
    • Atkinson, J.W.1    Litwin, G.H.2
  • 7
    • 85047685880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Achievement goals and optimal motivation: Testing multiple goal models
    • doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.706
    • Barron, K. E., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2001). Achievement goals and optimal motivation: Testing multiple goal models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 706-772. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.706
    • (2001) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.80 , pp. 706-772
    • Barron, K.E.1    Harackiewicz, J.M.2
  • 8
    • 0000815815 scopus 로고
    • Fear of failure in the student experience
    • doi:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1975.tb04220.x
    • Beery, R. G. (1975). Fear of failure in the student experience. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 54, 191-203. doi:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1975.tb04220.x
    • (1975) Personnel and Guidance Journal , vol.54 , pp. 191-203
    • Beery, R.G.1
  • 9
    • 0029436398 scopus 로고
    • Helplessness in early childhood: The role of continent worth
    • doi: 10.2307/1131906
    • Burhans, K. K., & Dweck, C. S. (1995). Helplessness in early childhood: The role of continent worth. Child Development, 66, 1719-1738. doi: 10.2307/1131906
    • (1995) Child Development , vol.66 , pp. 1719-1738
    • Burhans, K.K.1    Dweck, C.S.2
  • 10
    • 0002759098 scopus 로고
    • Defensive pessimism and stress and coping
    • doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.92
    • Cantor, N., & Norem, J. K. (1989). Defensive pessimism and stress and coping. Social Cognition, 7, 92-112. doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.92
    • (1989) Social Cognition , vol.7 , pp. 92-112
    • Cantor, N.1    Norem, J.K.2
  • 11
    • 38549137059 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
    • Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
    • (1994) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 319-333
    • Carver, C.S.1    White, T.L.2
  • 12
    • 84893478737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported GPA and SAT: A methodological note
    • Retrieved from
    • Cassady, J. C. (2001). Self-reported GPA and SAT: A methodological note. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 7(12). Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=12
    • (2001) Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation , vol.7 , Issue.12
    • Cassady, J.C.1
  • 13
    • 0000359949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural differences in optimism, pessimism, and coping: Predictors of subsequent adjustment in Asian American and Caucasian American college students
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.1.113
    • Chang, E. C. (1996). Cultural differences in optimism, pessimism, and coping: Predictors of subsequent adjustment in Asian American and Caucasian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 113-123. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.1.113
    • (1996) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 113-123
    • Chang, E.C.1
  • 14
    • 0036148379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural differences in psychological distress in Asian and Caucasian American college students: Examining the role of cognitive and affective concomitants
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.1.47
    • Chang, E. C. (2002). Cultural differences in psychological distress in Asian and Caucasian American college students: Examining the role of cognitive and affective concomitants. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 47-59. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.1.47
    • (2002) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 47-59
    • Chang, E.C.1
  • 15
    • 85047692048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural variations on optimistic and pessimistic bias for self versus a sibling: Is there evidence for self-enhancement in the West and for self-criticism in the East when the referent group is specified?
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.569
    • Chang, E. C, & Asakawa, K. (2003). Cultural variations on optimistic and pessimistic bias for self versus a sibling: Is there evidence for self-enhancement in the West and for self-criticism in the East when the referent group is specified?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 569-581. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.569
    • (2003) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 569-581
    • Chang, E.C.1    Asakawa, K.2
  • 16
    • 34548107817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance
    • doi:10.1080/10705510701301834
    • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464-504. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834
    • (2007) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.14 , pp. 464-504
    • Chen, F.F.1
  • 17
    • 84965484083 scopus 로고
    • The cost of dichotomization
    • doi:10.1177/014662168300700301
    • Cohen, J. (1983). The cost of dichotomization. Applied Psychological Measurement, 7, 249-253. doi:10.1177/014662168300700301
    • (1983) Applied Psychological Measurement , vol.7 , pp. 249-253
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 18
    • 0035649192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in the development of a multidimensional measure of fear of failure: The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI)
    • doi:10.1080/10615800108248365
    • Conroy, D. E. (2001). Progress in the development of a multidimensional measure of fear of failure: The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI). Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 14, 431-452. doi:10.1080/10615800108248365
    • (2001) Anxiety, Stress, and Coping , vol.14 , pp. 431-452
    • Conroy, D.E.1
  • 19
    • 6344242010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear of failure and achievement goals in sport: Addressing the issue of chicken and the egg
    • doi:10.1080/1061580042000191642
    • Conroy, D. E., & Elliot, A. J. (2004). Fear of failure and achievement goals in sport: Addressing the issue of chicken and the egg. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17, 271-285. doi:10.1080/1061580042000191642
    • (2004) Anxiety, Stress, and Coping , vol.17 , pp. 271-285
    • Conroy, D.E.1    Elliot, A.J.2
  • 20
