메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 22, 2009, Pages 8697-8717

Aerosol indirect effects ĝ€" general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data

(38)  Quaas, J a   Ming, Y b   Menon, S c,d   Takemura, T e   Wang, M f,m   Penner, J E f   Gettelman, A g   Lohmann, U h   Bellouin, N i   Boucher, O i   Sayer, A M j   Thomas, G E j   McComiskey, A k   Feingold, G k   Hoose, C l   Kristjnsson J E l   Liu, X m   Balkanski, Y n   Donner, L J b   Ginoux, P A b   more..


Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; CLOUD COVER; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DATA SET; LONGWAVE RADIATION; NUMERICAL MODEL; OPTICAL DEPTH; PARAMETERIZATION; PERTURBATION; RADIATION BALANCE; RADIATIVE FORCING; SATELLITE DATA; STRATIFORM CLOUD;

EID: 70450257537     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (330)

References (122)
  • 1
    • 0033789472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of aerosol activation 2. Multiple aerosol types
    • Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation, 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D5) 6837-6844. (2000)
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , Issue.D5 , pp. 6837-6844
    • Abdul-Razzak, H.1    Ghan, S.J.2
  • 2
    • 0036232543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of aerosol activation 3. Sectional representation
    • doi:10.1029/2001JD000483
    • Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J. A parameterization of aerosol activation, 3. Sectional representation, J. Geophys. Res., 107 4026 doi:10.1029/2001JD000483, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 4026
    • Abdul-Razzak, H.1    Ghan, S.J.2
  • 3
    • 11144232674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing
    • DOI 10.1038/nature03174
    • Ackerman, A. S., Kirkpatrick, M. P., Stevens, D. E., and Toon O. B. The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing, Nature, 432, 1014-1017, doi:10.1038/nature03174, 2004. (Pubitemid 40052229)
    • (2004) Nature , vol.432 , Issue.7020 , pp. 1014-1017
    • Ackerman, A.S.1    Kirkpatric, M.P.2    Stevens, D.E.3    Toon, O.B.4
  • 4
    • 0024812929 scopus 로고
    • Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness
    • Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230, 1989.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 1227-1230
    • Albrecht, B.A.1
  • 6
    • 21744436822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future
    • Andreae, M. O., Jones, C. D., and Cox, P. M.: Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future, Nature, 435, 1187-1190, 2005.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.435 , pp. 1187-1190
    • Andreae, M.O.1    Jones, C.D.2    Cox, P.M.3
  • 7
    • 60349109551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between cloud condensation nuclei concentration and aerosol optical thickness in remote and polluted regions
    • Andreae, M. O.: Correlation between cloud condensation nuclei concentration and aerosol optical thickness in remote and polluted regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 543-556, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/543/2009/ .
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.9 , pp. 543-556
    • Andreae, M.O.1
  • 8
    • 34948845009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrate aerosols today and in 2030: A global simulation including aerosols and tropospheric ozone
    • Bauer, S. E., Koch, D., Unger, N., Metzger, S. M., Shindell, D. T., and Streets, D. G.: Nitrate aerosols today and in 2030: a global simulation including aerosols and tropospheric ozone, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5043-5059, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/5043/2007/. (Pubitemid 47530943)
    • (2007) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , vol.7 , Issue.19 , pp. 5043-5059
    • Bauer, S.E.1    Koch, D.2    Unger, N.3    Metzger, S.M.4    Shindell, D.T.5    Streets, D.G.6
  • 9
    • 29244491714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements
    • Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Haywood, J., and Reddy, M. S.: Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements, Nature, 438, 1138-1141, 2005.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.438 , pp. 1138-1141
    • Bellouin, N.1    Boucher, O.2    Haywood, J.3    Reddy, M.S.4
  • 10
    • 0000107970 scopus 로고
    • Cloud droplet growth by collection
    • Berry, E. X.: Cloud droplet growth by collection, J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 688-701, 1967.
