메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

Clostridium difficile exposure as an insidious source of infection in healthcare settings: An epidemiological model

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; HYGIENE; IMMUNE STATUS; INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MICROFLORA; PREVALENCE; PROBABILITY; SANITATION; STOCHASTIC MODEL;

EID: 84881529136     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-376     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 33644523410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003
    • 10.3201/eid1203.051064, 3291455, 16704777
    • McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12(3):409-415. 10.3201/eid1203.051064, 3291455, 16704777.
    • (2006) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 409-415
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Owings, M.2    Jernigan, D.B.3
  • 2
    • 0031878855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and impact of clostridium difficile infection in the UK, 1993-1996
    • 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90256-0, 9699137
    • Wilcox MH, Smyth ET. Incidence and impact of clostridium difficile infection in the UK, 1993-1996. J Hosp Infect 1998, 39(3):181-187. 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90256-0, 9699137.
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 181-187
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Smyth, E.T.2
  • 3
    • 84857057604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and therapeutic options
    • 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834bc9a9, 22134217
    • Lo Vecchio A, Zacur G. Clostridium difficile infection: an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and therapeutic options. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012, 28:1-9. 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834bc9a9, 22134217.
    • (2012) Curr Opin Gastroenterol , vol.28 , pp. 1-9
    • Lo Vecchio, A.1    Zacur, G.2
  • 4
    • 20144386999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use
    • 10.1086/502539, 15796280
    • Muto CA, Pokrywka M, Shutt K, Mendelsohn AB, Nouri K, Posey K, Roberts T, Croyle K, Krystofiak S, Patel-Brown S, et al. A large outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005, 26(3):273-280. 10.1086/502539, 15796280.
    • (2005) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 273-280
    • Muto, C.A.1    Pokrywka, M.2    Shutt, K.3    Mendelsohn, A.B.4    Nouri, K.5    Posey, K.6    Roberts, T.7    Croyle, K.8    Krystofiak, S.9    Patel-Brown, S.10
  • 5
    • 34447542645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing prevalence and severity of clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients in the united states
    • 10.1001/archsurg.142.7.624, 17638799
    • Ricciardi R, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD, Baxter NN. Increasing prevalence and severity of clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients in the united states. Arch Surg 2007, 142(7):624-631. 10.1001/archsurg.142.7.624, 17638799.
    • (2007) Arch Surg , vol.142 , Issue.7 , pp. 624-631
    • Ricciardi, R.1    Rothenberger, D.A.2    Madoff, R.D.3    Baxter, N.N.4
  • 7
    • 35348991541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease in children
    • 10.1086/520732, 17926272
    • Benson L, Song X, Campos J, Singh N. Changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28(11):1233-1235. 10.1086/520732, 17926272.
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , Issue.11 , pp. 1233-1235
    • Benson, L.1    Song, X.2    Campos, J.3    Singh, N.4
  • 8
    • 77952489657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027: assessing the risks of further worldwide spread
    • 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70080-3, 20510280
    • Clements ACA, Magalhaes RJS, Tatem AJ, Paterson DL, Riley TV. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027: assessing the risks of further worldwide spread. Lancet Infect Dis 2010, 10(6):395-404. 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70080-3, 20510280.
