Bioceramics in tissue engineering

Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review of the Past and Future Trends

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 179-207

  Yang, Yunzhi ^a   Kang, Yunqing ^a   Sen, Milan ^a   Park, Sangwon ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b Chonnam National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Bioactive glass; Bioinert ceramic; Bone tissue engineering; Calcium phosphate; Scaffold

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880820357     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0385-2_7     Document Type: Chapter

References (161)

1. Kalita SJ, Bhardwaj A, Bhatt HA. Nanocrystalline calcium phosphate ceramics in biomedical engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 2007;27:441-49.
2. Chevalier J, Gremillard L. Ceramics for medical applications: A picture for the next 20 years. J Eur Ceram Soc 2009;29:1245-55.
3. Rieger W. Ceramics in orthopedics -30 years of evolution and experience, in World tribology forum in arthroplasty, C Rieker, S Oberholzer and U Wyss, eds. Hans Huber Verlag, Bern, Suisse, 2001
4. Miller JA, Talton JD, Bhatia S. Total hip replacement: metal-on-metal systems. In Clinical performance of Skeletal Prostheses, LL Hench and J Wilson, eds. Chapman and Hall, London, 1996, pp. 41-56.
5. Hulbert S. The use of alumina and zirconia in surgical implants, in An introduction to bioceramics, LL Hench and Wilson J, eds. World Scientific, Singapore, 1993, pp. 125-38
6. Schmalzried TP, Kwong LM, Jasty M, et al. The mechanism of loosening of cementedacetabular components in total hip artroplasty. Analysis of specimens retrieved at autopsy. Clin Orthop 1992;274:60-78.
7. Schmalzried TP, Guttmann D, Grecula M, Amstutz HC. The relationship between the design, position and articular wear of acetabular components inserted without cement and the development of pelvic osteolysis. J Bone Joint Surg 1994;76 A: 677-88.
8. Manley MT, Serekian P. Wear debris. Clin Orthop Related Res 1994;298:137-46.
9. Jahnke K, Plester D, Heimke G. Experiences with Al2O3-ceramic middle ear implants, Biomaterials 1983;4:137-8.
10. Boutin P, Christel P, Dorlot J-M, Meunier A, de Roquancourt A, Blanquaert D, Herman S, Sedel L, Witvoet J. The use of dense alumina-alumina ceramic combination in total hip replacement. J Biomed Mater Res 1988;22:1203-32.
11. Campbell P, Doorn P, Dorey F, Amstutz H. Wear and morphology of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear particles from total hip replacements. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 1996;210:167-74.
12. Goodman S, Aspenberg P, Song Y, Knoblich G, Huie P, Regula D, Lidgren L. Tissue ingrowth and differentiation in the boneharvest chamber in the presence of cobalt chromium alloy and high density polyethylene particles. J Bone Joint Surg 1995;77 A: 1025-35.
13. Howie DW, Vernon-Roberts B, Oakshott R, Manthey B. A rat model of resorption of bone at the cement-bone interface in the presence of polyethylene wear particles. J Bone Joint Surg 1988;70 A: 257-63.
14. Willert HG, Semlitsch M. Reactions of the articular capsule to wear products of artificial joint prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res 1977;11:157-64.
15. Schmalzried TP, Jasty M, Harris WH. Periprosthetic bone loss in total hip arthroplasty: polyethylene wear debris and the concept of the effective joint space. J Bone Joint Surg 1992;74 A: 849-63.
16. Amstutz HC, Campbell P, Kossovsky N, Clarke IC. Mechanism and clinical significance of wear debris-induced osteolysis. Clin Orthop 1992;276:7-18.
17. Murray DW, Rushton N. Macrophages stimulate bone resorption when they phagocytose particles. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72 B: 988-92.
18. Jiranek WA, Machado M, Jasty M. Production of cytokines around loosened cemented acetabular components. Analysis with immunohistochemical techniques and in situ hybridization. J Bone Joint Surg 1993;75 A: 863-79.
19. Hamadouche M, Boutin P, Daussange J, Bolander ME, Sedel L, Alumina-on-alumina total hip arthroplasty: a minimum 18.5-years follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:69-77.
20. Yoo JJ, Kim YM, Yoon KS, Koo KH, Song WS, Kim HJ. Alumina-on-alumina total hip arthroplasty a five-year minimum follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:530-5.
21. Dorlot JM. Long-term effects of alumina components in total hip prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992;282:47-52.
