Burden of cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases and the conventional risk factors in South Asian population

Global Heart

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 121-130

  Turin, Tanvir Chowdhury ^a   Shahana, Nahid ^c   Wangchuk, Lungten Z ^f   Specogna, Adrian V ^b   Al Mamun, Mohammad ^g   Khan, Mudassir Azeez ^h   Choudhury, Sohel Reza ^d   Zaman, M Mostafa ^e   Rumana, Nahid ⁱ  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^c Bangladesh Medical Studies and Research Institute   (Bangladesh)

^d National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute   (Bangladesh)

^e Ekhlaspur Center of Health   (Bangladesh)

^f Ministry of Health   (Bhutan)

^g General Directorate of Health Affairs   (Saudi Arabia)

^h MYSORE MEDICAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

ⁱ SHIGA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASIAN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FOOD PREFERENCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SMOKING; URBANIZATION;

EID: 84880876450     PISSN: 22118160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2012.01.001     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. A. Omran Epidemiologic transition J.A. Ross, International encyclopedia of population 1982 The Free Press London 172 183
2. A.R. Omran The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change Milbank Mem Fund Q 49 1971 509 538
3. WHO Statistical Information System. Causes of death. Mortality and health status. WHO Data and Statistics. Available at: http://www.who.int/research/en/. Accessed February 21, 2011.
4. H. Ueshima Explanation for the Japanese paradox: prevention of increase in coronary heart disease and reduction in stroke J Atheroscler Thromb 14 2007 278 286
5. H. Ueshima Trend in Asia M. Marmot, P. Elliott, Coronary heart disease epidemiology: from aetiology to public health 2005 Oxford University Press New York, NY 102 112
6. H. Ueshima, A. Sekikawa, and K. Miura Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in Asia: a selected review Circulation 118 2008 2702 2709
7. J.L. Murray, and A.D. Lopez The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020 1996 The Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA
8. Pakistan Stroke Society. How many stroke patients are there in Pakistan? Available at: http://www.pakstroke.com. Accessed April 14, 2011.
9. T. Jafar Blood pressure, diabetes, and increased dietary salt associated with stroke - results from a community-based study in Pakistan J Hum Hypertens 20 2005 83 85
10. E.A. Vohra, W.U. Ahmed, and M. Ali Aetiology and prognostic factors of patients admitted for stroke J Pak Med Assoc 50 2000 234 236
11. K. Aho, P. Harmsen, and S. Hatano Cerebrovascular disease in the community: results of a WHO collaborative study Bull World Health Organ 58 1980 113 130
12. S.P. Saha, S. Bhattacharya, and S.K. Das Epidemiological study of neurological disorders in a rural population of Eastern India J Indian Med Assoc 101 2003 299 304
13. T. Banerjee, C. Mukherjee, and A. Sarkhel Stroke in the urban population of Calcutta: an epidemiological study Neuroepidemiology 20 2000 201 207
14. M. Gourie-Devi, G. Gururaj, P. Satishchandra, and D. Subbakrishna Prevalence of neurological disorders in Bangalore, India: a community-based study with a comparison between urban and rural areas Neuroepidemiology 23 2004 261 268
15. S.K. Das, T.K. Banerjee, and A. Biswas A prospective community-based study of stroke in Kolkata, India Stroke 38 2007 906 910
16. P. Dalal, S. Malik, and M. Bhattacharjee Population-based stroke survey in Mumbai, India: incidence and 28-day case fatality Neuroepidemiology 31 2008 254 261
17. D. Bhalla, B. Marin, and P.M. Preux Stroke profile in Afghanistan and Nepal Neurol Asia 14 2009 87 94
18. E.D. Janus, A. Postiglione, R.B. Singh, and B. Lewis The modernization of Asia: implications for coronary heart disease Circulation 94 1996 2671 2673
19. R.B. Singh, J.P. Sharma, and V. Rastogi Prevalence of coronary artery disease and coronary risk factors in rural and urban populations of north India Eur Heart J 18 1997 1728 1735
