Ketamine, sleep, and depression: Current status and new questions

Current Psychiatry Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 9, 2013, Pages

  Duncan, Wallace C ^a   Zarate, Carlos A ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

AMPA; BDNF; Bipolar depression; Brain derived neurotrophic factor; Ketamine; Major depressive disorder; MDD; Mood; Neurotrophic factors; NMDA antagonist; Psychiatry; Rapid antidepressant response; Sleep; Sleep disorders; Slow wave activity; Slow wave sleep; SWA; Synaptic plasticity; Treatment resistant depression

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; KETAMINE; MOOD STABILIZER; AMINO ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT;

ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RESPONSE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; SLEEP; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; SLEEP TIME; SLOW WAVE SLEEP; TREATMENT RESPONSE; WAKEFULNESS; BLOOD; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DRUG EFFECTS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; DEPRESSION; INSOMNIA; REVIEW;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; KETAMINE; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS;

EID: 84881356956     PISSN: 15233812     EISSN: 15351645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-013-0394-z     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Stewart JW, Nierenberg AA, Fava M, Kurian BT, et al. Combining medications to enhance depression outcomes (CO-MED): acute and long-term outcomes of a single-blind randomized study. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:689-701.
2. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1905-17. (Pubitemid 44807782)
3. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Warden D, Ritz L, et al. Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:28-40.
4. Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, Oren DA, Heninger GR, Charney DS, et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47:351-4. (Pubitemid 30109248)
5. Furey ML, Drevets WC. Antidepressant efficacy of the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:1121-9. (Pubitemid 44498391)
6. Hemmeter UM, Hemmeter-Spernal J, Krieg JC. Sleep deprivation in depression. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10:1101-15.
7. Husain MM, Rush AJ, Fink M, Knapp R, Petrides G, Rummans T, et al. Speed of response and remission in major depressive disorder with acute electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a Consortium for Research in ECT (CORE) report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:485-91.
8. Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB. Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review. J ECT. 2004;20:13-20. (Pubitemid 38488810)
9. Faraguna U, Vyazovskiy VV, Nelson AB, Tononi G, Cirelli C. A causal role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the homeostatic regulation of sleep. J Neurosci. 2008;28:4088-95.
10. Diazgranados N, Ibrahim L, Brutsche NE, Newberg A, Kronstein P, Khalife S, et al. A randomized add-on trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:793-802.
11. Zarate Jr CA, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Luckenbaugh DA, et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:856-64. (Pubitemid 44188478)
12. Machado-Vieira R, Ibrahim L, Henter ID, Zarate Jr CA. Novel glutamatergic agents for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Pharmacol, Biochem Behav. 2012;100:678-87.
13. Maeng S, Zarate Jr CA. The role of glutamate in mood disorders: results from the ketamine in major depression study and the presumed cellular mechanism underlying its antidepressant effects. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007;9:467-74. (Pubitemid 350284937)
14. Yilmaz A, Schulz D, Aksoy A, Canbeyli R. Prolonged effect of an anesthetic dose of ketamine on behavioral despair. Pharmacol, Biochem Behav. 2002;71:341-4. (Pubitemid 34102497)
15. Moghaddam B, Adams B, Verma A, Daly D. Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 1997;17:2921-7. (Pubitemid 27155025)
16. •• Li N, Lee B, Liu RJ, Banasr M, Dwyer JM, Iwata M, et al. mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Science. 2010;329:959-64. This study shows that in rats, ketamine rapidly activates the mTOR pathway, thereby increasing synaptic signaling proteins, spine density, and function. Blocking the mTOR pathway negated these effects as well as ketamine's antidepressant-like effects.
17. • Duman RS, Aghajanian GK. Synaptic dysfunction in depression: potential therapeutic targets. Science. 2012;338:68-72. This review summarizes preclinical work showing that ketamine rapidly induces synaptogenesis and reverses synaptic deficits caused by chronic stress.
18. Chen ZY, Patel PD, Sant G, Meng CX, Teng KK, Hempstead BL, et al. Variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Met66) alters the intracellular trafficking and activity-dependent secretion of wild-type BDNF in neurosecretory cells and cortical neurons. J Neurosci. 2004;24:4401-11. (Pubitemid 38608151)