    • (2010) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 395-404
    • Clements, A.C.A.1    Magalhaes, R.J.S.2    Tatem, A.J.3    Paterson, D.L.4    Riley, T.V.5
  • 9
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of america (IDSA)
    • 10.1086/651706, 20307191
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, McDonald LC, Pepin J, Wilcox MH. Clinical practice guidelines for clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of america (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31(5):431-455. 10.1086/651706, 20307191.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Loo, V.G.5    McDonald, L.C.6    Pepin, J.7    Wilcox, M.H.8
  • 11
    • 34848846245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents
    • 10.1086/521854, 17879913
    • Riggs MM, Sethi AK, Zabarsky TF, Eckstein EC, Jump RLP, Donskey CJ. Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(8):992-998. 10.1086/521854, 17879913.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , Issue.8 , pp. 992-998
    • Riggs, M.M.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Zabarsky, T.F.3    Eckstein, E.C.4    Jump, R.L.P.5    Donskey, C.J.6
  • 12
    • 29144473282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • 10.1001/jama.294.23.2989, 16414946
    • Dial S, Delaney JAC, Barkun AN, Suissa S. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated disease. JAMA 2005, 294(23):2989-2995. 10.1001/jama.294.23.2989, 16414946.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , Issue.23 , pp. 2989-2995
    • Dial, S.1    Delaney, J.A.C.2    Barkun, A.N.3    Suissa, S.4
  • 13
    • 34247619245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of the changing face of clostridium difficile disease for health care practitioners
    • 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.06.004, 17482995
    • McFarland LV, Beneda HW, Clarridge JE, Raugi GJ. Implications of the changing face of clostridium difficile disease for health care practitioners. Am J Infect Control 2007, 35(4):237-253. 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.06.004, 17482995.
    • (2007) Am J Infect Control , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 237-253
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Beneda, H.W.2    Clarridge, J.E.3    Raugi, G.J.4
  • 14
    • 0024545882 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile infection
    • 10.1056/NEJM198901263200402, 2911306
    • McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RY, Stamm WE. Nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 1989, 320(4):204-210. 10.1056/NEJM198901263200402, 2911306.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , Issue.4 , pp. 204-210
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Mulligan, M.E.2    Kwok, R.Y.3    Stamm, W.E.4
  • 15
    • 72449194859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence of skin contamination and environmental shedding of clostridium difficile during and after treatment of C. Difficile infection
    • 10.1086/649016, 19929371
    • Sethi A, Al-Nassir W, Nerandzic M, Bobulsky G, Donskey C. Persistence of skin contamination and environmental shedding of clostridium difficile during and after treatment of C. Difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31(1):21-27. 10.1086/649016, 19929371.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 21-27
    • Sethi, A.1    Al-Nassir, W.2    Nerandzic, M.3    Bobulsky, G.4    Donskey, C.5
  • 16
    • 27744550779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. Difficile may have killed 2000 in quebec: study
    • Eggertson L. C. Difficile may have killed 2000 in quebec: study. Can Med Assoc J 2005, 173(9):1020-1021.
    • (2005) Can Med Assoc J , vol.173 , Issue.9 , pp. 1020-1021
    • Eggertson, L.1
  • 17
    • 0035436310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modeling of clostridium difficile infection
    • 10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00291.x, 11591207
    • Starr JM, Campbell A. Mathematical modeling of clostridium difficile infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001, 7(8):432-437. 10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00291.x, 11591207.
    • (2001) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.7 , Issue.8 , pp. 432-437
    • Starr, J.M.1    Campbell, A.2
  • 18
    • 0026727849 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection
    • 10.1093/infdis/166.3.561, 1323621
    • Clabots CR, Johnson S, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Acquisition of clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection. J Infect Dis 1992, 166(3):561-567. 10.1093/infdis/166.3.561, 1323621.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , Issue.3 , pp. 561-567
    • Clabots, C.R.1    Johnson, S.2    Olson, M.M.3    Peterson, L.R.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 19
    • 57149141496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal stochastic modelling of clostridium difficile
    • 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.09.013, 19013677
    • Starr JM, Campbell A, Renshaw E, Poxton IR, Gibson GJ. Spatio-temporal stochastic modelling of clostridium difficile. J Hosp Infect 2009, 71(1):49-56. 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.09.013, 19013677.
    • (2009) J Hosp Infect , vol.71 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-56
    • Starr, J.M.1    Campbell, A.2    Renshaw, E.3    Poxton, I.R.4    Gibson, G.J.5
  • 21
    • 79957940848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological model for clostridium difficile transmission in healthcare settings
    • 10.1086/660013, 3645005, 21558767
    • Lanzas C, Dubberke ER, Lu Z, Reske KA, Grohn YT. Epidemiological model for clostridium difficile transmission in healthcare settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011, 32(6):553-561. 10.1086/660013, 3645005, 21558767.