    • 0142256392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factorial invariance and latent mean stability of performance failure appraisals
    • doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM1003_4
    • Conroy, D. E., Metzler, J. N., & Hofer, S. M. (2003). Factorial invariance and latent mean stability of performance failure appraisals. Structural Equation Modeling, 10, 401-422. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM1003_4
    • (2003) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.10 , pp. 401-422
    • Conroy, D.E.1    Metzler, J.N.2    Hofer, S.M.3
  • 21
    • 0036015392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidimensional fear of failure measurement: The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory
    • doi:10.1080/10413200252907752
    • Conroy, D. E., Willow, J. P., & Metzler, J. N. (2002). Multidimensional fear of failure measurement: The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 76-90. doi:10.1080/10413200252907752
    • (2002) Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 76-90
    • Conroy, D.E.1    Willow, J.P.2    Metzler, J.N.3
  • 22
    • 0002412995 scopus 로고
    • The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications
    • doi:10.1086/461388
    • Covington, M. V. (1984). The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. Elementary School Journal, 85, 4-20. doi:10.1086/461388
    • (1984) Elementary School Journal , vol.85 , pp. 4-20
    • Covington, M.V.1
  • 24
    • 0033643117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal theory, motivation and school achievement: An integrative review
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.171
    • Covington, M. V. (2000). Goal theory, motivation and school achievement: An integrative review. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 171-200. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.171
    • (2000) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 171-200
    • Covington, M.V.1
  • 26
    • 0035632607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation: An approach/avoidance reformulation
    • doi:10.1023/A:1009009219144
    • Covington, M. V., & Mueller, K. J. (2001). Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation: An approach/avoidance reformulation. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 157-176. doi:10.1023/A:1009009219144
    • (2001) Educational Psychology Review , vol.13 , pp. 157-176
    • Covington, M.V.1    Mueller, K.J.2
  • 27
    • 0001391863 scopus 로고
    • Ability and effort valuation among failure-avoiding and failure-accepting students
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.77.4.446
    • Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1985). Ability and effort valuation among failure-avoiding and failure-accepting students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 446-459. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.77.4.446
    • (1985) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 446-459
    • Covington, M.V.1    Omelich, C.L.2
  • 28
    • 0000434466 scopus 로고
    • Achievement dynamics: The interaction of motives, cognitions, and emotions over time
    • doi:10.1080/08917778808248717
    • Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1988). Achievement dynamics: The interaction of motives, cognitions, and emotions over time. Anxiety Research, 1, 165-183. doi:10.1080/08917778808248717
    • (1988) Anxiety Research , vol.1 , pp. 165-183
    • Covington, M.V.1    Omelich, C.L.2
  • 30
    • 33749536811 scopus 로고
    • Hope of success, fear of failure, subjective probability, and risk-taking behavior
    • doi:10.1037/h0022021
    • DeCharms, R., & Davé, P. N. (1965). Hope of success, fear of failure, subjective probability, and risk-taking behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 558-568. doi:10.1037/h0022021
    • (1965) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 558-568
    • DeCharms, R.1    Davé, P.N.2
  • 31
    • 0030117558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-handicapping and intrinsic motivation: Buffering intrinsic motivation from the threat of failure
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.868
    • Deppe, R. K., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Self-handicapping and intrinsic motivation: Buffering intrinsic motivation from the threat of failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 868-876. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.868
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 868-876
    • Deppe, R.K.1    Harackiewicz, J.M.2
  • 32
    • 47749149934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A psychometric evaluation of two achievement goal inventories
    • doi:10.1177/0013164407310125
    • Donnellan, M. B. (2008). A psychometric evaluation of two achievement goal inventories. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 68, 643-658. doi:10.1177/0013164407310125
    • (2008) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.68 , pp. 643-658
    • Donnellan, M.B.1
  • 33
    • 0000657452 scopus 로고
    • The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness
    • doi:10.1037/h0077149
    • Dweck, C. S. (1975). The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 674-685. doi:10.1037/h0077149
    • (1975) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 674-685
    • Dweck, C.S.1
  • 34
    • 0001719445 scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic motivation, perceived control, and self-evaluation maintenance: An achievement goal analysis
    • Dweck, C. S. (1985). Intrinsic motivation, perceived control, and self-evaluation maintenance: An achievement goal analysis. Research on Motivation in Education, 2, 289-305.
    • (1985) Research on Motivation in Education , vol.2 , pp. 289-305
    • Dweck, C.S.1
  • 35
    • 58149372679 scopus 로고
    • A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality
    • doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
    • Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
    • (1988) Psychological Review , vol.95 , pp. 256-273
    • Dweck, C.S.1    Leggett, E.L.2
  • 36
    • 0002646881 scopus 로고
    • Learned helplessness, anxiety, and achievement motivation: Neglected parallels in cognitive, affective, and coping responses
    • New York, NY: Hemisphere
    • Dweck, C. S., & Wortman, C. B. (1982). Learned helplessness, anxiety, and achievement motivation: Neglected parallels in cognitive, affective, and coping responses. In H. W. Krohne & L. Laux (Eds.), Achievement, stress, and anxiety (pp. 93-125). New York, NY: Hemisphere.