20. R. Gupta, V. Gupta, and M. Sarna Prevalence of coronary heart disease and risk factors in an urban Indian population: Jaipur Heart Watch-2 Indian Heart J 54 2002 59 66
21. V. Raman Kutty, K. Balakrishnan, A. Jayasree, and J. Thomas Prevalence of coronary heart disease in the rural population of Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India Int J Cardiol 39 1993 59 70
22. S. Chadha, S. Radhakrishnan, and K. Ramachandran Epidemiological study of coronary heart disease in urban population of Delhi Indian J Med Res 92 1990 424 430
23. R. Gupta, H. Prakash, V. Gupta, and K. Gupta Prevalence and determinants of coronary heart disease in a rural population of India J Clin Epidemiol 50 1997 203 209
24. A. Malik Congenital and acquired heart diseases (a survey of 7062 persons) Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2 1974 115 118
25. M.M. Zaman, J. Ahmed, S.R. Choudhury, S.M. Numan, K. Parvin, and M.S. Islam Prevalence of ischemic heart disease in a rural population of Bangladesh Indian Heart J 59 2007 239 241
26. A. Vaidya, P. Pokharel, and S. Nagesh Prevalence of coronary heart disease in the urban adult males of eastern Nepal: a population-based analytical cross-sectional study Indian Heart J 61 2009 341 347
27. A. Vaidya Need for community-based primary prevention of coronary heart disease in Nepal Kathmandu Univ Med J 6 2009 435 436
28. R. Shinton, and G. Beevers Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke BMJ 298 1989 789
29. H. Ueshima, S.R. Choudhury, and A. Okayama Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke death in Japan: NIPPON DATA80 Stroke 35 2004 1836 1841
30. K.K. Teo, S. Ounpuu, and S. Hawken Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study Lancet 368 2006 647 658
31. A.V. Chobanian, G.L. Bakris, and H.R. Black Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure Hypertension 42 2003 1206 1252
32. M. Lida, K. Ueda, and A. Okayama Impact of elevated blood pressure on mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, heart disease and stroke among Japanese: 14 year follow-up of randomly selected population from Japanese - NIPPON DATA80 J Hum Hypertens 17 2003 851 857
33. P.K. Whelton, H. Jiang, and L.J. Appel Primary prevention of hypertension: clinical and public health advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program JAMA 288 2002 1882 1888
34. H.B. Hubert, M. Feinleib, P.M. McNamara, and W.P. Castelli Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study Circulation 67 1983 968 977
35. B. Larsson, K. Svärdsudd, and L. Welin Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913 Br Med J 288 1984 1401 1404
36. H.M. Lakka, D.E. Laaksonen, and T.A. Lakka The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men JAMA 288 2002 2709 2716
37. A. Kadota, A. Hozawa, and T. Okamura Relationship between metabolic risk factor clustering and cardiovascular mortality stratified by high blood glucose and obesity: NIPPON DATA90, 1990-99 Diabetes Care 30 2007 1533 1538
38. O.H. Franco, C. De Laet, A. Peeters, J. Jonker, J. Mackenbach, and W. Nusselder Effects of physical activity on life expectancy with cardiovascular disease Arch Intern Med 165 2005 2355 2360
39. P.D. Thompson, D. Buchner, and I.L. Pina Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity) Circulation 107 2003 3109 3116
40. S. Yusuf, S. Hawken, and S. Ôunpuu Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study Lancet 364 2004 937 952
41. P. Joshi, S. Islam, and P. Pais Risk factors for early myocardial infarction in South Asians compared with individuals in other countries JAMA 297 2007 286 294
42. M.J. Uddin, B.A. Mondol, S. Ahmed, A. Ullah, M. Jabbar, and Q.D. Mohammad Smoking and ischemic stroke Bangladesh J Neurosci 24 2009 50 54
43. K. Reddy The emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in India P.S. Shetty, C. Gopalan, Diet, nutrition and chronic disease: an Asian perspective 1998 Smith-Gordon Bedford, UK 50 54
44. B.M. Popkin The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world J Nutr 131 2001 871S 873S
45. A. Drewnowski, and B.M. Popkin The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet Nutr Rev 55 1997 31 43