    • (2011) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.32 , Issue.6 , pp. 553-561
    • Lanzas, C.1    Dubberke, E.R.2    Lu, Z.3    Reske, K.A.4    Grohn, Y.T.5
  • 23
    • 55249105923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever
    • 10.1056/NEJMra0707500, 18971494
    • Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med 2008, 359(18):1932-1940. 10.1056/NEJMra0707500, 18971494.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , Issue.18 , pp. 1932-1940
    • Kelly, C.P.1    LaMont, J.T.2
  • 24
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • 10.1038/nrmicro2164, 19528959
    • Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009, 7(7):526-536. 10.1038/nrmicro2164, 19528959.
    • (2009) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 25
    • 77951803613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential for airborne dispersal of clostridium difficile from symptomatic patients
    • 10.1086/652648, 20415567
    • Best EL, Fawley WN, Parnell P, Wilcox MH. The potential for airborne dispersal of clostridium difficile from symptomatic patients. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50(11):1450-1457. 10.1086/652648, 20415567.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50 , Issue.11 , pp. 1450-1457
    • Best, E.L.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Parnell, P.3    Wilcox, M.H.4
  • 27
    • 0032927506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to clostridium difficile
    • 10.1093/ageing/28.2.107, 10350405
    • Kyne L, Merry C, O'Connell B, Kelly A, Keane C, O'Neill D. Factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to clostridium difficile. Age Ageing 1999, 28(2):107-113. 10.1093/ageing/28.2.107, 10350405.
    • (1999) Age Ageing , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-113
    • Kyne, L.1    Merry, C.2    O'Connell, B.3    Kelly, A.4    Keane, C.5    O'Neill, D.6
  • 28
    • 0031752883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for clostridium difficile infection
    • 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90019-6, 9777516
    • Bignardi GE. Risk factors for clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 1998, 40(1):1-15. 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90019-6, 9777516.
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-15
    • Bignardi, G.E.1
  • 29
    • 67349239352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes
    • 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.03.010, 19394704
    • Johnson S. Recurrent clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes. J Infect 2009, 58(6):403-410. 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.03.010, 19394704.
    • (2009) J Infect , vol.58 , Issue.6 , pp. 403-410
    • Johnson, S.1
  • 31
    • 39449119243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in rates of Use of antibacterials among 130 US hospitals and risk-adjustment models for interhospital comparison
    • 10.1086/528810, 18257689
    • MacDougall C, Polk R. Variability in rates of Use of antibacterials among 130 US hospitals and risk-adjustment models for interhospital comparison. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:203-211. 10.1086/528810, 18257689.
    • (2008) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.29 , pp. 203-211
    • MacDougall, C.1    Polk, R.2
  • 32
    • 33847070863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of adult antibacterial drug Use in 130 US hospitals: comparison of defined daily dose and days of therapy
    • 10.1086/511640, 17278056
    • Polk R, Fox C, Mahoney A, Letcavage JCM. Measurement of adult antibacterial drug Use in 130 US hospitals: comparison of defined daily dose and days of therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:664-670. 10.1086/511640, 17278056.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. 664-670
    • Polk, R.1    Fox, C.2    Mahoney, A.3    Letcavage, J.C.M.4
  • 33
    • 61549089404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of treatment with antimicrobial agents on the human colonic microflora
    • 2643114, 19337440
    • Rafii F, Sutherland J, Cerniglia C. Effects of treatment with antimicrobial agents on the human colonic microflora. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2008, 4:1343-1358. 2643114, 19337440.
    • (2008) Ther Clin Risk Manag , vol.4 , pp. 1343-1358
    • Rafii, F.1    Sutherland, J.2    Cerniglia, C.3
  • 35
    • 0025352241 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial clostridium difficile colonisation and disease
    • 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91605-A, 1975332
    • Johnson S, Clabots CR, Linn FV, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Nosocomial clostridium difficile colonisation and disease. Lancet 1990, 336(8707):97-9100. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91605-A, 1975332.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , Issue.8707 , pp. 97-9100
    • Johnson, S.1    Clabots, C.R.2    Linn, F.V.3    Olson, M.M.4    Peterson, L.R.5    Gerding, D.N.6
  • 36
    • 38049084783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • 10.1038/ncpgasthep1029, 18174906
    • McFarland LV. Update on the changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008, 5(1):40-48. 10.1038/ncpgasthep1029, 18174906.