    • (1967) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 688-701
    • Berry, E.X.1
  • 11
    • 0035515160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection; Evaluation using TOGA COARE data
    • Bony, S. and Emanuel, K. E.: A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection; evaluation using TOGA COARE data, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3158-3183, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 3158-3183
    • Bony, S.1    Emanuel, K.E.2
  • 12
    • 0034062157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative properties of boundary layer clouds: Droplet effective radius versus number concentration
    • Brenguier, J. L., Pawlowska, H., Schüller, L., Preusker, R., Fischer, J., and Fouquart, Y.: Radiative properties of boundary layer clouds: Droplet effective radius versus number concentration, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 803-821, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 803-821
    • Brenguier, J.L.1    Pawlowska, H.2    Schüller, L.3    Preusker, R.4    Fischer, J.5    Fouquart, Y.6
  • 13
    • 0036468734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol effect on cloud droplet size monitored from satellite
    • Bréon, F.-M., Tanré, D., and Generoso, S.: Aerosol effect on cloud droplet size monitored from satellite, Science, 295, 834-838, 2002.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 834-838
    • Bréon, F.-M.1    Tanré, D.2    Generoso, S.3
  • 14
    • 7744229398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers, Part I: Description and 1-D Results
    • Bretherton, C. S., McCaa, J. R., and Grenier, H.: A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers, Part I: Description and 1-D Results, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 864-882, 2004.
    • (2004) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 864-882
    • Bretherton, C.S.1    McCaa, J.R.2    Grenier, H.3
  • 15
    • 34547900699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the climate forcing consequences of the albedo continuum between cloudy and clear air
    • Charlson, R. J., Ackerman, A. S., Bender, F. A.-M., Anderson, T. L., and Liu, Z.: On the climate forcing consequences of the albedo continuum between cloudy and clear air, Tellus 59B, 715-727, 2007.
    • (2007) Tellus , vol.59 B , pp. 715-727
    • Charlson, R.J.1    Ackerman, A.S.2    Bender, F.A.-M.3    Anderson, T.L.4    Liu, Z.5
  • 18
    • 0000200471 scopus 로고
    • Efficient cumulus parameterization for long-term climate studies: The GISS scheme, the Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models
    • Del Genio, A. D. and Yao, M.-S.: Efficient cumulus parameterization for long-term climate studies: The GISS scheme, The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Mon., 46, 181-184, 1993.
    • (1993) Meteor. Mon. , vol.46 , pp. 181-184
    • Del Genio, A.D.1    Yao, M.-S.2
  • 19
    • 0029751999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prognostic cloud water parameterization for general circulation models
    • Del Genio, A. D., Yao, M.-S., Kovari, W., and Lo, K. K.: A prognostic cloud water parameterization for general circulation models, J. Climate, 9, 270-304, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 270-304
    • Del Genio, A.D.1    Yao, M.-S.2    Kovari, W.3    Lo, K.K.4
  • 20
    • 25844503623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulus microphysics and climate sensitivity
    • Del Genio, A. D., Kovari, W., Yao, M.-S., and Jonas, J.: Cumulus microphysics and climate sensitivity, J. Climate, 18, 2376-2387, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Climate , vol.18 , pp. 2376-2387
    • Del Genio, A.D.1    Kovari, W.2    Yao, M.-S.3    Jonas, J.4
  • 23
    • 27744565315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in cloud-top temperatures over Europe
    • doi:10.1109/LGRS.2005.851736
    • Devasthale, A., Krüger, O., and Grassl, H.: Change in cloud-top temperatures over Europe, IEEE Geosci. Remote S., 2, 333-336, doi:10.1109/LGRS.2005.851736, 2005.
    • (2005) IEEE Geosci. Remote S. , vol.2 , pp. 333-336
    • Devasthale, A.1    Krüger, O.2    Grassl, H.3
  • 24
    • 0027789432 scopus 로고
    • A cumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, vertical momentum dynamics, and Mesoscale Effects
    • Donner, L. J.: A cumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, vertical momentum dynamics, and Mesoscale Effects, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 889-906, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.50 , pp. 889-906
    • Donner, L.J.1
  • 26
    • 52949134806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3) part II: Single-column and global results
    • Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., and Ghan, S. J.: A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3), part II: Single-column and global results, J. Climate, 21(15), 3660-3679, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , Issue.15 , pp. 3660-3679
    • Gettelman, A.1    Morrison, H.2    Ghan, S.J.3
  • 28
    • 0034773231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model
    • Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., and Lin, S.-J.: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D17), 20255-20273, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , Issue.D17 , pp. 20255-20273
    • Ginoux, P.1    Chin, M.2    Tegen, I.3    Prospero, J.4    Holben, B.5    Dubovik, O.6    Lin, S.-J.7
  • 29
    • 33846613208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examination of the aerosol indirect effect under contrasting environments during the ACE-2 experiment
    • Guo, H., Penner, J. E., Herzog, M., and Pawlowska, H.: Examination of the aerosol indirect effect under contrasting environments during the ACE-2 experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 535-548, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys. net/7/535/2007/.
