Hidden consequences of olfactory dysfunction: A patient report series

BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Keller, Andreas ^a   Malaspina, Dolores ^b,c  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c Creedmoor Psychiatric Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Anhedonia; Anosmia; Olfaction; Parosmia; Phantosmia; Quality of life

Indexed keywords

ANHEDONIA; ARTICLE; HEARING; HUMAN; LIFE SATISFACTION; LIFESTYLE; ODOR; OLFACTORY DYSFUNCTION; OLFACTORY SYSTEM; QUALITY OF LIFE; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SMELLING; SOCIAL ISOLATION;

EID: 84881295584     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14726815     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6815-13-8     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Blodgett B, Remembering Smell: A Memoir of Losing-and Discovering-the Primal Sense New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2010
2. Birnbaum M, Season to Taste-How I Lost my Sense of Smell and Found my Way New York: Ecco 2011
3. Distortion of olfactory perception: diagnosis and treatment. Leopold D, Chem Senses 2002 27 611 615 10.1093/chemse/27.7.611 12200340
4. Distorted olfactory perception: a systematic review. Hong SC, Holbrook EH, Leopold DA, Hummel T, Acta Otolaryngol 2012 132 27 S31 10.3109/00016489. 2012.659759 22582778
5. Prevalence and assessment of qualitative olfactory dysfunction in different age groups. Nordin S, Murphy C, Davidson TM, Quiñonez C, Jalowayski AA, Ellison DW, Laryngoscope 1996 106 739 744 10.1097/00005537- 199606000-00014 8656960 (Pubitemid 26184050)
6. Clinical presentation of qualitative olfactory dysfunction. Frasnelli J, Landis BN, Heilmann S, Hauswald B, Hüttenbrink KB, Lacroix JS, Leopold DA, Hummel T, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2004 261 411 415 14610680 (Pubitemid 39141450)
7. The management of idiopathic olfactory hallucinations: a study of two patients. Majumdar S, Jones NS, McKerrow WS, Scadding G, Laryngoscope 2003 113 879 881 10.1097/00005537-200305000-00019 12792326 (Pubitemid 36539163)
8. A study on the prognostic significance of qualitative olfactory dysfunction. Reden J, Maroldt H, Fritz A, Zahnert T, Hummel T, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007 264 139 144 17006637 (Pubitemid 46011294)
9. Olfactory impairment in an adult population: the beaver dam offspring study. Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Fischer ME, Huang GH, Klein BEK, Klein R, Pankow JS, Nondahl DM, Chem Senses 2012 37 325 334 10.1093/chemse/bjr102 22045704
10. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the Skövde population-based study. Brämerson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M, Laryngoscope 2004 114 733 737 10.1097/00005537-200404000-00026 15064632 (Pubitemid 38548788)
11. The association between smoking and smell and taste impairment in the general population. Vennemann MM, Hummel T, Berger K, J Neurol 2008 255 1121 1126 10.1007/s00415-008-0807-9 18677645
12. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BEK, Klein R, Nondahl DM, J Am Med Assoc 2002 288 2307 2312 10.1001/jama.288.18.2307 (Pubitemid 35291761)
13. Studies of human olfaction from the university of Pennsylvania smell and taste center. Doty RL, Chem Senses 1997 22 565 586 10.1093/chemse/22.5.565 9363356 (Pubitemid 27438102)
14. National geographic smell survey: effects of age are heterogenous. Wysocki CJ, Gilbert AN, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989 561 12 28 10.1111/j.1749-6632. 1989.tb20966.x 2735671 (Pubitemid 19195596)
15. Dose-related effects of cigarette smoking on olfactory function. Frye RE, Schwartz BS, Doty RL, J Am Med Assoc 1990 263 1233 1236 10.1001/jama.1990. 03440090067028 (Pubitemid 20069922)