    • (2008) Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-48
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 37
    • 65449165706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.070, 19457418
    • Leffler DA, Lamont JT. Treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease. Gastroenterology 2009, 136(6):1899-1912. 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.070, 19457418.
    • (2009) Gastroenterology , vol.136 , Issue.6 , pp. 1899-1912
    • Leffler, D.A.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 38
    • 0021397229 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Bartlett JG. Treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Rev Infect Dis 1984, 6(suppl 1):S235-S241.
    • (1984) Rev Infect Dis , vol.6 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 39
    • 33847666514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A stochastic mathematical model of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus transmission in an intensive care unit: predicting the impact of interventions
    • 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.11.008, 17188714
    • McBryde ES, Pettitt AN, McElwain DLS. A stochastic mathematical model of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus transmission in an intensive care unit: predicting the impact of interventions. J Theor Biol 2007, 245(3):470-481. 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.11.008, 17188714.
    • (2007) J Theor Biol , vol.245 , Issue.3 , pp. 470-481
    • McBryde, E.S.1    Pettitt, A.N.2    McElwain, D.L.S.3
  • 40
    • 33645429016 scopus 로고
    • Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions
    • Gillespie DT. Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 1977, 81(25):2340-2361.
    • (1977) J Phys Chem , vol.81 , Issue.25 , pp. 2340-2361
    • Gillespie, D.T.1
  • 41
    • 36048999595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of an outbreak of infection with the hypervirulent clostridium difficile BI strain in a university hospital using a comprehensive " bundle" approach
    • 10.1086/522654, 17968819
    • Muto CA, Blank MK, Marsh JW, Vergis EN, O'Leary MM, Shutt KA, Pasculle AW, Pokrywka M, Garcia JG, Posey K, et al. Control of an outbreak of infection with the hypervirulent clostridium difficile BI strain in a university hospital using a comprehensive " bundle" approach. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(10):1266-1273. 10.1086/522654, 17968819.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , Issue.10 , pp. 1266-1273
    • Muto, C.A.1    Blank, M.K.2    Marsh, J.W.3    Vergis, E.N.4    O'Leary, M.M.5    Shutt, K.A.6    Pasculle, A.W.7    Pokrywka, M.8    Garcia, J.G.9    Posey, K.10
  • 42
    • 84857741366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of clostridium difficile hospital ward-based transmission using extensive epidemiological data and molecular typing
    • 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001172, 3274560, 22346738
    • Walker AS, Eyre DW, Wyllie DH, Dingle KE, Harding RM, O'Connor L, Griffiths D, Vaughan A, Finney J, Wilcox MH, et al. Characterisation of clostridium difficile hospital ward-based transmission using extensive epidemiological data and molecular typing. PLoS Med 2012, 9(2):e1001172. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001172, 3274560, 22346738.
    • (2012) PLoS Med , vol.9 , Issue.2
    • Walker, A.S.1    Eyre, D.W.2    Wyllie, D.H.3    Dingle, K.E.4    Harding, R.M.5    O'Connor, L.6    Griffiths, D.7    Vaughan, A.8    Finney, J.9    Wilcox, M.H.10
  • 43
    • 70349644969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of nine commercially available clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time PCR assay for C. Difficile tcdB, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods
    • 10.1128/JCM.01082-09, 2756932, 19710274
    • Eastwood K, Else P, Charlett A, Wilcox M. Comparison of nine commercially available clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time PCR assay for C. Difficile tcdB, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods. J Clin Microbiol 2009, 47(10):3211-3217. 10.1128/JCM.01082-09, 2756932, 19710274.