    • (2007) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.7 , pp. 535-548
    • Guo, H.1    Penner, J.E.2    Herzog, M.3    Pawlowska, H.4
  • 30
    • 17744414941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement requirements
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL017967
    • Feingold, G.: Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement requirements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(19), 1997, doi:10.1029/2003GL017967, 2003.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , pp. 19
    • Feingold, G.1
  • 31
    • 0042691727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First measurements of the Twomey indirect effect using ground-based remote sensors
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL016633
    • Feingold, G., Eberhard, W. L., Veron, D. E., and Previdi, M.: First measurements of the Twomey indirect effect using ground-based remote sensors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(6), 1287, doi:10.1029/2002GL016633, 2003.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.6 , pp. 1287
    • Feingold, G.1    Eberhard, W.L.2    Veron, D.E.3    Previdi, M.4
  • 32
    • 0030670759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A limited-area-model case study of the effects of sub-grid scale variations in relative humidity and cloud upon the direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol
    • Haywood, J. M., Ramaswamy, V., and Donner, L. J.: A limited-area-model case study of the effects of sub-grid scale variations in relative humidity and cloud upon the direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(2), 143-146, 1997.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-146
    • Haywood, J.M.1    Ramaswamy, V.2    Donner, L.J.3
  • 33
    • 68749088350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraining cloud droplet number concentration in GCMs suppresses the aerosol indirect effect
    • doi:10.1029/2009GL038568
    • Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J. E., Iversen, T., Kirkevag, A., Seland, Ø., and Gettelman, A.: Constraining cloud droplet number concentration in GCMs suppresses the aerosol indirect effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12807, doi:10.1029/2009GL038568, 2009.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Hoose, C.1    Kristjánsson, J.E.2    Iversen, T.3    Kirkevag, A.4    Seland Ø5    Gettelman, A.6
  • 35
    • 50849139199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD009944
    • Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S. A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13103, doi:10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Iacono, M.J.1    Delamere, J.S.2    Mlawer, E.J.3    Shephard, M.W.4    Clough, S.A.5    Collins, W.D.6
  • 37
    • 0034784017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulphur cycle
    • Jones, A., Roberts, D. L., Woodage, M. J., and Johnson, C. E.: Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulphur cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D17), 20293-20310, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , Issue.D17 , pp. 20293-20310
    • Jones, A.1    Roberts, D.L.2    Woodage, M.J.3    Johnson, C.E.4
  • 38
    • 37348999165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol forcing, climate response and climate sensitivity in the Hadley Centre climate model
    • DOI 10.1029/2007JD008688
    • Jones, A., Haywood, J. M., and Boucher, O.: Aerosol forcing, climate response and climate sensitivity in the Hadley Centre climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20211, doi:10.1029/2007JD008688, 2007. (Pubitemid 350285721)
    • (2007) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.112 , Issue.20
    • Jones, A.1    Haywood, J.M.2    Boucher, O.3
  • 39
    • 70450241528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K-1 model developers: K-1 coupled GCM (MIROC) description edited by: Hasumi H. and Emori S. Center for Climate System Research University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan K-1
    • K-1 Model Developers: K-1 coupled GCM (MIROC) description, edited by: Hasumi, H. and Emori, S., Center for Climate System Research, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, K-1 Tech. Rep. 1, 34 pp., 2004.
    • (2004) Tech. Rep. , vol.1
  • 40
    • 23844498440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol on shallow cloud development over the Atlantic Ocean
    • Kaufman, Y. J., Koren, I., Remer, L., Rosenfeld, D., and Rudich, I.: The effect of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol on shallow cloud development over the Atlantic Ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102, 11207-11212, 2005.
    • (2005) P. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.102 , pp. 11207-11212
    • Kaufman, Y.J.1    Koren, I.2    Remer, L.3    Rosenfeld, D.4    Rudich, I.5
  • 41
    • 33746920328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoke and pollution aerosol effect on cloud cover
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1126232
    • Kaufman, Y. J. and Koren, I.: Smoke and pollution aerosol effect on cloud cover, Science, 313, 655-658, doi:10.1126/science.1126232, 2006. (Pubitemid 44201140)
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , Issue.5787 , pp. 655-658
    • Kaufman, Y.J.1    Koren, I.2
  • 42
    • 0034027431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus
    • Khairoutdinov, M. and Kogan, Y.: A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 229-243, 2000.
    • (2000) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 229-243
    • Khairoutdinov, M.1    Kogan, Y.2
  • 44
    • 33746933852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An AeroCom initial assessment -optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models
    • P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: An AeroCom initial assessment -optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1815-1834, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/1815/2006/.