16. The effect of smoking on the olfactory function. Katotomichelakis M, Balatsouras D, Tripsianis G, Davris S, Maroudias N, Danielides V, Simopouios C, Rhinology 2007 45 273 280 18085020
17. Gilbert AN, What the Nose Knows New York: Crown Publishers 2008
18. Workplace, age, and sex as mediators of olfactory function: data from the national geographic smell survey. Corwin J, Loury M, Gilbert AN, J Gerontol Ser B-Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1995 50 179 186
19. Gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in older adults: a national probability study. Boesveldt S, Lindau ST, McClintock MK, Hummel T, Lundstrom JN, Rhinology 2011 49 324 330 21858264
20. Smell identification ability: changes with age. Doty RL, Shaman P, Applebaum SL, Giberson R, Siksorski L, Rosenberg L, Science 1984 226 1441 1443 10.1126/science.6505700 6505700 (Pubitemid 15161278)
21. Postviral olfactory loss. Seiden AM, Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004 37 1159 1166 10.1016/j.otc.2004.06.007 15563908 (Pubitemid 39572500)
22. Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the university of Pennsylvania smell and taste center. Deems DA, Doty RL, Settle RG, Moore-Gillon V, Shaman P, Mester AF, Kimmelman CP, Brightman VJ, Snow JB Jr, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991 117 519 528 10.1001/archotol.1991.01870170065015 2021470
23. Clinical disorders of olfaction. Murphy C, Doty RL, Duncan HJ, Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation New York: Marcel Dekker, Doty RL, 2 2003
24. Causes of olfactory and gustatory disorders. Doty RL, Bartoshuk LM, Snow JB Jr, Smell and Taste in Health and Disease New York: Raven Press, Getchell TV, Doty RL, Bartoshuk LM, Snow JBJ, 1991 449 462
25. The diagnosis of a conductive olfactory loss. Seiden AM, Duncan HJ, Laryngoscope 2001 111 9 14 10.1097/00005537-200101000-00002 11192906 (Pubitemid 32061943)
26. Chemosensory dysfunction: clinical evaluation results from a taste and smell clinic. Goodspeed RB, Gent JF, Catalanotto FA, Postgrad Med 1987 81 251 257 260 3822962
27. Clinical experience with patients with olfactory complaints, and their quality of life. Brämerson A, Nordin S, Bende M, Acta Otolaryngol 2007 127 167 174 10.1080/00016480600801357 17364348
28. Olfactory dysfunction: epidemiological data and treatment strategies in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Damm M, Temmel A, Welge-Lüssen A, Eckel HE, Kreft MP, Klussmann JP, Gudziol H, Hüttenbrink KB, Hummel T, HNO 2004 52 112 120 10.1007/s00106-003-0877-z 14968312 (Pubitemid 38270438)
29. Clinical study of olfactory disturbance. Mori J, Aiba T, Sugiura M, Matsumoto K, Tomiyama K, Okuda F, Okigaki S, Nakai Y, Acta Otolaryngol 1998 118 Suppl 538 197 201 (Pubitemid 28563342)
30. Olfaction and anosmia in rhinosinusitis. Dalton P, Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2004 4 230 236 10.1007/s11882-004-0031-3 15056406 (Pubitemid 38899130)
31. Olfaction and its alteration by nasal obstruction, rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis. Doty RL, Mishra A, Laryngoscope 2001 111 409 423 10.1097/00005537-200103000-00008 11224769 (Pubitemid 32200081)
32. Olfactory dysfunction due to sinonasal disease. causes, consequences, epidemiology, and therapy. Hummel T, Hüttenbrink KB, HNO 2005 53 26 S32 10.1007/s00106-005-1233-2 15772847
33. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults. national health interview survey, 1997. National center for health statistics. Blackwell D, Collins J, Coles R, Vital Health Statistics 2002 10 15 16
34. Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. Benninger MS, Ferguson BJ, Hadley JA, Hamilos DL, Jacobs M, Kennedy DW, Lanza DC, Marple BF, Osguthorpe JD, Stankiewicz JA, Anon J, Denneny J, Emanuel I, Levine H, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003 129 1 S32 10.1016/S0194-5998(03)01397-4 12958561
35. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Bernstein IL, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, Lang DM, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Randolph CC, Schuller D, Spector SL, Tilles SA, May KR, Miller TA, Druce HM, Baroody FM, Bernstein JA, Craig TJ, Georgitis JW, Pawankar R, Rachelefsky GS, Settipane RA, Skoner DP, Stoloff SW, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008 122 1 S84 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003 18662584 (Pubitemid 352033573)
36. Predictors of olfactory dysfunction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Litvack JR, Fong K, Mace J, James KE, Smith TL, Laryngoscope 2008 118 2225 2230 10.1097/MLG.0b013e318184e216 19029858
37. Postviral olfactory loss. Duncan HJ, Taste and Smell Disorders New York: Thieme, Seiden AM, 1997 72 78
38. Postviral olfactory dysfunction. Jafek BW, Hartman D, Eller PM, Johnson EW, Strahan RC, Moran DT, Am J Rhinol 1990 4 91 100 10.2500/105065890782009497
39. Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in the connecticut chemosensory clinical research center. Cain WS, Goodspeed RB, Gent JF, Leonard G, Laryngoscope 1988 98 83 88 3336267 (Pubitemid 18044085)
40. Distorted odorant perception: analysis of a series of 56 patients with parosmia. Bonfils P, Avan P, Faulcon P, Malinvaud D, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005 131 107 112 10.1001/archotol.131.2.107 15723940 (Pubitemid 40204765)
41. Clinical evaluation and symptoms of chemosensory impairment: one thousand consecutive cases from the nasal dysfunction clinic in San Diego. Harris R, Davidson TM, Murphy C, Gilbert PE, Chen M, Am J Rhinol 2006 20 101 108 16539304
42. Olfactory dysfunction in patients with head trauma. Doty RL, Yousem DM, Pham LT, Kreshak AA, Geckle R, Lee WW, Arch Neurol 1997 54 1131 1140 10.1001/archneur.1997.00550210061014 9311357 (Pubitemid 27396481)
43. Head injury and olfaction. Costanzo RM, DiNardo LJ, Reiter ER, Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation New York: Marcel Dekker, Doty RL, 2 2003 629 638
44. Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction: a cohort study and update. Collet S, Grulois V, Bertrand B, Rombaux P, B-ENT 2009 5 97 107 20084810
45. Head trauma. Costanzo RM, Zasler ND, Smell and Taste in Health and Disease New York: Raven Press, Getchell TV, Doty RL, Bartoshuk LM, Snow JBJr, 1991 711 730
46. Surgical therapy and olfactory function. Bonfils P, Malinvaud D, Soudry Y, Devars Du Maine M, Laccourreye O, B-ENT 2009 5 77 87 20084808
47. Olfactory function following nasal surgery. Pade J, Hummel T, Laryngoscope 2008 118 1260 1264 10.1097/MLG.0b013e318170b5cb 18438263
48. Postoperative taste and smell deficit after upper gastrointestinal cancer surgery: an unreported complication. Harris AM, Griffin SM, J Surg Oncol 2003 82 147 150 10.1002/jso.10199 12619056 (Pubitemid 36278260)
49. Anosmia and hypogeusia as a complication of general anesthesia. Dhanani NM, Jiang D, J Clin Anesth 2012 24 231 233 10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.08.005 22495083
50. Altered taste and smell after anesthesia: cause and effect-reply. Henkin RI, Anesthesiology 1995 83 648 649 10.1097/00000542-199509000-00042
51. Anosmia after general anaesthesia: a case report. Konstantinidis I, Tsakiropoulou E, Iakovou I, Douvantzi A, Metaxas S, Anaesthesia 2009 64 1367 1370 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06071.x 19849684
52. Disturbances of taste and smell induced by drugs. Ackerman BH, Kasbekar N, Pharmacotherapy 1997 17 482 496 9165552 (Pubitemid 27227554)
53. Effects of drugs on olfaction and taste. Doty RL, Bromley SM, Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004 37 1229 1254 10.1016/j.otc.2004.05.002 15563912 (Pubitemid 39572504)