    • (2009) J Clin Microbiol , vol.47 , Issue.10 , pp. 3211-3217
    • Eastwood, K.1    Else, P.2    Charlett, A.3    Wilcox, M.4
  • 44
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin a
    • 10.1056/NEJM200002103420604, 10666429
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Asymptomatic carriage of clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin a. N Engl J Med 2000, 342(6):390-397. 10.1056/NEJM200002103420604, 10666429.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , Issue.6 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 45
    • 70649107673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance document for clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
    • 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03099.x, 19929973
    • Bauer MP, Kuijper EJ, van Dissel JT. European society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance document for clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Clin Microbiol Infect 2009, 15(12):1067-1079. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03099.x, 19929973.
    • (2009) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.15 , Issue.12 , pp. 1067-1079
    • Bauer, M.P.1    Kuijper, E.J.2    van Dissel, J.T.3
  • 46
    • 84855422347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of community-acquired clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study
    • 10.1038/ajg.2011.398, 3273904, 22108454
    • Khanna S, Pardi D, Aronson S, Kammer P, Orenstein R, St Sauver J, Harmsen W, Zinsmeister A. The epidemiology of community-acquired clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012, 107:89-95. 10.1038/ajg.2011.398, 3273904, 22108454.
    • (2012) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.107 , pp. 89-95
    • Khanna, S.1    Pardi, D.2    Aronson, S.3    Kammer, P.4    Orenstein, R.5    St Sauver, J.6    Harmsen, W.7    Zinsmeister, A.8
  • 47
    • 3142705643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies
    • Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, Huang A, Menzies D. Risk of clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies. Can Med Assoc J 2004, 171(1):33-38.
    • (2004) Can Med Assoc J , vol.171 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-38
    • Dial, S.1    Alrasadi, K.2    Manoukian, C.3    Huang, A.4    Menzies, D.5
  • 48
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • 10.1056/NEJMoa051639, 16322602
    • Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, Oughton M, Libman MD, Michaud S, Bourgault A-M, Nguyen T, Frenette C, Kelly M, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005, 353(23):2442-2449. 10.1056/NEJMoa051639, 16322602.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , Issue.23 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3    Oughton, M.4    Libman, M.D.5    Michaud, S.6    Bourgault, A.-M.7    Nguyen, T.8    Frenette, C.9    Kelly, M.10
  • 50
    • 0034452451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental control to reduce transmission of clostridium difficile
    • 10.1086/318149, 11049782
    • Mayfield JL, Leet T, Miller J, Mundy LM. Environmental control to reduce transmission of clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:995-1000. 10.1086/318149, 11049782.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 995-1000
    • Mayfield, J.L.1    Leet, T.2    Miller, J.3    Mundy, L.M.4
  • 51
    • 0037115318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiological data from western australia associated with a modified antibiotic policy
    • 10.1086/342691, 12471563
    • Thomas C, Stevenson M, Williamson DJ, Riley TV. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiological data from western australia associated with a modified antibiotic policy. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35:1457-1462. 10.1086/342691, 12471563.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 1457-1462
    • Thomas, C.1    Stevenson, M.2    Williamson, D.J.3    Riley, T.V.4
  • 52
    • 84869384243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the impact of antibiotic stewardship on reducing the use of high-risk antibiotics and its effect on the incidence of clostridium difficile infection in hospital settings
    • 10.1093/jac/dks330, 22899806
    • Aldeyab MA, Kearney MP, Scott MG, Aldiab MA, Alahmadi YM, Darwish Elhajji FW, Magee FA, McElnay JC. An evaluation of the impact of antibiotic stewardship on reducing the use of high-risk antibiotics and its effect on the incidence of clostridium difficile infection in hospital settings. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67(12):2988-2996. 10.1093/jac/dks330, 22899806.