    • (2006) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.6 , pp. 1815-1834
    • Takemura, T.1    Tie, X.2
  • 45
    • 34249899132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking future aerosol radiative forcing to shifts in source activities
    • DOI 10.1029/2006GL028360
    • Koch, D., Bond, T. C., Streets, D., and Unger, N.: Linking future aerosol readiative forcing to shifts in source activities, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05821, doi:10.1029/2006GL028360, 2007. (Pubitemid 46864556)
    • (2007) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.34 , Issue.5
    • Koch, D.1    Bond, T.C.2    Streets, D.3    Unger, N.4
  • 46
  • 47
    • 25444435723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol invigoration and restructuring of Atlantic convective clouds
    • DOI 10.1029/2005GL023187, L14828
    • Koren, I., Kaufman, Y. J., Rosenfeld, D., Remer, L. A., and Rudich, Y.: Aerosol invigoration and restructuring of Atlantic convective clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14828, doi:10.1029/2005GL023187, 2005. (Pubitemid 41372648)
    • (2005) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.32 , Issue.14 , pp. 1-4
    • Koren, I.1    Kaufman, Y.J.2    Rosenfeld, D.3    Remer, L.A.4    Rudich, Y.5
  • 49
    • 0036820907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The indirect aerosol effect over Europe
    • Krüger, O. and Graßl, H.: The indirect aerosol effect over Europe, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1925-1929, 2002.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , pp. 1925-1929
    • Krüger, O.1    Graßl, H.2
  • 50
    • 67649128741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol effects on liquid-water path of thin stratocumulus clouds
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD010513
    • Lee, S. S., Penner, J. E., and Saleeby, S. M.: Aerosol effects on liquid-water path of thin stratocumulus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D07204, doi:10.1029/2008JD010513, 2009a.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Lee, S.S.1    Penner, J.E.2    Saleeby, S.M.3
  • 51
    • 70450243516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a global-climate model to a cloud-system resolving model for the long-term response of thin stratocumulus clouds to preindustrial and present-day aerosol conditions
    • Lee, S. S. and Penner, J. E.: Comparison of a global-climate model to a cloud-system resolving model for the long-term response of thin stratocumulus clouds to preindustrial and present-day aerosol conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 21317-21369, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/21317/ 2009/.
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. , vol.9 , pp. 21317-21369
    • Lee, S.S.1    Penner, J.E.2
  • 52
    • 0026301122 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to prescribed SST changes: Feedback processes associated with the simulation of cloud properties
    • Le Treut, H. and Li, Z.-X.: Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to prescribed SST changes: Feedback processes associated with the simulation of cloud properties, Clim. Dynam., 5, 175-187, 1991.
    • (1991) Clim. Dynam. , vol.5 , pp. 175-187
    • Le Treut, H.1    Li, Z.-X.2
  • 54
    • 2442585001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A "vertically Lagrangian" finite-volume dynamical core for global models
    • Lin, S. J.: A "Vertically Lagrangian" finite-volume dynamical core for global models, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 2293-2307, 2004.
    • (2004) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 2293-2307
    • Lin, S.J.1
  • 56
    • 65249153549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon on upper tropospheric clouds in the NCAR CAM3 model coupled to the IMPACT global aerosol model
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD010492
    • Liu, X., Penner, J. E., and Wang, M.: Influence of anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon on upper tropospheric clouds in the NCAR CAM3 model coupled to the IMPACT global aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03204, doi:10.1029/2008JD010492, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Liu, X.1    Penner, J.E.2    Wang, M.3
  • 57
    • 25844439228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Top-of-atmosphere direct radiative effect of aerosols over global oceans from merged CERES and MODIS observations
    • Loeb, N. G. and Manalo-Smith, N.: Top-of-atmosphere direct radiative effect of aerosols over global oceans from merged CERES and MODIS observations, J. Climate, 18, 3506, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Climate , vol.18 , pp. 3506
    • Loeb, N.G.1    Manalo-Smith, N.2
  • 58
    • 58149393747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational study of the relationship between cloud, aerosol and meteorology in broken low-level cloud conditions
    • doi:10.1029/2007JD009763
    • Loeb, N. G. and Schuster, G. L.: An observational study of the relationship between cloud, aerosol and meteorology in broken low-level cloud conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14214, doi:10.1029/2007JD009763, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Loeb, N.G.1    Schuster, G.L.2
  • 59
    • 0031408833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM
    • Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM, J. Geophys. Res. 102(D12) 13685-13700 1997.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , Issue.D12 , pp. 13685-13700
    • Lohmann, U.1    Feichter, J.2
  • 60
    • 16444364373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global indirect aerosol effects: A review
    • Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715-737, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/715/2005/ .