22. Catelas I, Petit A, Marchand R, Zukor DJ, Yahia L, Huk OL. Cytotoxicity and macrophage cytokine release induced by ceramic and polyethylene particles in vitro. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999;81:516-21.
23. Villermaux F. Zirconia-alumina as the new generation of ceramic-ceramic THR: wear performance evaluation including extreme life conditions. Proceedings of 6th World Biomaterials Congress, Workshop on Zirconia Femoral Heads for Total Hip Prostheses, Kamuela, Hawaii, USA: Society for Biomaterials, 2000
24. Lawn B. Fracture of brittle solids, Cambridge solid state science series 2nd ed. UK: Cambridge university press, 1993:378
25. Campbell P, Shen FW, McKellop H. Biologic and tribologic considerations of alternative bearing surfaces. Clin Orthop 2004;418:98-111
26. Heros R, Willmann G. Ceramics in total hip arthroplasty: history, mechanical properties, clinical results and current manufacturing state of the art Semin Arthroplasty 1998;9:114-22.
27. Yoon TR, Rowe SM, Jung ST, Seon KJ, Maloney WJ. Osteolysis in association with a total hip arthroplasty with ceramic bearing surfaces, J Bone Joint Surg 1998;80 A: 1459-68.
28. Mahoney OM, Dimon III JH. Unsatisfactory results with a ceramic total hip prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72 A: 663-671
29. Wirganowicz PZ, Thomas BJ. Massive osteolysis after ceramic on ceramic total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;338:100-4.
30. Garcia-Cimbrelo E, Martinez-Sayanes JM, Minuesa A, Munuera L. Mittelmeier ceramic-onceramic hip prosthesis after 10 years. J Arthroplasty 1996;11:773-81.
31. Mittelmeier H, Heisel J. Sixteen-years' experience with ceramic hip prostheses. Clin Orthop 1992;282:64-72.
32. Willmann G. Ceramic femoral head retrieval data, Clin Orthop 2000;379:173-7.
33. Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial: a review. Biomaterials 1999;20:1-25.
34. Nasser S. Campbell PA, Kilgus D, Kossovsky N, Amstutz HC. Cementless total joint arthroplasty prostheses with titanium-alloy articular surfaces. A human retrieval analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990;261:171-85.
35. Sabokbar A, Fujikawa Y, Murray DW, Athanasou NA. Bisphosphonates in bone cement inhibit PMMA particle induced bone resorption. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:614-8.
36. Ingham E, Green TR, Stone MH, Kowalski R, Watkins N, Fisher J. Production of TNF-alpha and bone resorbing activity by macrophages in response to different types of bone cement particles. Biomaterials 2000;21:1005-13.
37. Horowitz SM, Purdon MA. Mediator interactions in macrophage/particulate bone resorption. J Biomed Mater Res 1995;29:477-84.
38. Chevalier J. What future for zirconia as a biomaterial? Biomaterials 2006;27:535-43.
39. Gowen M, Wood DD, Ihrie EJ, McGuire MK, Russell RG. An interleukin 1 like factor stimulates bone resorption in vitro. Nature 1983;306:378-80.
40. Bertolini DR, Nedwin GE, Bringman TS, Smith DD, Mundy GR. Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumor necrosis factors. Nature 1986;319:516-18.
41. Chevalier J, Gremillard L, Deville S. Low-temperature degradation of zirconia and implications for biomedical implants. Annu Rev Mater Res 2007;37:1-32.
42. Schubert H, Frey F. Stability of Y-TZP during hydrothermal treatment: neutron experiments and stability considerations. J Eur Ceram Soc 2005;25:1597-602.
43. Affatato S, Goldoni M, Testoni M, Toni A. Mixed-oxides prosthetic ceramic ball heads Part 3: effect of the ZrO2 fraction on the wear of ceramic on ceramic hip joint prostheses. A longterm in vitro wear study. Biomaterials 2001;22:717-23.
44. De Aza AH, Chevalier J, Fantozzi G, Schehl M, Torrecillas R. Crack growth resistance of alumina, zirconia and zirconia toughened alumina ceramics for joint prostheses. Biomaterials 2002;23:937-45.
45. Fabris S, Paxton AT, Finnis MW. A stabilization mechanism of zirconia based on oxygen vacancies only. Acta Mater 2002;50:5171-8.
46. Tsipas SA. Effect of dopants on the phase stability of zirconia-based plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings. J Eur Ceramic Soc 2010;30:61-72.