19. Egan MF, Kojima M, Callicott JH, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Bertolino A, et al. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell. 2003;112:257-69. (Pubitemid 36144114)
20. Li N, Liu RJ, Dwyer JM, Banasr M, Lee B, Son H, et al. Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists rapidly reverse behavioral and synaptic deficits caused by chronic stress exposure. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:754-61.
21. •• Autry AE, Adachi M, Nosyreva E, Na ES, Los MF, Cheng PF, et al. NMDA receptor blockade at rest triggers rapid behavioural antidepressant responses. Nature. 2011;475:91-5. This study shows that NMDA antagonists cause fast-acting antidepressant-like effects in mouse models and that such effects depend on rapid synthesis of BDNF. Spontaneous neurotransmission effects on protein synthesis are viable targets of fast-acting antidepressants.
22. Kavalali ET, Monteggia LM. Synaptic mechanisms underlying rapid antidepressant action of ketamine. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:1150-6.
23. Huber R, Ghilardi MF, Massimini M, Tononi G. Local sleep and learning. Nature. 2004;430:78-81. (Pubitemid 38915227)
24. Huber R, Ghilardi MF, Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Riedner BA, Peterson MJ, et al. Arm immobilization causes cortical plastic changes and locally decreases sleep slow wave activity. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:1169-76. (Pubitemid 44306311)
25. Esser SK, Hill SL, Tononi G. Sleep homeostasis and cortical synchronization: I. Modeling the effects of synaptic strength on sleep slow waves. Sleep. 2007;30:1617-30. (Pubitemid 350234741)
26. Vyazovskiy VV, Riedner BA, Cirelli C, Tononi G. Sleep homeostasis and cortical synchronization: II. A local field potential study of sleep slow waves in the rat. Sleep. 2007;30:1631-42. (Pubitemid 350234742)
27. Vyazovskiy VV, Cirelli C, Pfister-Genskow M, Faraguna U, Tononi G. Molecular and electrophysiological evidence for net synaptic potentiation in wake and depression in sleep. Nat Neurosci. 2008;11:200-8. (Pubitemid 351170495)
28. Huber R, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Exploratory behavior, cortical BDNF expression, and sleep homeostasis. Sleep. 2007;30:129-39.
29. Aeschbach D, Cutler AJ, Ronda JM. A role for non-rapid-eye-movement sleep homeostasis in perceptual learning. J Neurosci. 2008;28:2766-72. (Pubitemid 351398875)
30. Bachmann V, Klein C, Bodenmann S, Schafer N, Berger W, Brugger P, et al. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism modulates sleep intensity: EEG frequency- and state-specificity. Sleep. 2012;35:335-44.
31. Laje G, Lally N, Mathews D, Brutsche N, Chemerinski A, Akula N, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72:e27-8.
32. Ostenfeld I. Abstinence from night sleep as a treatment for endogenous depressions. The earliest observations in a Danish mental hospital (1954) and the analysis of the causal mechanism. Dan Med Bull. 1986;33:45-9. (Pubitemid 16153830)
33. Schulte W. Sequelae of sleep deprivation. Medizinische Klinik (Munich). 1959;54:969-73.
34. Borbely AA, Wirz-Justice A. Sleep, sleep deprivation and depression. A hypothesis derived from a model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol. 1982;1:205-10. (Pubitemid 13213854)
35. Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10:49-62. (Pubitemid 43106851)
36. Borbely AA. A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol. 1982;1:195-204. (Pubitemid 13213853)
37. Gorgulu Y, Caliyurt O. Rapid antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation therapy correlates with serum BDNF changes in major depression. Brain Res Bull. 2009;80:158-62.
38. Ibrahim L, Duncan W, Luckenbaugh DA, Yuan P, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate Jr CA. Rapid antidepressant changes with sleep deprivation in major depressive disorder are associated with changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): a pilot study. Brain Res Bull. 2011;86:129-33.
39. Baxter Jr LR. Can lithium carbonate prolong the antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42:635.
40. Bunney BG, Bunney WE. Rapid-acting antidepressant strategies: mechanisms of action. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;1-19.
41. Wu JC, Kelsoe JR, Schachat C, Bunney BG, DeModena A, Golshan S, et al. Rapid and sustained antidepressant response with sleep deprivation and chronotherapy in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66:298-301.
42. aan het Rot M, Collins KA, Murrough JW, Perez AM, Reich DL, Charney DS, et al. Safety and efficacy of repeated-dose intravenous ketamine for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:139-45.
43. Murrough JW, Perez AM, Pillemer S, Stern J, Parides MK, Aan Het Rot M, et al. Rapid and longer-term antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in treatment-resistant major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:250-256.
44. Rasmussen KG, Lineberry TW, Galardy CW, Kung S, Lapid MI, Palmer BA, et al. Serial infusions of low-dose ketamine for major depression. J Psychopharmacol. 2013;27:444-50.