    • (2005) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.5 , pp. 715-737
    • Lohmann, U.1    Feichter, J.2
  • 61
    • 34547341225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM
    • Lohmann, U., Stier, P., Hoose, C., Ferrachat, S., Kloster, S., Roeckner, E., and Zhang, J.: Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3425-3446, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/3425/2007/. (Pubitemid 47143397)
    • (2007) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , vol.7 , Issue.13 , pp. 3425-3446
    • Lohmann, U.1    Stier, P.2    Hoose, C.3    Ferrachat, S.4    Kloster, S.5    Roeckner, E.6    Zhang, J.7
  • 62
    • 33646348458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environment Model (HadGEM1) Part I: Model description and global climatology
    • Martin, G. M., Ringer, M. A., Pope, V. D., Jones, A., Dearden, C., and Hinton, T. J.: The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environment Model (HadGEM1), Part I: Model description and global climatology, J. Climate, 19, 1274-1301, 2006.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 1274-1301
    • Martin, G.M.1    Ringer, M.A.2    Pope, V.D.3    Jones, A.4    Dearden, C.5    Hinton, T.J.6
  • 63
    • 35948976108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meteorological bias in satellite estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships
    • DOI 10.1029/2007GL029952
    • Mauger, G. S. and Norris, J. R.: Meteorological bias in satellite estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16824, doi:10.1029/2007GL029952, 2007. (Pubitemid 350065376)
    • (2007) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.34 , Issue.16
    • Mauger, G.S.1    Norris, J.R.2
  • 64
    • 40849126797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying error in the radiative forcing of the first aerosol indirect effect
    • doi:10.1029/2007GL032667
    • McComiskey, A. and Feingold, G.: Quantifying error in the radiative forcing of the first aerosol indirect effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02810, doi:10.1029/2007GL032667, 2008.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • McComiskey, A.1    Feingold, G.2
  • 65
    • 68249126568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of aerosol-cloud interactions in marine stratus clouds based on surface remote sensing
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD011006
    • McComiskey, A., Feingold, G., Frisch, A. S., Turner, D., Miller, M., Chiu, J., Min, Q., and Ogren, J.: An assessment of aerosol-cloud interactions in marine stratus clouds based on surface remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D09203, doi:10.1029/2008JD011006, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • McComiskey, A.1    Feingold, G.2    Frisch, A.S.3    Turner, D.4    Miller, M.5    Chiu, J.6    Min, Q.7    Ogren, J.8
  • 67
    • 46749105422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyzing signatures of aerosol-cloud interactions from satellite retrievals and the GISS GCM to constrain the aerosol indirect effect
    • doi:10.1029/2007JD009442
    • Menon, S., Del Genio, A. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Bennartz, R., Koch, D., Loeb, N., and Orlikowski, D.: Analyzing signatures of aerosol-cloud interactions from satellite retrievals and the GISS GCM to constrain the aerosol indirect effect, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14S22, doi:10.1029/2007JD009442, 2008a.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Menon, S.1    Del Genio, A.D.2    Kaufman, Y.J.3    Bennartz, R.4    Koch, D.5    Loeb, N.6    Orlikowski, D.7
  • 69
    • 34247554922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the interactions between aerosols and liquid water clouds with a self-consistent cloud scheme in a general circulation model
    • Ming, Y., Ramaswamy, V., Donner, L. J., Phillips, V. T. J., Klein, S. A., Ginoux, P. A., and Horowitz, L. W.: Modeling the interactions between aerosols and liquid water clouds with a self-consistent cloud scheme in a general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1189-1209, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 1189-1209
    • Ming, Y.1    Ramaswamy, V.2    Donner, L.J.3    Phillips, V.T.J.4    Klein, S.A.5    Ginoux, P.A.6    Horowitz, L.W.7
  • 71
    • 52949143833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3) Part I: Description and numerial tests
    • Morrison, H. and Gettelman, A.: A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3), Part I: Description and numerial tests, J. Climate, 21, 3642-3659, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 3642-3659
    • Morrison, H.1    Gettelman, A.2
  • 73
    • 0035303001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A possible correlation between satellite-derived cloud and aerosol microphysical parameters
    • Nakajima, T., Higurashi, A., Kawamoto, K., and Penner, J. E.: A possible correlation between satellite-derived cloud and aerosol microphysical parameters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1171-1174, 2001.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 1171-1174
    • Nakajima, T.1    Higurashi, A.2    Kawamoto, K.3    Penner, J.E.4
  • 75
    • 0028162965 scopus 로고
    • Effect of precipitation on the albedo susceptibility of clouds in the marine boundary layer
    • Pincus, R., and Baker, M. B.: Effect of precipitation on the albedo susceptibility of clouds in the marine boundary layer, Nature, 372, 250-252, 1994.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.372 , pp. 250-252
    • Pincus, R.1    Baker, M.B.2
  • 76
    • 33846235909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using stochastically generated subcolumns to represent cloud structure in a large-scale model
    • Pincus, R., Hemler, R., and Klein, S. A.: Using stochastically generated subcolumns to represent cloud structure in a large-scale model, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 3644-3656, 2006.