46. T. Lang The public health impact of globalisation of food trade P. Shetty, K. McPherson, Diet, nutrition and chronic disease: lessons from contrasting worlds 1997 John Wiley London 73 87
47. Royal Government of Bhutan. Report on 2007 STEPS survey for risk factors and prevalence of noncommunicable diseases. Ministry of Health, Thimphu, 2004. Available at: http://www.health.gov.bt/reports/.
48. M. Aboobakur, A. Latheef, and A.J. Mohamed Surveillance for non-communicable disease risk factors in Maldives: results from the first STEPS survey in Male Int J Public Health 55 2010 489 496
49. S. Yusuf, S. Reddy, S. Ounpuu, and S. Anand Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization Circulation 104 2001 2746 2753
50. K.S. Reddy, D. Prabhakaran, and P. Jeemon Educational status and cardiovascular risk profile in Indians Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 16263 16268
51. A. Rodgers, C. Lawes, and S. MacMahon Reducing the global burden of blood pressure-related cardiovascular disease J Hypertens 18 2000 S3 S6
52. R. Gupta, N. Al-Odat, and V. Gupta Hypertension epidemiology in India: meta-analysis of fifty-year prevalence rates and blood pressure trends J Hum Hypertens 10 1996 465 472
53. R. Gupta Trends in hypertension epidemiology in India J Hum Hypertens 18 2004 73 78
54. R. Gupta, S. Guptha, V.P. Gupta, and H. Prakash Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in the urban population of Jaipur in western India J Hypertens 13 1995 1193 1200
55. A. Joseph, V. Kutty, and C. Soman High risk for coronary heart disease in Thiruvananthapuram city: a study of serum lipids and other risk factors Indian Heart J 52 2000 29 35
56. M.P. Anand Prevalence of hypertension amongst Mumbai executives J Assoc Physicians India 48 2000 1200 1201
57. R. Gupta, and A. Sharma Prevalence of hypertension and subtypes in an Indian rural population: clinical and electrocardiographic correlates J Hum Hypertens 8 1994 823 829
58. V. Mohan, R. Deepa, S. Shanthi Rani, and G. Premalatha Prevalence of coronary artery disease and its relationship to lipids in a selected population in South India J Am Coll Cardiol 38 2001 682 687
59. N. Islam, M. Khan, and Z. Latif Hypertension in the rural population of Bangladesh: a preliminary survey Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 9 1983 11 14
60. M. Abu Sayeed, A. Banu, A.R. Khan, and M. Hussain Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in a rural population of Bangladesh Diabetes Care 18 1995 555 558
61. M.M. Zaman, S.R. Choudhury, and J. Ahmed Plasma lipids in a rural population of Bangladesh Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 13 2006 444 448
62. M. Sayeed, A. Banu, and J. Haq Prevalence of hypertension in Bangladesh: effect of socioeconomic risk factor on difference between rural and urban community Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 28 2002 7 18
63. Pakistan Medical Research Council National Health Survey of Pakistan in health profile of the people of Pakistan - 1990-94 1998 Pakistan Medical Research Council, Network Publication Service Islamabad, Pakistan
64. T.H. Jafar, A.S. Levey, and F.H. Jafary Ethnic subgroup differences in hypertension in Pakistan J Hypertens 21 2003 905 912
65. S. Safdar, A. Omair, U. Faisal, and H. Hasan Prevalence of hypertension in a low income settlement of Karachi, Pakistan J Pak Med Assoc 54 2004 506 508
66. K. Wijewardene, M. Mohideen, and S. Mendis Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity: baseline findings of a population based survey in four provinces in Sri Lanka Ceylon Med J 50 2010 62 70
67. M.R. Pandey, L.R. Upadhyaya, and S. Dhungel Prevalence of hypertension in a rural community in Nepal Indian Heart J 33 1981 284 289
68. M. Pandey Hypertension in Nepal Bibl Cardiol 42 1987 68 76
69. M.R. Pandey, and S. Dhungel Relation of prevalence of systemic hypertension with salt intake J Nepal Med Assoc 3 1982 19 32
70. D. Sharma, B. Man, and S. Rajbhandari Study of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension in a suburban area of Kathmandu, Nepal Indian Heart J 58 2006 34 37
71. A. Vaidya, P. Pokharel, P. Karki, and S. Nagesh Exploring the iceberg of hypertension: a community based study in an eastern Nepal town Kathmandu Univ Med J 5 2007 349 359