54. Sniffing out pharmacology: interactions of drugs with human olfaction. Lötsch J, Geisslinger G, Hummel T, Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012 33 193 199 10.1016/j.tips.2012.01.004 22361590
55. Drug-induced taste and smell disorders: incidence, mechanisms and management related primarily to treatment of sensory receptor dysfunction. Henkin RI, Drug Saf 1994 11 318 377 10.2165/00002018-199411050-00004 7873092 (Pubitemid 24356573)
56. Effect of environmental pollutants on taste and smell. Schiffman SS, Nagle HT, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992 106 693 700 1608635
57. Influence of environmental toxicants on olfactory function. Hastings L, Miller ML, Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation New York: Marcel Dekker, Doty RL, 2 2003 575 592
58. Neurotoxic exposure and olfactory impairment. Doty RL, Hastings L, Clin Occup Environ Med 2001 1 547 575 (Pubitemid 33077426)
59. Occupational and environmental disorders of the special senses. Shusterman DJ, Sheedy JE, Occup Med 1992 7 515 542 1496433
60. Olfactory loss as a result of toxic exposure. Upadhyay UD, Holbrook EH, Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004 37 1185 1207 10.1016/j.otc.2004.05.003 15563910 (Pubitemid 39572502)
61. Isolated and syndromic forms of congenital anosmia. Karstensen HG, Tommerup N, Clin Genet 2012 81 210 215 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01776.x 21895637
62. Olfactory epileptic auras. Acharya V, Acharya J, Lüders H, Neurology 1998 51 56 61 10.1212/WNL.51.1.56 9674778 (Pubitemid 28345359)
63. Olfactory hallucinations. Velakoulis D, Olfaction and the Brain Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Brewer WJ, Castle D, Pantelis C, 2006 322 333
64. Migrainous olfactory hallucinations. Fuller GN, Guiloff RJ, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987 50 1688 1690 10.1136/jnnp.50.12.1688 3325616 (Pubitemid 18096684)
65. Migrainous olfactory hallucinations. Schreiber AO, Calvert PC, Headache 1986 26 513 514 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1986.hed2610513.x 3818266
66. Prevalence and phenomenology of olfactory hallucinations in parkinson's disease. Bannier S, Berdagué JL, Rieu I, de Chazeron I, Marques A, Derost P, Ulla M, Llorca PM, Durif F, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012 83 1019 1021 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302414 22752694
67. Neuropsychological characteristics associated with olfactory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Arguedas D, Langdon R, Stevenson R, J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2012 18 799 808 10.1017/S1355617712000471 22613466
68. Olfactory hallucinations and olfactory identification ability in patients with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Kopala LC, Good KP, Honer WG, Schizophr Res 1994 12 205 211 10.1016/0920-9964(94)90030-2 8054312 (Pubitemid 24182402)
69. Recovery of olfactory function following closed head injury or infections of the upper respiratory tract. Reden J, Mueller A, Mueller C, Konstantinidis I, Frasnelli J, Landis BN, Hummel T, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006 132 265 269 10.1001/archotol.132.3.265 16549746
70. Characteristics of olfactory disorders in relation to major causes of olfactory loss. Temmel AFP, Quint C, Schickinger-Fischer B, Klimek L, Stoller E, Hummel T, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002 128 635 641 10.1001/archotol. 128.6.635 12049556 (Pubitemid 34665843)
71. Long-term follow-up of olfactory loss secondary to head trauma and upper respiratory tract infection. Duncan HJ, Seiden AM, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995 121 1183 1187 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890100087015 7546588
72. Long-term follow-up of posttraumatic olfactory disorders. Welge-Lüssen A, Hilgenfeld A, Meusel T, Hummel T, Rhinology 2012 50 67 72 22469607