47. Porter DL, Heuer AH. Mechanism of toughening partially stabilized zirconia PSZ. J Am Ceram Soc 1977;60:183-4.
48. Virkar AV, Matsumoto RLK. Ferroelastic domain switching as a toughening mechanism in tetragonal zirconia. J Am Ceram Soc 1986;69:224-6.
49. Mehta K, Virkar AV. Fracture mechanisms in ferroelectric-ferroelastic lead zirconate titanate Zr:Ti=054:046; Ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 1990;73:567-74.
50. Nawa M, Nakamoto S, Sekino T, Niihara K. Tough and strong Ce-TZP/Alumina nanocomposites doped with titania. Ceram Int 1998;24:497-506
51. Fischer J, Stawarczyk B, Trottmann A, Hämmerle CHF. Impact of thermal properties of veneering ceramics on the fracture load of layered Ce-TZP/A nanocomposite frameworks. Dent Mater 2009;25:326-30.
52. Fischer J, Stawarczyk B. Compatibility of machined Ce-TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite and a veneering ceramic. Dent Mater 2007;23:1500-5.
53. WU S, Brook RJ. Sintering additives for zirconia ceramics. Trans J Br Ceram Soc 1983;82:260-4.
54. Brito-Chaparro JA, Aguilar-Elguezabal A, Echeberria J, Bocanegra-Bernal MH. Using highpurity MgO nanopowder as a stabilizer in two different particle size monoclinic ZrO2: its influence on the fracture toughness. Mater Chem Phys 2009;114:407-14.
55. Yang Y, Liu Y, Park S, Kim H, Lee K, Koh J, Nanoscale bioactive surfaces and endosseous implantology, in Nanoscience in Biomedicine, D Shi, ed. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin, Heidelerg, 2009, pp. 428-50
56. Yang Y, Ran J, Zheng C. Preparation of DLC/stainless steel gradient film materials using magnetron sputtering plasma method, in 13th International symposium on plasma chemistry, symposium proceedings, C Wu, ed. Peking University Press, Beijing, China, III, 1997, pp. 1232-7.
57. Hench LL. Bioceramic. J Am Ceram Soc 1998;81:1705-28.
58. Hench LL. Bioceramics: from concept to clinic. J Am Ceram Soc 1991;74:1487-510.
59. Bromer H, Deutscher K, Blencke B, Pfeil E, Strunz V. Properties of the bioactive implant materials 'Ceravital'. Sci Ceram 1977;9:219-25.
60. Gross UM, Strunz V. The anchoring of glass ceramics of different solubility in the femur of the rat. J Biomed Mater Res 1980;14:607-18.
61. Kokubo T, Shigematsu M, Nagashima Y, Tashiro M, Nakamura T, Yamamuro T. Apatite-and wollastonite-containing glass-ceramics for prosthetic applications. Bull Inst Chem Res Kyoto Univ 1982;60:260-8.
62. Gil-Albarova J, Salinas A, Bueno-Lozano AL, Romn J, Aldini-Nicolo N, García-Barea A, Giavaresi G, Fini M, Giardini R, Vallet-Regí M. The in vivo behaviour of a sol-gel glass and a glass-ceramic during critical diaphyseal bone defects healing. Biomaterials 2005;26:4374-82.
63. Rehman I, Hench LL, Bonfield W, Smith R. Analysis of surface layers on bioactive glasses. Biomaterials 1994;15:865-70.
64. Gheysen G, Ducheyne P, Hench LL, de Meester P. Bioglass composites: a potential material for dental application. Biomaterials 1983;4:81-4.
65. Arcos D, del Real RP, Vallet-Regí M. A novel bioactive and magnetic biphasic material. Biomaterials 2002;23:2151-8.
66. Ruiz E, Serrano MC, Arcos D, Vallet-Regí M. Glass-glass ceramic thermoseeds for hyperthermic treatment of bone tumors. J Biomed Mater Res 2006;79 A: 533-43.
67. Jarcho M. Calcium phosphate as biomaterials Properties and applications. Dent Clin North Am 1986;30:25-48.
68. Kent JN, Quinn JH, Zide MF, Finge IM, Jarcho M, Rothstein SS. Correction of alveolar ridge deficiencies with nonresorbable hydroxylapatite. J Am Dent Assoc 1982;105:993-1001.
69. Jarcho M. Calcium phosphate ceramics as hard tissue prosthetic. ClinOrthop 1981;157:259-60.
70. Wang JC, Ko CL, Hung CC, Tyan YC, Lai CH, Chen WC, Wang CK Deriving fast setting properties of tetracalcium phosphate/dicalcium phosphate anhydrous bone cement with nanocrystallites on the reactant surfaces. J Dent 2010;38:158-65.