    • (2006) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.134 , pp. 3644-3656
    • Pincus, R.1    Hemler, R.2    Klein, S.A.3
  • 79
    • 3042713102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol indirect effects in POLDER satellite data and the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique-Zoom (LMDZ) general circulation model
    • DOI 10.1029/2003JD004317 1-9
    • Quaas, J., Boucher,O., and Bréon, F.-M.: Aerosol indirect effects in POLDER satellite data and in the LMDZ GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08205, doi:10.1029/2003JD004317, 2004. (Pubitemid 38893008)
    • (2004) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.109 , Issue.8
    • Quaas, J.1    Boucher, O.2    Breon, F.-M.3
  • 80
    • 33646492457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraining the total aerosol indirect effect in the LMDZ and ECHAM4 GCMs using MODIS satellite data
    • Quaas, J., Boucher, O., and Lohmann, U.: Constraining the total aerosol indirect effect in the LMDZ and ECHAM4 GCMs using MODIS satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 947-955, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/947/2006/.
    • (2006) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.6 , pp. 947-955
    • Quaas, J.1    Boucher, O.2    Lohmann, U.3
  • 81
    • 43449091896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite-based estimate of the direct and indirect aerosol climate forcing
    • doi:10.1029/2007JD008962
    • Quaas, J., Boucher, O., Bellouin, N., and Kinne, S.: Satellite-based estimate of the direct and indirect aerosol climate forcing, J. Geo-phys. Res., 113, D05204, doi:10.1029/2007JD008962, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geo-phys. Res. , vol.113
    • Quaas, J.1    Boucher, O.2    Bellouin, N.3    Kinne, S.4
  • 83
    • 1542607870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the CCM3 model climate using diagnosed and predicted condensate param-eterizations
    • Rasch, P. J. and Kristjánsson, J. E.: A comparison of the CCM3 model climate using diagnosed and predicted condensate param-eterizations, J. Climate, 11, 1587-1614, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 1587-1614
    • Rasch, P.J.1    Kristjánsson, J.E.2
  • 86
    • 0031416166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A physically based scheme for the treatment of stratiform clouds and precipitation in large-scale models. 1: Description and evaluation of microphysical processes
    • Rotstayn, L. D.: A physically based scheme for the treatment of stratiform clouds and precipitation in large-scale models. 1: Description and evaluation of microphysical processes, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1227-1282, 1997.
    • (1997) Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.123 , pp. 1227-1282
    • Rotstayn, L.D.1
  • 87
    • 0034116621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A scheme for calculation of the liquid fraction in mixed-phase clouds in large-scale models
    • Rotstayn, L. D., Ryan, B., and Katzfey, J.: A scheme for calculation of the liquid fraction in mixed-phase clouds in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1070-1088, 2000.
    • (2000) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 1070-1088
    • Rotstayn, L.D.1    Ryan, B.2    Katzfey, J.3
  • 88
    • 0035385327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forcing, quasi-forcing and climate response
    • Rotstayn, L. D. and Penner, J. E.: Forcing, quasi-forcing and climate response, J. Climate, 14, 2960-2975, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 2960-2975
    • Rotstayn, L.D.1    Penner, J.E.2
  • 89
    • 16444371627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A smaller global estimate of the second indirect aerosol effect
    • DOI 10.1029/2004GL021922, L05708
    • Rotstayn, L. D. and Liu, Y.: A smaller global estimate of the second indirect aerosol effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05708, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL021922, 2005. (Pubitemid 40815121)
    • (2005) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.32 , Issue.5 , pp. 1-4
    • Rotstayn, L.D.1    Liu, Y.2
  • 92
    • 1342308709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of the direct and indirect effects of aerosols using global satellite data sets o f aerosol and cloud parameters
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD003359
    • Sekiguchi, M., Nakajima, T., Suzuki, K., Kawamoto, K., Higurashi, A., Rosenfeld, D., Sano, I., and Mukai, S.: A study of the direct and indirect effects of aerosols using global satellite data sets of aerosol and cloud parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22), 4699, doi:10.1029/2002JD003359, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.D22 , pp. 4699
    • Sekiguchi, M.1    Nakajima, T.2    Suzuki, K.3    Kawamoto, K.4    Higurashi, A.5    Rosenfeld, D.6    Sano, I.7    Mukai, S.8
  • 93
    • 42549139340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol-climate interactions in the CAM-Oslo atmospheric GCM and investigation of associated basic shortcomings
    • Seland, Ø., Iversen, T., Kirkevag, A., and Storelvmo, T.: Aerosol-climate interactions in the CAM-Oslo atmospheric GCM and investigation of associated basic shortcomings, Tellus, 60A, 459-491, 2008.