72. Royal Government of Bhutan. Annual Health Bulletin 2010. Ministry of Health, Thimphu, 2010. Available at: http://www.health.gov.bt/bulletin.php/. Accessed March 11, 2011.
73. WHO Impact of tobacco related illnesses in Bangladesh 2005 WHO Bangladesh Bangladesh Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/economics/ publications/FinalReport5Jan05.pdf Accessed March 12, 2011
74. WHO Global adult tobacco survey: Bangladesh report 2009 2009 WHO Country Office for Bangladesh Bangladesh
75. WHO Surveillance of chronic disease: risk factors: country-level data and comparable estimates (SuRF reports 2) 2005 WHO Bangladesh
76. M. Rani, S. Bonu, P. Jha, S. Nguyen, and L. Jamjoum Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey Tob Control 12 2003 e4
77. K. Ahmad, F. Jafary, and I. Jehan Prevalence and predictors of smoking in Pakistan: results of the National Health Survey of Pakistan J Cardiovasc Risk 12 2005 203 208
78. M.R. Pandey, N.K. Shrestha, A.B. Upadhyaya, and R.P. Neupane Prevalence of smoking in a rural community of Nepal World Smoking Health 6 1981 14 18
79. M. Pandey, S. Venkatramaiah, R. Neupane, and A. Gautam Epidemiological study of tobacco smoking behaviour among young people in a rural community of the hill region of Nepal with special reference to attitude and beliefs J Public Health 9 1987 110 120
80. M. Pandey, R. Neupane, and A. Gautam Epidemiological study of tobacco smoking behaviour among adults in a rural community of the hill region of Nepal with special reference to attitude and beliefs Int J Epidemiol 17 1988 535 541
81. The Tobacco Atlas. Prevalence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2002. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/statistics/tobacco-atlas/en/. Accessed March 11, 2011.
82. P. Katulanda, K. Wickramasinghe, and J.G. Mahesh Prevalence and correlates of tobacco smoking in Sri Lanka Asia Pac J Public Health 23 2011 861 869
83. B. Perera, P. Fonseka, R. Ekanayake, and E. Lelwala Smoking in adults in Sri Lanka: prevalence and attitudes Asia Pac J Public Health 17 2005 40 45
84. A. Ramachandran, M.V. Jali, and V. Mohan High prevalence of diabetes in an urban population in south India BMJ 297 1988 587 590
85. A. Ramachandran, C. Snehalatha, and E. Latha Rising prevalence of NIDDM in an urban population in India Diabetologia 40 1997 232 237
86. K.L. Ramaiya, V. Kodali, and K. Alberti Epidemiology of diabetes in Asians of the Indian subcontinent Diabetes Metab Rev 6 1990 125 146
87. A. Ramachandran, C. Snehalatha, and A. Kapur High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey Diabetologia 44 2001 1094 1101
88. H. King, R.E. Aubert, and W.H. Herman Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections Diabetes Care 21 1998 1414 1431
89. A. Shera, G. Rafique, and I. Khwaja Pakistan national diabetes survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in Shikarpur, Sindh Province Diabet Med 12 1995 1116 1121
90. A.S. Shera, G. Rafique, and I.A. Khwaja Pakistan National Diabetes Survey prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in North West at Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan J Pak Med Assoc 49 1999 206 211
91. A.S. Shera, G. Rafique, and I.A. Khawaja Pakistan National Diabetes Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in Baluchistan province Diabetes Res Clin Pract 44 1999 49 58
92. A.S. Shera, A. Basit, and A. Fawwad Pakistan National Diabetes Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in the Punjab Province of Pakistan Prim Care Diabetes 4 2010 79 83
93. J. Akhter The burden of diabetes in Pakistan: the national diabetes survey Medicine (Baltimore) 14 1997 S7 S84
94. M. Abu Sayeed, A. Banu, A.R. Khan, and M.Z. Hussain Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in a rural population of Bangladesh Diabetes Care 18 1995 555 558
95. M. Rahim, A. Hussain, and A. Azad Khan Rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in rural Bangladesh: a population based study Diabetes Res Clin Pract 77 2007 300 305
96. H. Mahtab, M. Ibrahim, and N. Banik Diabetes detection survey in a rural and a semiurban community in Bangladesh Tohoku J Exp Med 141 1983 211 217