71. Tsai CH, Lin RM, Ju CP, Lin JHC. Bioresorption behavior of tetracalcium phosphate-derived calcium phosphate cement implanted in femur of rabbits. Biomaterials 2008;29:984-93.
72. Chow LC, Markovic M, Frukhtbeyn SA, Takagi S. Hydrolysis of tetracalcium phosphate under a near-constant-composition condition -effects of pH and particle size. Biomaterials 2005;26:393-401.
73. Guo DG, Xu KW, Han Y Influence of cooling modes on purity of solid-state synthesized tetracalcium phosphate. Mater Sci Eng B 2005;116:175-81.
74. Blom EJ, Klein-Nulend J, Wolke JGC, Kurashina K, van Waas MAJ, Burger EH. Transforming growth factor-b1 incorporation in an a-tricalcium phosphate/dicalcium phosphate dihydrate/tetracalcium phosphate monoxide cement: release characteristics and physicochemical properties. Biomaterials 2002;23:1261-8.
75. Tami AE, Leitner MM, Baucke MG, Mueller TL, Harry van Lenthe G, Müller Rh, Ito K. Hydroxyapatite particles maintain peri-implant bone mantle during osseointegration in osteoporotic bone. Bone 2009;45:1117-24.
76. Sanosh KP, Chu MC, Balakrishnan A, Lee YJ, Kim TN, Cho SJ. Synthesis of nano hydroxyapatite powder that simulate teeth particle morphology and composition. Curr Appl Phys 2009;9:1459-62.
77. Langhorst SE, O'Donnell JNR, Skrtic D. In vitro remineralization of enamel by polymeric amorphous calcium phosphate composite: Quantitative microradiographic study. Dent Mater 2009;25:884-91.
78. Beniash E, Metzler RA, Lam RSK, Gilbert PUPA. Transient amorphous calcium phosphate in forming enamel. J Struct Biol 2009;166:133-43.
79. Maciejewski M, Brunner TJ, Loher SF, Stark WJ, Baiker A. Phase transitions in amorphous calcium phosphates with different Ca/P ratios. Thermochim Acta 2008;468:75-80.
80. Sanosh KP, Chu M-C, Balakrishnan A, Kim TN, Cho S-J. Sol-gel synthesis of pure nano sized b-tricalcium phosphate crystalline powders. Curr Appl Phys 2010;10:68-71.
81. Bohner M, Luginbühl R, Reber C, Doebelin N, Baroud G, Conforto E. A physical approach to modify the hydraulic reactivity of a-tricalcium phosphate powder. Acta Biomater 2009;5:3524-35.
82. Le Huec JC, Clément D, Aunoble S, Tournier C, Harmand MF. A brief summary of 15 years of research on beta-tricalcium phosphates. SAS J 2009;3:112-3.
83. Park YM, Ryu SC, Yoon SY, Stevens R, Park HC. Preparation of whisker-shaped hydroxyapatite/b-tricalcium phosphate composite. Mater Chem Phys 2008;109:440-7.
84. Ishihara S, Matsumoto T, Onoki T, Sohmura T, Nakahira A. New concept bioceramics composed of octacalcium phosphate OCP; and dicarboxylic acid-intercalated OCP via hydrothermal hot-pressing. Mater Sci Eng C 2009;29:1885-8.
85. Arellano-Jiménez MJ, García-García R, Reyes-Gasga J. Synthesis and hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate and its characterization by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. J Phys Chem Solids 2009;70:390-5.
86. Dekker RJ, de Bruijn JD, Stigter M, Barrere F, Layrolle P, van Blitterswijk CA. Bone tissue engineering on amorphous carbonated apatite and crystalline octacalcium phosphate-coated titanium discs. Biomaterials 2005;26:5231-9.
87. Oliveira C, Ferreira A, Rocha F. Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate precipitation: characterization and crystal growth. Chem Eng Res Des 2007;85:1655-61.
88. Xu JW, Butler IS, Gilson DFR. FT-Raman and high-pressure infrared spectroscopic studies of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate CaHPO42H2O; and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate CaHPO4. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 1999;55:2801-9.
89. El Kady AM, Mohamed KR, El-Bassyouni GT. Fabrication, characterization and bioactivity evaluation of calcium pyrophosphate/polymeric biocomposites. Ceram Int 2009;35:2933-42.