    • (2008) Tellus , vol.60 A , pp. 459-491
    • Seland, Ø.1
  • 94
    • 1242322461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternative to radiative forcing for estimating the relative importance of climate change mechanisms
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL018141
    • Shine, K. P., Cook, J., Highwood, E. J., and Joshi, M. M.: An alternative to radiative forcing for estimating the relative importance of climate change mechanisms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2047, doi:10.1029/2003GL018141, 2003.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , pp. 2047
    • Shine, K.P.1    Cook, J.2    Highwood, E.J.3    Joshi, M.M.4
  • 95
    • 0023512455 scopus 로고
    • The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model
    • Slingo, J. M.: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 899-927, 1987.
    • (1987) Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.113 , pp. 899-927
    • Slingo, J.M.1
  • 96
    • 70450229267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud controlling factors - Low clouds
    • edited by: Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. J., Perturbed Clouds in the Climate System MIT press, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-262-01287-4
    • Stevens, B. and Brenguier, J.-L.: Cloud controlling factors - low clouds, edited by: Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. J., Perturbed Clouds in the Climate System, Proceedings Ernst Strüngmann Forum, MIT press, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-262-01287-4, p. 576, 2009.
    • (2009) Proceedings Ernst Strüngmann Forum , pp. 576
    • Stevens, B.1    Brenguier, J.-L.2
  • 98
    • 33748298912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined observational and modeling based study of the aerosol indirect effect
    • Storelvmo, T., Kristjánsson, J. E., Myhre, G., Johnsrud, M., and Stordal, F.: Combined observational and modeling based study of the aerosol indirect effect, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3583-3601, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem- phys.net/6/3583/2006/. (Pubitemid 44329041)
    • (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , vol.6 , Issue.11 , pp. 3583-3601
    • Storelvmo, T.1    Kristjansson, J.E.2    Myhre, G.3    Johnsrud, M.4    Stordal, F.5
  • 100
    • 84987142855 scopus 로고
    • A parameterization scheme for nonconvective condensation including prediction of cloud water content
    • Sundqvist, H.: A parameterization scheme for nonconvective condensation including prediction of cloud water content, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 104, 677-690, 1978.
    • (1978) Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.104 , pp. 677-690
    • Sundqvist, H.1
  • 101
    • 0024927328 scopus 로고
    • Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model
    • Sundqvist, H., Berge, E., and Kristiansson, J. E.: Condensation and Cloud Parameterization Studies with a Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Model, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1641-1657, 1989.
    • (1989) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1641-1657
    • Sundqvist, H.1    Berge, E.2    Kristiansson, J.E.3
  • 102
    • 48249111431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global identification of warm cloud microphysical processes with combined use of A-Train observations
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL033590
    • Suzuki, K. and Stephens, G. L.: Global identification of warm cloud microphysical processes with combined use of A-Train observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08805, doi:10.1029/2008GL033590, 2008.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Suzuki, K.1    Stephens, G.L.2
  • 103
    • 16444367564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model
    • doi:10.1029/2004JD005029
    • Takemura, T., Nozawa, T., Emori, S., Nakajima, T. Y., and Naka-jima, T.: Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02202, doi:10.1029/2004JD005029, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Takemura, T.1    Nozawa, T.2    Emori, S.3    Nakajima, T.Y.4    Naka-Jima, T.5
  • 104
    • 70450266226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simulation of the global distribution and radiative forcing of soil dust aerosols at the Last Glacial Maximum
    • Takemura, T., Egashira, M., Matsuzawa, K., Ichijo, H., O'ishi, R., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: A simulation of the global distribution and radiative forcing of soil dust aerosols at the Last Glacial Maximum, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3061-3073, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/3061/2009/.