97. M.A. Sayeed, H. Mahtab, and P.A. Khanam Diabetes and impaired fasting glycemia in a rural population of Bangladesh Diabetes Care 26 2003 1034 1039
98. A. Hussain, M. Rahim, and A. Azad Khan Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh Diabet Med 22 2005 931 936
99. M.A. Sayeed, H. Mahtab, and P.A. Khanam Diabetes and impaired fasting glycemia in the tribes of Khagrachari hill tracts of Bangladesh Diabetes Care 27 2004 1054 1059
100. U. Shrestha, D. Singh, and M. Bhattarai The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes defined by fasting and 2 h plasma glucose criteria in urban Nepal Diabet Med 23 2006 1130 1135
101. D. Singh, and M. Bhattarai High prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glycaemia in urban Nepal Diabet Med 20 2003 170 171
102. K. Ono, Y.R. Limbu, and S.K. Rai The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in semi-urban population of Nepal Nepal Med Coll J 9 2007 154 156
103. J. Stamler, P. Elliott, L. Appel for the INTERMAP Research Group Higher blood pressure in the middle-aged American adults with less education - role of multiple dietary factors: the INTERMAP study J Hum Hypertens 17 2003 665 775
104. B.L. Pierce, T. Kalra, and M. Argos A prospective study of body mass index and mortality in Bangladesh Int J Epidemiol 39 2010 1037 1045
105. A. Ramachandran, C. Snehalatha, and K. Satyavani Metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indian adults: a population study using modified ATP III criteria Diabetes Res Clin Pract 60 2003 199 204
106. A. Ghaffar, K.S. Reddy, and M. Singhi Burden of non-communicable diseases in South Asia BMJ 328 2004 807 810
107. S. Nishtar Prevention of coronary heart disease in south Asia Lancet 360 2002 1015 1018
108. S. Mendis, and E. Ekanayake Prevalence of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors in middle aged males in a defined population in central Sri Lanka Int J Cardiol 46 1994 135 142
109. P. McKeigue, G. Miller, and M. Marmot Coronary heart disease in south Asians overseas: a review J Clin Epidemiol 42 1989 597 609
110. N. Shaukat, and D.P. de Bono Are Indo-origin people especially susceptible to coronary artery disease? Postgrad Med J 70 1994 315 318
111. E.A. Enas, S. Yusuf, and J.L. Mehta Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians Am J Cardiol 70 1992 945 949
112. R. Bhopal, N. Unwin, and M. White Heterogeneity of coronary heart disease risk factors in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and European origin populations: cross sectional study BMJ 319 1999 215 220
113. S.S. Anand, S. Yusuf, and V. Vuksan Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic groups (SHARE) Lancet 356 2000 279 284
114. R. Balarajan Ethnic differences in mortality from ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in England and Wales BMJ 302 1991 560 564
115. S.K. Kamath, E.A. Hussain, and D. Amin Cardiovascular disease risk factors in 2 distinct ethnic groups: Indian and Pakistani compared with American premenopausal women Am J Clin Nutr 69 1999 621 631
116. R. Bhopal, T. Rahemtulla, and A. Sheikh Persistent high stroke mortality in Bangladeshi populations BMJ 331 2005 1096 1097
117. A. Klatsky, I. Tekawa, M. Armstrong, and S. Sidney The risk of hospitalization for ischemic heart disease among Asian Americans in northern California Am J Public Health 84 1994 1672 1675
118. S. Wild, and P. McKeigue Cross sectional analysis of mortality by country of birth in England and Wales, 1970-92 BMJ 314 1997 705 710
119. D. Patel, M. Winterbotham, and R. Britt Coronary risk factors in people from the Indian subcontinent living in West London and their siblings in India Lancet 345 1995 405 409
120. R. Balarajan Ethnicity and variations in mortality from coronary heart disease Health Trends 28 1996 45 51
121. T. Sheth, C. Nair, and M. Nargundkar Cardiovascular and cancer mortality among Canadians of European, south Asian and Chinese origin from 1979 to 1993: an analysis of 1.2 million deaths Can Med Assoc J 161 1999 132 138
122. S. Yusuf, S. Reddy, S. Ounpuu, and S. Anand Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part II: variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies Circulation 104 2001 2855 2864