73. Recovery of olfactory function after nine years of post-traumatic anosmia: a case report. Mueller CA, Hummel T, J Med Case Reports 2009 3 9283 10.4076/1752-1947-3-9283
74. The loss of smell in persistent allergic rhinitis is improved by levocetirizine due to reduction of nasal inflammation but not nasal nongestion (the CIRANO study). Guilemany JM, Garcia-Piñero A, Alobid I, Centellas S, Mariño FS, Valero A, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Picado C, Mullol J, Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012 158 184 190 10.1159/000331329 22286639
75. Subjective and objective assessments in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: effects of therapy with mometasone furoate nasal spray. Meltzer EO, Jalowayski AA, Orgel HA, Harris AG, J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 102 39 49 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70053-3 9679846 (Pubitemid 28345783)
76. Local and systemic administration of corticosteroids in the treatment of olfactory loss. Heilmann S, Huettenbrink KB, Hummel T, Am J Rhinol 2004 18 29 33 15035568 (Pubitemid 38351411)
77. Topical corticosteroid treatment of anosmia associated with nasal and sinus disease. Mott AE, Cain WS, Lafreniere D, Leonard G, Gent JF, Frank ME, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 123 367 372 10.1001/archotol.1997. 01900040009001 9109781 (Pubitemid 27180933)
78. The treatment of hyposmia with intranasal steroids. Golding-Wood DG, Holmstrom M, Darby Y, Scadding GK, Lund VJ, J Laryngol Otol 1996 110 132 135 8729495 (Pubitemid 26066790)
79. Corticosteroids in olfactory dysfunction. Goodspeed RB, Gent JF, Catalanotto FA, Cain WS, Zagraniski RT, Book Corticosteroids in olfactory dysfunction City: Macmillan 1986 514 518 514-518
80. Olfactory improvement after endoscopic sinus surgery. Rudmik L, Smith TL, Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012 20 29 32 10.1097/MOO.0b013e32834dfb3d 22143338
81. Does olfactory function improve after endoscopic sinus surgery? Litvack JR, Mace J, Smith TL, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009 140 312 319 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.12.006 19248934
82. Olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Jiang RS, Lu FJ, Liang KL, Shiao JY, Su MC, Hsin CH, Chen WK, Am J Rhinol 2008 22 445 448 10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3195 18702914
83. Assessment of olfactory function after septoplasty: a longitudinal study. Pfaar O, Hüttenbrink KB, Hummel T, Rhinology 2004 42 195 199 15626251 (Pubitemid 39646589)
84. Olfactory function after functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis. Delank KW, Stoll W, Rhinology 1998 36 15 19 9569436 (Pubitemid 28166208)
85. Olfaction after endoscopic endonasal ethmoidectomy. Hosemann W, Goertzen W, Wohlleben R, Wolf S, Wigand ME, Am J Rhinol 1993 7 11 15 10.2500/ 105065893781976564
86. Treatment of olfactory disorders. Hummel T, Stuck BA, HNO 2010 58 656 660 10.1007/s00106-010-2137-3 20607506
87. A double blind study of the effects of zinc sulfate on taste and smell dysfunction. Henkin RI, Schecter PJ, Friedewald WT, Demets DL, Raff M, Am J Med Sci 1976 272 285 299 10.1097/00000441-197611000-00006 797259 (Pubitemid 8033555)
88. The quinoxaline derivative caroverine in the treatment of sensorineural smell disorders: a proof-of-concept study. Quint C, Temmel AFP, Hummel T, Ehrenberger K, Acta Otolaryngol 2002 122 877 881 10.1080/003655402/000028054 12542209 (Pubitemid 36132461)
89. Olfactory function in patients with postinfectious and posttraumatic smell disorders before and after treatment with vitamin A: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Reden J, Lill K, Zahnert T, Haehner A, Hummel T, Laryngoscope 2012 122 1906 1909 10.1002/lary.23405 22752966