    • (1982) H. W. Krohne & L. Laux (Eds.), Achievement, stress, and anxiety , pp. 93-125
    • Dweck, C.S.1    Wortman, C.B.2
  • 37
    • 0031505480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the motivational beliefs of Asian American and non Asian students
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.3.433
    • Eaton, M., & Dembo, M. (1997). Differences in the motivational beliefs of Asian American and non Asian students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 433-440. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.3.433
    • (1997) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 433-440
    • Eaton, M.1    Dembo, M.2
  • 38
    • 0031540107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218
    • Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 218-232. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 218-232
    • Elliot, A.J.1    Church, M.A.2
  • 39
    • 0242299171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A motivational analysis of defensive pessimism and self-handicapping
    • doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7103005
    • Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (2003). A motivational analysis of defensive pessimism and self-handicapping. Journal of Personality, 71, 369-396. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7103005
    • (2003) Journal of Personality , vol.71 , pp. 369-396
    • Elliot, A.J.1    Church, M.A.2
  • 40
    • 0035625841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approach and avoidance motivation
    • doi:10.1023/A: 1009009018235
    • Elliot, A. J., & Covington, M. V. (2001). Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 73-92. doi:10.1023/A: 1009009018235
    • (2001) Educational Psychology Review , vol.13 , pp. 73-92
    • Elliot, A.J.1    Covington, M.V.2
  • 42
    • 85047673567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804
    • Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 804-818. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 804-818
    • Elliot, A.J.1    Thrash, T.M.2
  • 45
    • 0001566655 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement-related motives
    • doi:10.1037/h0045671
    • Feather, N. T. (1961). The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement-related motives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 552-561. doi:10.1037/h0045671
    • (1961) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 552-561
    • Feather, N.T.1
  • 46
    • 0038638690 scopus 로고
    • Persistence at a difficult task with an alternative task of intermediate difficulty
    • doi:10.1037/h0044576
    • Feather, N. T. (1963). Persistence at a difficult task with an alternative task of intermediate difficulty. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 604-609. doi:10.1037/h0044576
    • (1963) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 604-609
    • Feather, N.T.1
  • 47
    • 0024619384 scopus 로고
    • Learned helplessness, test anxiety, and academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis
    • doi:10.2307/1131079
    • Fincham, F. D., Hokoda, A., & Sanders, R., Jr. (1989). Learned helplessness, test anxiety, and academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis. Child Development, 60, 138-145. doi:10.2307/1131079
    • (1989) Child Development , vol.60 , pp. 138-145
    • Fincham, F.D.1    Hokoda, A.2    Sanders Jr., R.3
  • 49
    • 34548029729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivation and engagement in English, mathematics and science high school subjects: Toward an understanding of multidimensional domain specificity
    • doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2006.12.003
    • Green, J., Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2007). Motivation and engagement in English, mathematics and science high school subjects: Toward an understanding of multidimensional domain specificity. Learning and Individual Differences, 17, 269-279. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2006.12.003
    • (2007) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.17 , pp. 269-279
    • Green, J.1    Martin, A.J.2    Marsh, H.W.3
  • 50
    • 0034195034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term and long-term consequences of achievement goals: Predicting interest and performance over time
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.316
    • Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Tauer, J. M., Carter, S. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Short-term and long-term consequences of achievement goals: Predicting interest and performance over time. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 316-330. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.316
    • (2000) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.92 , pp. 316-330
    • Harackiewicz, J.M.1    Barron, K.E.2    Tauer, J.M.3    Carter, S.M.4    Elliot, A.J.5
  • 51
    • 0036741839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting success in college: A longitudinal study of achievement goals and ability measures as predictors of interest and performance from freshman year through graduation
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.562
    • Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Tauer, J. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2002). Predicting success in college: A longitudinal study of achievement goals and ability measures as predictors of interest and performance from freshman year through graduation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 562-575. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.562
    • (2002) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.94 , pp. 562-575
    • Harackiewicz, J.M.1    Barron, K.E.2    Tauer, J.M.3    Elliot, A.J.4
  • 54
    • 41949137583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do cross-national comparisons of personality traits tell us? The case of conscientiousness
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02085.x
    • Heine, S. J., Buchtel, E. E., & Norenzayan, A. (2008). What do cross-national comparisons of personality traits tell us? The case of conscientiousness. Psychological Science, 19, 309-313. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02085.x
    • (2008) Psychological Science , vol.19 , pp. 309-313
    • Heine, S.J.1    Buchtel, E.E.2    Norenzayan, A.3
  • 55
    • 34248328045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of East Asian self-enhancement
    • doi:10.1177/1088868306294587
    • Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 4-27. doi:10.1177/1088868306294587
    • (2007) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.11 , pp. 4-27
    • Heine, S.J.1    Hamamura, T.2
  • 56
    • 0035588850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural differences in self-evaluation: Japanese readily accept negative self-relevant information
    • doi: 10.1177/0022022101032004004
    • Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., & Lehman, D. R. (2001). Cultural differences in self-evaluation: Japanese readily accept negative self-relevant information. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 434-443. doi: 10.1177/0022022101032004004
    • (2001) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 434-443
    • Heine, S.J.1    Kitayama, S.2    Lehman, D.R.3
  • 57
    • 85047685107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divergent consequences of success and failure in Japan and North America: An investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.599
    • Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., Lehman, D. R., Takata, T., Ide, E., Leung, C, & Matsumoto, H. (2001). Divergent consequences of success and failure in Japan and North America: An investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 599-615. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.599
    • (2001) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 599-615
    • Heine, S.J.1    Kitayama, S.2    Lehman, D.R.3    Takata, T.4    Ide, E.5    Leung, C.6    Matsumoto, H.7
  • 58
    • 0033208995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?
    • doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
    • Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?. Psychological Review, 106, 766-794. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
    • (1999) Psychological Review , vol.106 , pp. 766-794
    • Heine, S.J.1    Lehman, D.R.2    Markus, H.R.3    Kitayama, S.4
  • 59
    • 85047673545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales? The reference-group effect
    • doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.903
    • Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002). What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?. The reference-group effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 903-918. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.903
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 903-918
    • Heine, S.J.1    Lehman, D.R.2    Peng, K.3    Greenholtz, J.4
  • 60
    • 33845328673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examination of defensive pessimism in Japanese college students: Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire
    • Hosogoshi, H., & Kodama, M. (2005). Examination of defensive pessimism in Japanese college students: Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire. Japanese Health Psychology, 12, 27-40.
    • (2005) Japanese Health Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 27-40
    • Hosogoshi, H.1    Kodama, M.2
  • 61
    • 77950340049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit beliefs, achievement goals, and procrastination: A meditational analysis
    • doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2008.08.006
    • Howell, A. J., & Buro, K. (2009). Implicit beliefs, achievement goals, and procrastination: A meditational analysis. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 151-154. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2008.08.006
    • (2009) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.19 , pp. 151-154
    • Howell, A.J.1    Buro, K.2
  • 63
    • 0002941005 scopus 로고
    • Culture, values, and the spontaneous self-concept
    • Ip, G. W. M., & Bond, M. H. (1995). Culture, values, and the spontaneous self-concept. Asian Journal of Psychology, 1, 29-35.
    • (1995) Asian Journal of Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 29-35
    • Ip, G.W.M.1    Bond, M.H.2
  • 64
    • 0000782953 scopus 로고
    • Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement
    • doi:10.1177/014616727800400205
    • Jones, E., & Berglas, S. (1978). Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 200-206. doi:10.1177/014616727800400205
    • (1978) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.4 , pp. 200-206
    • Jones, E.1    Berglas, S.2
  • 65
    • 34547830830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress and coping in Japanese children and adolescents
    • doi:10.1080/10615800701272519
    • Jose, P. E., & Kilburg, D. F. (2007). Stress and coping in Japanese children and adolescents. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 20, 283-298. doi:10.1080/10615800701272519
    • (2007) Anxiety, Stress, and Coping , vol.20 , pp. 283-298
    • Jose, P.E.1    Kilburg, D.F.2
  • 66
    • 34848869051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cognitive behavioural coaching intervention for the treatment of perfectionism and self-handicapping in a nonclinical population
    • doi:10.1375/bech.24.3.157
    • Kearns, H., Forbes, A., & Gardiner, M. (2007). A cognitive behavioural coaching intervention for the treatment of perfectionism and self-handicapping in a nonclinical population. Behaviour Change, 24, 157-172. doi:10.1375/bech.24.3.157
    • (2007) Behaviour Change , vol.24 , pp. 157-172
    • Kearns, H.1    Forbes, A.2    Gardiner, M.3
  • 67
    • 0042763519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explicit and direct self-serving bias in Japan: Reexamination of self-serving bias for success and failure
    • doi:10.1177/0022022103256475
    • Kudo, E., & Numazaki, M. (2003). Explicit and direct self-serving bias in Japan: Reexamination of self-serving bias for success and failure. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 511-521. doi:10.1177/0022022103256475
    • (2003) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 511-521
    • Kudo, E.1    Numazaki, M.2
  • 68
    • 19744368317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity of self-reported grade point average, class ranks, and test scores: A meta-analysis and review of the literature
    • doi:10.3102/00346543075001063
    • Kuncel, N. R., Credé, M., & Thomas, L. L. (2005). The validity of self-reported grade point average, class ranks, and test scores: A meta-analysis and review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 75, 63-82. doi:10.3102/00346543075001063
    • (2005) Review of Educational Research , vol.75 , pp. 63-82
    • Kuncel, N.R.1    Credé, M.2    Thomas, L.L.3
  • 69
    • 20444475454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dilemma of performance-approach goals: The use of multiple goal contexts to promote students' motivation and learning
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.197
    • Linnenbrink, E. A. (2005). The dilemma of performance-approach goals: The use of multiple goal contexts to promote students' motivation and learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 197-213. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.197
    • (2005) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.97 , pp. 197-213
    • Linnenbrink, E.A.1
  • 71
    • 12044258070 scopus 로고
    • Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation
    • doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
    • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
    • (1991) Psychological Review , vol.98 , pp. 224-253
    • Markus, H.R.1    Kitayama, S.2
  • 73
    • 40749121316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing student motivation and engagement: The effects of a multidimensional intervention
    • doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.11.003
    • Martin, A. J. (2008). Enhancing student motivation and engagement: The effects of a multidimensional intervention. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33, 239-269. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.11.003