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.9 , pp. 3061-3073
    • Takemura, T.1    Egashira, M.2    Matsuzawa, K.3    Ichijo, H.4    O'ishi, R.5    Abe-Ouchi, A.6
  • 107
    • 19944434306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations
    • The GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team
    • The GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team: The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2-LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations, J. Climate, 17, 4641-4673, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 4641-4673
  • 111
    • 0027799811 scopus 로고
    • Representation of clouds in large-scale models
    • Tiedtke, M.: Representation of clouds in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 212, 3040-3061, 1993.
    • (1993) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.212 , pp. 3040-3061
    • Tiedtke, M.1
  • 112
    • 65849231086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of changes in relative humidity on aerosol scattering near clouds
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD010991
    • Twohy, C. H., Coakley Jr, J. A., and Tahnk, W. R.: Effect of changes in relative humidity on aerosol scattering near clouds, J. Geo-phys. Res., 114, D05205, doi:10.1029/2008JD010991, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Geo-phys. Res. , vol.114
    • Twohy, C.H.1    Coakley Jr, J.A.2    Tahnk, W.R.3
  • 113
    • 0016265165 scopus 로고
    • Pollution and the planetary albedo
    • Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251-1256, 1974.
    • (1974) Atmos. Environ. , vol.8 , pp. 1251-1256
    • Twomey, S.1
  • 114
    • 66949159442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MODIS observations of enhanced clear-sky reflectance near clouds
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL037089
    • Várnai, T. and Marshak, A.: MODIS observations of enhanced clear-sky reflectance near clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06807, doi:10.1029/2008GL037089, 2009.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Várnai, T.1    Marshak, A.2
  • 115
    • 34548610646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3-D aerosol-cloud radiative interaction observed in collocated MODIS and ASTER images of cumulus cloud fields
    • DOI 10.1029/2006JD008267
    • Wen, G., Marshak, A., Cahalan, R. F., Remer, L. A., and Kleidman, R. G.: 3-D aerosol-cloud radiative interaction observed in collocated MODIS and ASTER images of cumulus cloud fields, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13204, doi:10.1029/2006JD008267, 2007. (Pubitemid 47408375)
    • (2007) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.112 , Issue.13
    • Wen, G.1    Marshak, A.2    Cahalan, R.F.3    Remer, L.A.4    Kleidman, R.G.5
  • 117
    • 60649107034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol indirect forcing in a global model with particle nucleation
    • Wang, M. and Penner, J. E.: Aerosol indirect forcing in a global model with particle nucleation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 239-260, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/239/2009/.
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.9 , pp. 239-260
    • Wang, M.1    Penner, J.E.2
  • 118
    • 84864515490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cirrus clouds in a global climate model with a statistical cirrus cloud scheme
    • Wang, M. and Penner, J. E.: Cirrus clouds in a global climate model with a statistical cirrus cloud scheme, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 16607-16682, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/16607/2009/.
    • (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. , vol.9 , pp. 16607-16682
    • Wang, M.1    Penner, J.E.2
  • 119
    • 66449119944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupled IMPACT aerosol and NCAR CAM3 model: Evaluation of predicted aerosol number and size distribution
    • doi:10.1029/2008JD010459
    • Wang, M., Penner, J. E., and Liu, .: Coupled IMPACT aerosol and NCAR CAM3 model: Evaluation of predicted aerosol number and size distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06302, doi:10.1029/2008JD010459, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Wang, M.1    Penner, J.E.2    Liu3
  • 120
    • 34547754428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancellation of aerosol indirect effects in marine stra-tocumulus through cloud thinning
    • Wood, R.: Cancellation of aerosol indirect effects in marine stra-tocumulus through cloud thinning, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2657-2669, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 2657-2669
    • Wood, R.1
  • 121
    • 25844433617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of potential cloud artifacts in MODIS over ocean aerosol optical thickness products
    • DOI 10.1029/2005GL023254
    • Zhang, J., Reid, J. S., and Holben, B. N.: An analysis of potential cloud artifacts in MODIS over ocean aerosol optical thickness products, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15803, doi:10.1029/2005GL023254, 2005. (Pubitemid 41398758)
    • (2005) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.32 , Issue.15
    • Zhang, J.1    Reid, J.S.2    Holben, B.N.3
  • 122
    • 0346639253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A modified formulation of fractional stratiform condensation rate in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2)
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002523
    • Zhang, M., Lin, W., Bretherton, C. B., Hack, J. J., and Rasch, P. J.: A modified formulation of fractional stratiform condensation rate in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2), J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4035, doi:10.1029/2002JD002523, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 4035
    • Zhang, M.1    Lin, W.2    Bretherton, C.B.3    Hack, J.J.4    Rasch, P.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.