45. Ibrahim L, Diazgranados N, Franco-Chaves J, Brutsche N, Henter ID, Kronstein P, et al. Course of improvement in depressive symptoms to a single intravenous infusion of ketamine vs add-on riluzole: results from a 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:1526-33.
46. Mathew SJ, Murrough JW, aan het Rot M, Collins KA, Reich DL, Charney DS. Riluzole for relapse prevention following intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled continuation trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13:71-82.
47. Hemmeter U, Bischof R, Hatzinger M, Seifritz E, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Microsleep during partial sleep deprivation in depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43:829-39. (Pubitemid 28288382)
48. Van Bemmel A, van den Hoofdakker R. Maintenance of therapeutic effects of total sleep deprivation by limitation of subsequent sleep. A pilot study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1981;63:453-62. (Pubitemid 11072730)
49. Hefti K, Holst SC, Sovago J, Bachmann V, Buck A, Ametamey SM, et al. Increased metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 availability in human brain after one night without sleep. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73:161-8.
50. John J, Ramanathan L, Siegel JM. Rapid changes in glutamate levels in the posterior hypothalamus across sleep-wake states in freely behaving rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;295:R2041-9.
51. Feinberg I, Campbell IG. Ketamine administration during waking increases delta EEG intensity in rat sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993;9:41-8. (Pubitemid 23242599)
52. Campbell IG, Feinberg I. NREM delta stimulation following MK-801 is a response of sleep systems. J Neurophysiol. 1996;76:3714-20. (Pubitemid 27009675)
53. • Duncan WC, Sarasso S, Ferrarelli F, Selter J, Riedner BA, Hejazi NS, et al. Concomitant BDNF and sleep slow wave changes indicate ketamine-induced plasticity in major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16:301-11. This clinical study of ketamine's antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression shows that ketamine acutely increases BDNF, slow wave activity, the occurrence of high amplitude waves, and slow wave slope, consistent with increased synaptic strength. Changes in BDNF levels are proportional to changes in EEG parameters in patients who responded to ketamine treatment, suggesting that enhanced synaptic plasticity is part of the rapid antidepressant.
54. Duncan Jr WC, Selter J, Brutsche N, Sarasso S, Zarate Jr CA. Baseline delta sleep ratio predicts acute ketamine mood response in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;145:115-9.
55. Cornwell BR, Salvadore G, Furey M, Marquardt CA, Brutsche NE, Grillon C, et al. Synaptic potentiation is critical for rapid antidepressant response to ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72:555-61.
56. Selter J, Duncan WC, Luckenbaugh D, Chen G, Zarate C. Differential slow wave sleep response to ketamine in MDD versus BP Disorder. Abstracts of the Society for Neuroscience, Washington DC, November 12-16, 2011; 2011
57. Landsness EC, Goldstein MR, Peterson MJ, Tononi G, Benca RM. Antidepressant effects of selective slow wave sleep deprivation in major depression: a high-density EEG investigation. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:1019-26.
58. Friston KJ, Sharpley AL, Solomon RA, Cowen PJ. Lithium increases slow wave sleep: possible mediation by brain 5-HT2 receptors? Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;98:139-40. (Pubitemid 19117358)
59. Kupfer DJ, Reynolds 3rd CF, Weiss BL, Foster FG. Lithium carbonate and sleep in affective disorders. Further considerations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;30:79-84.
60. Lanoir J, Lardennois D. The action of lithium carbonate on the sleep-waking cycle in the cat. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1977;42:676-90. (Pubitemid 8092062)
61. Son H, Yu IT, Hwang SJ, Kim JS, Lee SH, Lee YS, et al. Lithium enhances long-term potentiation independently of hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus. J Neurochem. 2003;85:872-81. (Pubitemid 36578619)
62. Gray NA, Zhou R, Du J, Moore GJ, Manji HK. The use of mood stabilizers as plasticity enhancers in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 5:3-17. (Pubitemid 36539126)
63. Harding GF, Alford CA, Powell TE. The effect of sodium valproate on sleep, reaction times, and visual evoked potential in normal subjects. Epilepsia. 1985;26:597-601. (Pubitemid 16146133)
64. Beaulieu JM. Not only lithium: regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by antipsychotics and serotonergic drugs. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;10:3-6. (Pubitemid 46122747)
65. Beurel E, Song L, Jope RS. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 is necessary for the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine in mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;16:1068-70.