    • (2008) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 239-269
    • Martin, A.J.1
  • 74
    • 79960551079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Achievement motivation among Chinese and Australian school students: Assessing difference of kind and differences of degree
    • doi:10.1080/15305058.2010.482220
    • Martin, A. J., & Hau, K.-T. (2010). Achievement motivation among Chinese and Australian school students: Assessing difference of kind and differences of degree. International Journal of Testing, 10, 274-294. doi:10.1080/15305058.2010.482220
    • (2010) International Journal of Testing , vol.10 , pp. 274-294
    • Martin, A.J.1    Hau, K.-T.2
  • 75
    • 0037336113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear of failure: Friend or foe
    • doi:10.1080/00050060310001706997
    • Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. (2003). Fear of failure: Friend or foe. Australian Psychologist, 38, 31-38. doi:10.1080/00050060310001706997
    • (2003) Australian Psychologist , vol.38 , pp. 31-38
    • Martin, A.J.1    Marsh, H.2
  • 76
    • 0035604995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quadripolar need achievement representation of self-handicapping and defensive pessi-mism
    • doi: 10.3102/00028312038003583
    • Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., & Debus, R. L. (2001a). A quadripolar need achievement representation of self-handicapping and defensive pessi-mism. American Educational Research Journal, 38, 583-610. doi: 10.3102/00028312038003583
    • (2001) American Educational Research Journal , vol.38 , pp. 583-610
    • Martin, A.J.1    Marsh, H.W.2    Debus, R.L.3
  • 77
    • 0035578870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: Exploring a model of predictors and outcomes from a self-protection perspective
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.87
    • Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., & Debus, R. L. (2001b). Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: Exploring a model of predictors and outcomes from a self-protection perspective. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 87-102. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.87
    • (2001) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.93 , pp. 87-102
    • Martin, A.J.1    Marsh, H.W.2    Debus, R.L.3
  • 78
    • 0037273703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: A model of self-protection from a longitudinal perspective
    • doi: 10.1016/S0361-476X(02)00008-5
    • Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: A model of self-protection from a longitudinal perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28, 1-36. doi: 10.1016/S0361-476X(02)00008-5
    • (2003) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 1-36
    • Martin, A.J.1    Marsh, H.W.2    Debus, R.L.3
  • 79
    • 0141596187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-handicapping, defensive pessimism, and goal orientation: A qualitative study of university students
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.617
    • Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., Williamson, A., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping, defensive pessimism, and goal orientation: A qualitative study of university students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 617-628. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.617
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 617-628
    • Martin, A.J.1    Marsh, H.W.2    Williamson, A.3    Debus, R.L.4
  • 80
    • 0141475714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-handicapping in physical achievement settings: The contributions of self-esteem and self-efficacy
    • doi:10.1080/15298860290106814
    • Martin, K. A., & Brawley, L. R. (2002). Self-handicapping in physical achievement settings: The contributions of self-esteem and self-efficacy. Self and Identity, 1, 337-351. doi:10.1080/15298860290106814
    • (2002) Self and Identity , vol.1 , pp. 337-351
    • Martin, K.A.1    Brawley, L.R.2
  • 81
    • 0035631057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do between-cultural differences really mean that people are different? A look at some measures of cultural effect size
    • doi:10.1177/0022022101032004007
    • Matsumoto, D., Grissom, R. J., & Dinnel, D. L. (2001). Do between-cultural differences really mean that people are different?. A look at some measures of cultural effect size. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 478-490. doi:10.1177/0022022101032004007
    • (2001) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 478-490
    • Matsumoto, D.1    Grissom, R.J.2    Dinnel, D.L.3
  • 83
    • 0001390860 scopus 로고
    • Toward a theory of motive acquisition
    • doi:10.1037/h0022225
    • McClelland, D. C. (1965). Toward a theory of motive acquisition. American Psychologist, 20, 321-333. doi:10.1037/h0022225
    • (1965) American Psychologist , vol.20 , pp. 321-333
    • McClelland, D.C.1
  • 85
    • 79960546419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The motivational profiles and perceptions of schooling of Asian students in Australia
    • McInerney, D. M. (2006). The motivational profiles and perceptions of schooling of Asian students in Australia. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 3, 1-31.
    • (2006) Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction , vol.3 , pp. 1-31
    • McInerney, D.M.1
  • 86
    • 0030517769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • If I don't do well tomorrow, there's a reason": Predictors of adolescents' use of academic self-handicapping strategies
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.3.423
    • Midgley, C., Arunkumar, R., & Urdan, T. C. (1996). "If I don't do well tomorrow, there's a reason": Predictors of adolescents' use of academic self-handicapping strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 423-434. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.3.423
    • (1996) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 423-434
    • Midgley, C.1    Arunkumar, R.2    Urdan, T.C.3
  • 87
    • 0035584991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance-approach goals: Good for what, for whom, under what circumstances, and at what cost?