    • (2012) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.67 , Issue.12 , pp. 2988-2996
    • Aldeyab, M.A.1    Kearney, M.P.2    Scott, M.G.3    Aldiab, M.A.4    Alahmadi, Y.M.5    Darwish Elhajji, F.W.6    Magee, F.A.7    McElnay, J.C.8
  • 54
    • 79958071291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scottish antimicrobial prescribing group (SAPG): development and impact of the scottish national antimicrobial stewardship programme
    • 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.005, 21515030
    • Nathwani D, Sneddon J, Malcolm W, Wiuff C, Patton A, Hurding S, Eastaway A, Seaton RA, Watson E, Gillies E, et al. Scottish antimicrobial prescribing group (SAPG): development and impact of the scottish national antimicrobial stewardship programme. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011, 38(1):16-26. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.005, 21515030.
    • (2011) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-26
    • Nathwani, D.1    Sneddon, J.2    Malcolm, W.3    Wiuff, C.4    Patton, A.5    Hurding, S.6    Eastaway, A.7    Seaton, R.A.8    Watson, E.9    Gillies, E.10
  • 55
    • 34548267536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of a reduction in the Use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated disease caused by the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain
    • Valiquette L, Cossette B, Garant M-P, Diab H, Pépin J. Impact of a reduction in the Use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated disease caused by the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(2):S112-S121.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , Issue.2
    • Valiquette, L.1    Cossette, B.2    Garant, M.-P.3    Diab, H.4    Pépin, J.5
  • 56
    • 0033727759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical models of the transmission and control of sexually transmitted diseases
    • 10.1097/00007435-200011000-00012, 11099079
    • Anderson RM, Garnett GP. Mathematical models of the transmission and control of sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis 2000, 27:636-643. 10.1097/00007435-200011000-00012, 11099079.
    • (2000) Sex Transm Dis , vol.27 , pp. 636-643
    • Anderson, R.M.1    Garnett, G.P.2
  • 57
    • 0026350804 scopus 로고
    • Antigenic diversity thresholds and the development of AIDS
    • 10.1126/science.1683006, 1683006
    • Nowak M, Anderson R, McLean A, Wolfs T, Goudsmit J, May R. Antigenic diversity thresholds and the development of AIDS. Science 1991, 254:963-969. 10.1126/science.1683006, 1683006.
    • (1991) Science , vol.254 , pp. 963-969
    • Nowak, M.1    Anderson, R.2    McLean, A.3    Wolfs, T.4    Goudsmit, J.5    May, R.6
  • 58
    • 84874616678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model of chikungunya dynamics and control: the major epidemic on réunion island
    • 10.1371/journal.pone.0057448, 3590184, 23554860
    • Yakob L, Clements ACA. A mathematical model of chikungunya dynamics and control: the major epidemic on réunion island. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(3):e57448. 10.1371/journal.pone.0057448, 3590184, 23554860.
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , Issue.3
    • Yakob, L.1    Clements, A.C.A.2
  • 59
    • 79955740705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indoor residual spray and insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control: theoretical synergisms and antagonisms
    • 10.1098/rsif.2010.0537, 3104351, 21084340
    • Yakob L, Dunning R, Yan G. Indoor residual spray and insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control: theoretical synergisms and antagonisms. J R Soc Interface 2011, 8(59):799-806. 10.1098/rsif.2010.0537, 3104351, 21084340.
    • (2011) J R Soc Interface , vol.8 , Issue.59 , pp. 799-806
    • Yakob, L.1    Dunning, R.2    Yan, G.3
  • 60
    • 70349151826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the effects of integrating larval habitat source reduction and insecticide treated nets for malaria control
    • 10.1371/journal.pone.0006921, 2734167, 19742312
    • Yakob L, Yan G. Modeling the effects of integrating larval habitat source reduction and insecticide treated nets for malaria control. PLoS ONE 2009, 4(9):e6921. 10.1371/journal.pone.0006921, 2734167, 19742312.
    • (2009) PLoS ONE , vol.4 , Issue.9
    • Yakob, L.1    Yan, G.2
  • 62
    • 34547299719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contact network epidemiology: bond percolation applied to infectious disease prediction and control
    • Meyers LA. Contact network epidemiology: bond percolation applied to infectious disease prediction and control. Bull Am Math Soc 2007, 44:63-86.
    • (2007) Bull Am Math Soc , vol.44 , pp. 63-86
    • Meyers, L.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.