90. Treatment of postinfectious olfactory disorders with minocycline: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Reden J, Herting B, Lill K, Kern R, Hummel T, Laryngoscope 2011 121 679 682 10.1002/lary.21401 21287560
91. Lipoic acid in the treatment of smell dysfunction following viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Hummel T, Heilmann S, Hüttenbriuk KB, Laryngoscope 2002 112 2076 2080 10.1097/00005537-200211000-00031 12439184 (Pubitemid 35283477)
92. Relative resistance to oral theophylline treatment in patients with hyposmia manifested by decreased secretion of nasal mucus cyclic nucleotides. Henkin RI, Velicu I, Schmidt L, Am J Med Sci 2011 341 17 22 10.1097/MAJ. 0b013e3181f1fdc8 21191261
93. Increased brain activation in response to odors in patients with hyposmia after theophylline treatment demonstrated by fMRI. Levy LM, Henkin RI, Lin CS, Hutter A, Schellinger D, J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998 22 760 770 10.1097/00004728-199809000-00019 9754114 (Pubitemid 28457740)
94. Effects of pentoxifylline on olfactory sensitivity: a postmarketing surveillance study. Gudziol V, Hummel T, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009 135 291 295 10.1001/archoto.2008.524 19289709
95. Decreasing nasal mucus Ca++ improves hyposmia. Panagiotopoulos G, Naxakis S, Papavasiliou A, Filipakis K, Papatheodorou G, Goumas P, Rhinology 2005 43 130 134 16008069 (Pubitemid 40903248)
96. Effects of traditional Chinese acupuncture in post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Vent J, Wang DW, Damm M, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010 142 505 509 10.1016/j.otohns.2010.01.012 20304268
97. No evidence for specific benefit of acupuncture over vitamin B complex in treating persons with olfactory dysfunction. Silas J, Doty RL, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010 143 603 20869579
98. Response to: no evidence for specific benefit of acupuncture over vitamin B complex in treating persons with olfactory dysfunction, by Jonathan Silas and Richard L. Damm M, Vent J, Doty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010 143 603 604
99. Effects of laserneedle acupuncture on olfactory sensitivity of healthy human subjects: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial. Anzinger A, Albrecht J, Kopietz R, Kleemann AM, Schöpf V, Demmel M, Schreder T, Eichhorn I, Wiesmann M, Rhinology 2009 47 153 159 19593972
100. Active olfactory training for the treatment of smelling disorders. Fleiner F, Lau L, Göktas O, Ear Nose Throat J 2012 91 198 203 215 22614554
101. Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss. Hummel T, Rissom K, Reden J, Hähner A, Weidenbecher M, Hüttenbrink KB, Laryngoscope 2009 119 496 499 10.1002/lary.20101 19235739
102. Long-term follow-up of surgically treated phantosmia. Leopold DA, Loehrl TA, Schwob JE, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002 128 642 647 10.1001/archotol.128.6.642 12049557 (Pubitemid 34665844)
103. Successful treatment of phantosmia with preservation of olfaction. Leopold DA, Schwob JE, Youngentob SL, Hornung DE, Wright HN, Mozell MM, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991 117 1402 1406 10.1001/archotol.1991. 01870240094016 1845270
104. Post-traumatic parosmia treated by olfactory nerve section. Sarangi P, Aziz TZ, Br J Neurosurg 1990 4 358 2222889 (Pubitemid 20320202)
105. Improvement in smell and taste dysfunction after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Henkin RI, Potolicchio SJ, Levy LM, Am J Otolaryngol 2011 32 38 46 10.1016/j.amjoto.2009.10.001 20022663
106. Complaints of olfactory disorders: epidemiology, assessment and clinical implications. Nordin S, Brämerson A, Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008 8 10 15 10.1097/ACI.0b013e3282f3f473 18188011