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.77
    • Midgley, C., Kaplan, A., & Middleton, M. (2001). Performance-approach goals: Good for what, for whom, under what circumstances, and at what cost?. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 77-86. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.77
    • (2001) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.93 , pp. 77-86
    • Midgley, C.1    Kaplan, A.2    Middleton, M.3
  • 89
    • 84970363736 scopus 로고
    • Predictors of middle school students' use of self-handicapping strategies
    • doi:10.1177/0272431695015004001
    • Midgley, C., & Urdan, T. (1995). Predictors of middle school students' use of self-handicapping strategies. Journal of Early Adolescence, 15, 389-411. doi:10.1177/0272431695015004001
    • (1995) Journal of Early Adolescence , vol.15 , pp. 389-411
    • Midgley, C.1    Urdan, T.2
  • 90
    • 0002603971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic self-handicapping and achievement goals: A further examination
    • doi:10.1006/ceps.2000.1041
    • Midgley, C., & Urdan, T. (2001). Academic self-handicapping and achievement goals: A further examination. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26, 61-75. doi:10.1006/ceps.2000.1041
    • (2001) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 61-75
    • Midgley, C.1    Urdan, T.2
  • 91
    • 27744482273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural validity of the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised for African American college students
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.629
    • Mobley, M., Slaney, R. B., & Rice, K. G. (2005). Cultural validity of the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised for African American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 629-639. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.629
    • (2005) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 629-639
    • Mobley, M.1    Slaney, R.B.2    Rice, K.G.3
  • 92
    • 23844534175 scopus 로고
    • Effects of success and failure on level of aspiration as related to achievement motives
    • doi:10.1037/h0021749
    • Moulton, R. W. (1965). Effects of success and failure on level of aspiration as related to achievement motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 399-406. doi:10.1037/h0021749
    • (1965) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 399-406
    • Moulton, R.W.1
  • 93
    • 77951723109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defensive pessimism, anxiety, and the complexity of evaluating self-regulation
    • doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00053.x
    • Norem, J. K. (2008). Defensive pessimism, anxiety, and the complexity of evaluating self-regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 121-134. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00053.x
    • (2008) Social and Personality Psychology Compass , vol.2 , pp. 121-134
    • Norem, J.K.1
  • 94
    • 0000642667 scopus 로고
    • Anticipating and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in "risky" situations
    • doi:10.1007/BF01173471
    • Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986a). Anticipating and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in "risky" situations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 347-362. doi:10.1007/BF01173471
    • (1986) Cognitive Therapy and Research , vol.10 , pp. 347-362
    • Norem, J.K.1    Cantor, N.2
  • 95
    • 0022990771 scopus 로고
    • Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1208
    • Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986b). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1208-1217. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1208
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 1208-1217
    • Norem, J.K.1    Cantor, N.2
  • 96
    • 0037277204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of success expectation and task-avoidance in academic performance and satisfaction: Three studies on antecedents, consequences, and correlates
    • doi:10.1016/S0361-476X(02)00014-0
    • Nurmi, J. E., Aunola, K., Salmela-Aro, K., & Lindroos, M. (2003). The role of success expectation and task-avoidance in academic performance and satisfaction: Three studies on antecedents, consequences, and correlates. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28, 59-90. doi:10.1016/S0361-476X(02)00014-0
    • (2003) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 59-90
    • Nurmi, J.E.1    Aunola, K.2    Salmela-Aro, K.3    Lindroos, M.4
  • 97
    • 0002815304 scopus 로고
    • The Strategy and Attribution Questionnaire: Psychometric properties
    • doi:10.1027/1015-5759.11.2.108
    • Nurmi, J.-E., Salmela-Aro, K., & Haavisto, T. (1995). The Strategy and Attribution Questionnaire: Psychometric properties. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11, 108-121. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.11.2.108
    • (1995) European Journal of Psychological Assessment , vol.11 , pp. 108-121
    • Nurmi, J.-E.1    Salmela-Aro, K.2    Haavisto, T.3
  • 98
    • 0042739419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-handicapping strategies in physical education classes: The influence of implicit theories of the nature of ability and achievement goal orientations
    • doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00019-4
    • Ommundsen, Y. (2001). Self-handicapping strategies in physical education classes: The influence of implicit theories of the nature of ability and achievement goal orientations. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2, 139-156. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00019-4
    • (2001) Psychology of Sport and Exercise , vol.2 , pp. 139-156
    • Ommundsen, Y.1
  • 99
    • 43849099407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational applications of the expectancy-value model of achievement motivation in diverse cultural contexts of West and East
    • Otsuka, S., & Smith, I. D. (2005). Educational applications of the expectancy-value model of achievement motivation in diverse cultural contexts of West and East. Change: Transformations in Education, 8, 91-109.
    • (2005) Change: Transformations in Education , vol.8 , pp. 91-109
    • Otsuka, S.1    Smith, I.D.2
  • 100
    • 0034257633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement
    • Pintrich, P. R. (2000). Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 544-555.
    • (2000) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.92 , pp. 544-555
    • Pintrich, P.R.1
  • 101
    • 0345149829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.667
    • Pintrich, P. R. (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 667-686. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.667
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 667-686
    • Pintrich, P.R.1
  • 102
    • 60649087144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural variations in preemptive effort downplaying
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2008.01265.x
    • Pualengco, P. P., Chiu, C.-Y., & Kim, Y.-H. (2009). Cultural variations in preemptive effort downplaying. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12, 12-19. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2008.01265.x
    • (2009) Asian Journal of Social Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 12-19
    • Pualengco, P.P.1    Chiu, C.-Y.2    Kim, Y.-H.3
  • 103
    • 22544446736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cross-cultural study of predictors of self-handicapping in university students
    • doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.008
    • Pulford, B., Johnson, A., & Awaida, M. (2005). A cross-cultural study of predictors of self-handicapping in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 727-737. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.008
    • (2005) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.39 , pp. 727-737
    • Pulford, B.1    Johnson, A.2    Awaida, M.3
  • 104
    • 0030372523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural differences in the use of strategies for self-regulated learning
    • Purdie, N., & Hattie, J. (1996). Cultural differences in the use of strategies for self-regulated learning. American Educational Research Journal, 33, 845-871.
    • (1996) American Educational Research Journal , vol.33 , pp. 845-871
    • Purdie, N.1    Hattie, J.2
  • 106
    • 21344497600 scopus 로고
    • Conceptions of ability, achievement goals, and individual differences in self-handicapping behavior: On the application of implicit theories
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00795.x
    • Rhodewalt, F. (1994). Conceptions of ability, achievement goals, and individual differences in self-handicapping behavior: On the application of implicit theories. Journal of Personality, 62, 67-85. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00795.x
    • (1994) Journal of Personality , vol.62 , pp. 67-85
    • Rhodewalt, F.1
  • 107
    • 0000279298 scopus 로고
    • Claimed self-handicaps and the self-handicapper: The relation of reduction in intended effort to performance
    • doi:10.1016/0092-6566(91)90030-T
    • Rhodewalt, F., & Fairfield, M. (1991). Claimed self-handicaps and the self-handicapper: The relation of reduction in intended effort to performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 402-417. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(91)90030-T
    • (1991) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.25 , pp. 402-417
    • Rhodewalt, F.1    Fairfield, M.2
  • 108
    • 84963196643 scopus 로고
    • Self-handicapping in the classroom: The effects of claimed self-handicaps on responses to academic failure
    • doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1604_1
    • Rhodewalt, F., & Hill, K. T. (1995). Self-handicapping in the classroom: The effects of claimed self-handicaps on responses to academic failure. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16, 397-416. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1604_1
    • (1995) Basic and Applied Social Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 397-416
    • Rhodewalt, F.1    Hill, K.T.2
  • 110
    • 0030222920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure and strength of achievement motivation: A cross-cultural comparison
    • doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199609)17:5<431::AID-JOB771>3.0.CO;2-X
    • Sagie, A., Elizur, D., & Yamauchi, H. (1996). The structure and strength of achievement motivation: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 431-444. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199609)17:5<431::AID-JOB771>3.0.CO;2-X
    • (1996) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.17 , pp. 431-444
    • Sagie, A.1    Elizur, D.2    Yamauchi, H.3
  • 111
    • 0007271844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the achievement motive using the grid technique
    • doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1999.2245
    • Schmalt, H. D. (1999). Assessing the achievement motive using the grid technique. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 109-130. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1999.2245
    • (1999) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.33 , pp. 109-130
    • Schmalt, H.D.1
  • 112
    • 33847072282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geographic distribution of Big Five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations
    • doi:10.1177/0022022106297299
    • Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2007). The geographic distribution of Big Five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 173-212. doi:10.1177/0022022106297299
    • (2007) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 173-212
    • Schmitt, D.P.1    Allik, J.2    McCrae, R.R.3    Benet-Martinez, V.4
  • 114
    • 26444435777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal orientation, academic achievement, and depression: Evidence in favor of a revised goal theory framework
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.366
    • Sideridis, G. (2005). Goal orientation, academic achievement, and depression: Evidence in favor of a revised goal theory framework. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 366-375. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.366
    • (2005) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.97 , pp. 366-375
    • Sideridis, G.1
  • 115
    • 0036045709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Students' goals, self-efficacy, self-handicapping, and negative affective responses: An Australian senior school study
    • doi:10.1006/ceps.2001.1105
    • Smith, L., Sinclair, K. E., & Chapman, E. S. (2002). Students' goals, self-efficacy, self-handicapping, and negative affective responses: An Australian senior school study. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27, 471-485. doi:10.1006/ceps.2001.1105
    • (2002) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.27 , pp. 471-485
    • Smith, L.1    Sinclair, K.E.2    Chapman, E.S.3
  • 116
    • 0001317081 scopus 로고
    • Learned helplessness in task-orienting versus performance-orienting testing conditions
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.384
    • Stipek, D. (1989). Learned helplessness in task-orienting versus performance-orienting testing conditions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 384-391. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.384
    • (1989) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 384-391
    • Stipek, D.1
  • 117
    • 84954757038 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the Self-Handicapping Scale
    • doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0703_4
    • Strube, M. J. (1986). An analysis of the Self-Handicapping Scale. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 7, 211-224. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0703_4
    • (1986) Basic and Applied Social Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 211-224
    • Strube, M.J.1
  • 118
    • 0142084782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The state of psychological assessment in Asia
    • doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.306
    • Sue, S., & Chang, J. (2003). The state of psychological assessment in Asia. Psychological Assessment, 15, 306-310. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.306
    • (2003) Psychological Assessment , vol.15 , pp. 306-310
    • Sue, S.1    Chang, J.2
  • 120
    • 0035261513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for achievement motives, goal orientations, intrinsic interest, and academic achievement
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.88.1.123
    • Tanaka, A., & Yamauchi, H. (2001). A model for achievement motives, goal orientations, intrinsic interest, and academic achievement. Psychological Reports, 88, 123-135. doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.88.1.123
    • (2001) Psychological Reports , vol.88 , pp. 123-135
    • Tanaka, A.1    Yamauchi, H.2
  • 121
    • 21844488293 scopus 로고
    • Self-worth protection in achievement motivation: Performance effects and attributional behavior
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.87.4.598
    • Thompson, T., Davidson, J. A., & Barber, J. G. (1995). Self-worth protection in achievement motivation: Performance effects and attributional behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 598-610. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.87.4.598
    • (1995) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.87 , pp. 598-610
    • Thompson, T.1    Davidson, J.A.2    Barber, J.G.3
  • 122
    • 0000820049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of manipulating anticipatory attributions on the strategy use of defensive pessimists and strategic optimists
    • doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00190-1
    • Thompson, T., & Le Fevre, C. (1999). Implications of manipulating anticipatory attributions on the strategy use of defensive pessimists and strategic optimists. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 887-904. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00190-1
    • (1999) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.26 , pp. 887-904
    • Thompson, T.1    Le Fevre, C.2
  • 123
    • 34249047005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing the poor performance of self-worth protective students: A product of future outcome uncertainty, evaluative threat, or both?