107. Olfactory disorders and their consequences for quality of life. Hummel T, Nordin S, Acta Otolaryngol 2005 125 116 121 10.1080/00016480410022787 15880938 (Pubitemid 40293199)
108. Health-related and specific olfaction-related quality of life in patients with chronic functional anosmia or severe hyposmia. Neuland C, Bitter T, Marschner H, Gudziol H, Guntinas-Lichius O, Laryngoscope 2011 121 867 872 10.1002/lary.21387 21298638
109. Impact of olfactory impairment on quality of life and disability. Miwa T, Furukawa M, Tsukatani T, Costanzo RM, DiNardo LJ, Reiter ER, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001 127 497 503 10.1001/archotol.127.5.497 11346423 (Pubitemid 32434044)
110. Hazardous events associated with impaired olfactory function. Santos DV, Reiter ER, DiNardo LJ, Costanzo RM, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004 130 317 319 10.1001/archotol.130.3.317 15023839 (Pubitemid 38314231)
111. Effect of olfactory deficits on nutritional status: does age predict persons at risk? Ferris AM, Duffy VB, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989 561 113 123 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb20975.x 2735670 (Pubitemid 19195605)
112. Dietary evaluation of patients with smell and/or taste disorders. Mattes RD, Cowart BJ, Schiavo MA, Arnold C, Garrison B, Kare MR, Lowry LD, Am J Clin Nutr 1990 51 233 240 2305710
113. Nutritional implications of taste and smell disorders. Mattes RD, Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation New York: Marcel Dekker, Doty RL, 1995 731 734
114. Home accidents associated with anosmia. Bonfils P, Faulcon P, Tavernier L, Bonfils NA, Malinvaud D, Presse Med 2008 37 742 745 10.1016/j.lpm.2007.09.028 18329839
115. Effects of smell loss on daily life and adopted coping strategies in patients with nasal polyposis with asthma. Nordin S, Blomqvist EH, Olsson P, Stjärne P, Ehnhage A, Acta Otolaryngol 2011 131 826 832 10.3109/00016489.2010.539625 21595508
116. The influence of olfactory loss on dietary behaviors. Aschenbrenner K, Hummel C, Teszmer K, Krone F, Ishimaru T, Seo HS, Hummel T, Laryngoscope 2008 118 135 144 10.1097/MLG.0b013e318155a4b9 17975508
117. Assessing the impact of anosmia: review of a questionnaire's findings. Van Toller S, Chem Senses 1999 24 705 712 10.1093/chemse/24.6.705 10587505
118. Consequences of olfactory loss and adopted coping strategies. Blomqvist EH, Brämerson A, Stjärne P, Nordin S, Rhinology 2004 42 189 194 15626250 (Pubitemid 39646588)
119. Coping with smell and taste disorder. Tennen H, Affleck G, Mendola R, Smell and Taste in Health and Disease New York: Raven Press, Getchell TV, Doty RL, Bartoshuk LM, Snow JBJ, 1991 787 802
120. Learning about the functions of the olfactory system from people without a sense of smell. Croy I, Negoias S, Novakova L, Landis BN, Hummel T, PLoS One 2012 7 33365 10.1371/journal.pone.0033365 22457756
121. Olfactory disorders: the patients' view. Landis BN, Stow NW, Lacroix JS, Hugentobler M, Hummel T, Rhinology 2009 47 454 459 19936376
122. Depression resulting from olfactory dysfunction is associated with reduced sexual appetite: a cross-sectional cohort study. Gudziol V, Wolff-Stephan S, Aschenbrenner K, Joraschky P, Hummel T, J Sex Med 2009 6 1924 1929 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01266.x 19453919
123. Olfactory dysfunction and daily life. Frasnelli J, Hummel T, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005 262 231 235 10.1007/s00405-004-0796-y 15133691 (Pubitemid 40576744)
124. Hereditary deficiencies in the sense of smell. Glaser O, Science 1918 48 647 648 10.1126/science.48.1252.647 17781959
125. DeVere R, Calvert M, Navigating Taste and Smell Disorders New York: demos health 2011
126. Congenital anosmia. Vowles RH, Bleach NR, Rowe-Jones JM, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997 41 207 214 10.1016/S0165-5876(97)00075-X 9306177 (Pubitemid 27381392)