    • doi: 10.1080/01443410601061512
    • Thompson, T., & Parker, C. (2007). Diagnosing the poor performance of self-worth protective students: A product of future outcome uncertainty, evaluative threat, or both?. Educational Psychology, 27, 111-134. doi: 10.1080/01443410601061512
    • (2007) Educational Psychology , vol.27 , pp. 111-134
    • Thompson, T.1    Parker, C.2
  • 124
    • 84881633339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intersection of culture and achievement motivation
    • Trumbull, E., & Rothstein-Fisch, C. (2011). The intersection of culture and achievement motivation. School Community Journal, 21, 25-53.
    • (2011) School Community Journal , vol.21 , pp. 25-53
    • Trumbull, E.1    Rothstein-Fisch, C.2
  • 126
    • 0032283652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of classroom goal structure in students' use of self-handicapping strategies
    • Urdan, T., Midgley, C., & Anderman, E. M. (1998). The role of classroom goal structure in students' use of self-handicapping strategies. American Educational Research Journal, 35, 101-122.
    • (1998) American Educational Research Journal , vol.35 , pp. 101-122
    • Urdan, T.1    Midgley, C.2    Anderman, E.M.3
  • 129
    • 58149417004 scopus 로고
    • An attributional analysis of achievement motivation
    • doi:10.1037/h0029211
    • Weiner, B., & Kukla, A. (1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 1-20. doi:10.1037/h0029211
    • (1970) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 1-20
    • Weiner, B.1    Kukla, A.2
  • 130
    • 1142275423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defensive pessimism, self-esteem instability, and goal strivings
    • doi:10.1080/02699930341000004
    • Yamawaki, N., Tschanz, B. T., & Feick, D. L. (2004). Defensive pessimism, self-esteem instability, and goal strivings. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 233-249. doi:10.1080/02699930341000004
    • (2004) Cognition & Emotion , vol.18 , pp. 233-249
    • Yamawaki, N.1    Tschanz, B.T.2    Feick, D.L.3
  • 131
    • 0035287293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal study of young children's responses to challenging achievement situations
    • doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00300
    • Ziegert, D. I., Kistner, J. A., Castro, R., & Robertson, B. (2001). Longitudinal study of young children's responses to challenging achievement situations. Child Development, 72, 609-624. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00300
    • (2001) Child Development , vol.72 , pp. 609-624
    • Ziegert, D.I.1    Kistner, J.A.2    Castro, R.3    Robertson, B.4
  • 132
    • 84859014984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating measures of achievement motivation(s)
    • doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000002
    • Ziegler, M., Schmukle, S., Egloff, B., & Buhner, M. (2010). Investigating measures of achievement motivation(s). Journal of Individual Differences, 31, 15-21. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000002
    • (2010) Journal of Individual Differences , vol.31 , pp. 15-21
    • Ziegler, M.1    Schmukle, S.2    Egloff, B.3    Buhner, M.4
  • 133
    • 15744379905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs of self-handicapping
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005 00314x
    • Zuckerman, M., & Tsai, F. (2005). Costs of self-handicapping. Journal of Personality, 73, 411-442. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005 00314x
    • (2005) Journal of Personality , vol.73 , pp. 411-442
    • Zuckerman, M.1    Tsai, F.2
  • 134
    • 12744272947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motives, goals, and adaptive patterns of performance in Asian American and Anglo American students
    • doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2004.11.003
    • Zusho, A., Pintrich, P. R., & Cortina, K. S. (2005). Motives, goals, and adaptive patterns of performance in Asian American and Anglo American students. Learning and Individual Differences, 15, 141-158. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2004.11.00
    • (2005) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.15 , pp. 141-158
    • Zusho, A.1    Pintrich, P.R.2    Cortina, K.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.