127. Odour-evoked autobiographical memories: psychological investigations of Proustian phenomena. Chu S, Downes JJ, Chem Senses 2000 25 111 116 10.1093/chemse/25.1.111 10668001 (Pubitemid 30088830)
128. The emotional distinctiveness of odor-evoked memories. Herz RS, Cupchik GC, Chem Senses 1995 20 517 528 10.1093/chemse/20.5.517 8564426
129. Are odors the best cues to memory? A cross-modal comparison of associative memory stimuli. Herz RS, Olfaction and Taste Xii: An International Symposium, Volume 855 New York: New York Acad Sciences, Murphy C, 1998 670 674 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]
130. Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience. Treadway MT, Zald DH, Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011 35 537 555 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006 20603146
131. Euosmia: a rare form of parosmia. Landis BN, Frasnelli J, Hummel T, Acta Otolaryngol 2006 126 101 103 10.1080/00016480510043954 16308262 (Pubitemid 41769747)
132. The human capacity to transmit olfactory information. Desor JA, Beauchamp GK, Percept Psychophys 1974 16 551 556 10.3758/BF03198586
133. Perceptual convergence of multi-component mixtures in olfaction implies an olfactory white. Weiss T, Snitz K, Yablonka A, Khan RM, Gafsou D, Schneidman E, Sobel N, Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012 109 19959 19964 10.1073/pnas.1208110109 23169632
134. Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception. Jastreboff PJ, Neurosci Res 1990 8 221 254 10.1016/0168-0102(90) 90031-9 2175858 (Pubitemid 20309378)
135. The neuroscience of tinnitus. Eggermont JJ, Roberts LE, Trends Neurosci 2004 27 676 682 10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.010 15474168 (Pubitemid 39335838)
136. Trigeminal chemosensation. Doty RL, Cometto-Muniz JE, Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation New York: Marcel Dekker, Doty RL, 2 2003 981 1000
137. The trigeminal system. Silver WL, Finger TE, Smell and Taste in Health and Disease New York: Raven Press, Getchell TV, Doty RL, Bartoshuk LM, Snow JBJr, 1991 97 108
138. Minimal olfactory perception during sleep: why odor alarms will not work for humans. Carskadon MA, Herz RS, Sleep 2004 27 402 405 15164891 (Pubitemid 44138799)
139. Spatiotemporal masking in pure olfaction. Radil T, Wysocki CJ, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998 855 641 644 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10638.x 9929664 (Pubitemid 29110050)
140. Sacks O, Hallucinations New York: Knopf 2012
141. Phantom limb pain: a case of maladaptive CNS plasticity? Flor H, Nikolajsen L, Staehelin Jensen T, Nat Rev Neurosci 2006 7 873 881 17053811 (Pubitemid 44624179)
142. Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S, Wienbruch C, Pantev C, Birbaumer N, Larbig W, Taub E, Nature 1995 375 482 484 10.1038/375482a0 7777055
143. Classen C, Howes D, Synnott A, Aroma: The Cultural History of Smell London: Routledge 1994
144. American Medical Association, Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment Chicago: American Medical Association 6 2007
145. Ratings of overall olfactory function. Landis BN, Hummel T, Hugentobler M, Giger R, Lacroix JS, Chem Senses 2003 28 691 694 10.1093/chemse/bjg061 14627537 (Pubitemid 39144861)
146. Self-ratings of olfactory function reflect odor annoyance rather than olfactory acuity. Knaapila A, Tuorila H, Kyvik KO, Wright MJ, Keskitalo K, Hansen J, Kaprio J, Perola M, Silventoinen K, Laryngoscope 2008 118 2212 2217 10.1097/MLG.0b013e3181826e43 18948833
147. What is the correlation between ratings and measures of olfactory function in patients with olfactory loss? Welge-Lüssen A, Hummel T, Stojan T, Wolfensberger M, Am J Rhinol 2005 19 567 571 16402642 (Pubitemid 43115802)