90. Nicholas BD, Smith II JL, Kellman RM. Calcium pyrophosphate deposition of the temporomandibular joint with massive bony erosion. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:2086-9
91. Kasuga T. Bioactive calcium pyrophosphate glasses and glass-ceramics. Acta Biomater 2005;1:55-64.
92. Tudan C, Jackson JK, Higo TT, Hampong M, Pelech SL, Burt HM. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal associated induction of neutrophil activation and repression of TNF-a-induced apoptosis is mediated by the p38 MAP kinase. Cell Signal 2004;16:211-21.
93. Vallet-Regí M, Gonzlez-Calbet JM. Calcium phosphates as substitution of bone tissues. Prog Solid State Chem 2004;32:1-31.
94. Schmitz JP, Hollinger JO, Milam SB. Reconstruction of bone using calcium phosphate bone cements: a critical review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999;57:1122-6.
95. Xu JW, Gilson DFR, Butler IS. FT-Raman and high-pressure FT-infrared spectroscopic investigation of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, CaH2PO4;2H2O. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 1998;54:1869-78.
96. Jinawath S, Pongkao D, Suchanek W, Yoshimura M. Hydrothermal synthesis of monetite and hydroxyapatite from monocalcium phosphate monohydrate. Int J Inorg Mater 2001;3:997-1001.
97. Huan ZG, Chang J. Novel bioactive composite bone cements based on the b-tricalcium phosphate-monocalcium phosphate monohydrate composite cement system. Acta Biomater 2009;5:1253-64.
98. Jung Y, Kim SS, Kim YH, Kim SH, Kim BS, Kim S, Choi CY, Kim SH. A polylactic acid/calcium metaphosphate composite for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005;26:6314-22
99. Driessens FCM. Formation and stability of calcium phosphate in relation to the phase composition of the mineral in calcified tissue, in Bioceramics of Calcium phosphate, K DeGroot, ed. KCRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1983
100. Liu DM, Troczynski T, Seng WJT. Water-based sol-gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite: process development. Biomaterials 2001;22:1721-30.
101. De Groot K, Klein CPAT, Wolke JGC, Blieck-Hogervorst JMA. Chemistry of calcium phosphate bioceramics, CRC Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, Calcium Phosphate and Hydroxylapatite Ceramics, vol II. CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990
102. Bow JS, Liou SC, Chen SY. Structural characterization of room-temperature synthesized nano-sized b-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 2004;25:3155-61.
103. Liu HS, Chin TS, Lai LS, Chiu SY, Chung KH, Chang CS, Liu MT. Hydroxyapatite synthesized by a simplified hydrothermal method. Ceram Int 1997;23:19-25.
104. Lim GK, Wang J, Ng SC, Chew CH, Gan LM. Processing of hydroxyapatite via microemulsion and emulsion routes. Biomaterials 1997;18:1433-9.
105. Suchanek WL, Shuk P, Byrappa K, Riman RE, TenHuisen KS, Janas VF, Mechanochemical-hydrothermal synthesis of carbonated apatite powders at room temperature. Biomaterials 2002;23:699-710.
106. Wang F, Li MS, Lu YP, Qi YX. A simple sol-gel technique for preparing hydroxyapatite nanopowders. Mater Lett 2005;59:916-9.
107. Shih W, Chen YF, Wang MC, Hon MH. Crystal growth and morphology of the nano-sized hydroxyapatite powders synthesized from CaHPO42H2O and CaCO3 by hydrolysis method. J Cryst Growth 2004;270:211-8.
108. Guo GS, Sun YX, Wang ZH, Guo HY. Preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by reverse microemulsion. Ceram Int 2005;31:869-72.
109. Gibson IR, Rehman I, Best SM, Bonfield W. Characterization of the transformation from calcium-deficient apatite to beta-tricalcium phosphate. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2000;12:799-804.
110. Oonishi H, Kushitani S, Iwaki H. Comparative bone formation in several kinds of bioceramic granules, in Eighth international symposium on ceramics in medicine, J Wilson, LL Hench, D Greenspan eds. Tokyo, Japan: Elsevier Science Ltd, 1995, pp. 137-144.
111. Kivrak N, Tas AC. Synthesis of calcium hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate composite bioceramic powders and their sintering behavior. J Am Ceram Soc 1998;81:2245-52.
112. Okazaki M, Sato M. Computer graphics of hydroxyapatite and b-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 1990;11:573-78.
113. Sanosh KP, Min-Cheol Chu, Balakrishnan A, Kim TN, Cho SJ. Sol-gel synthesis of pure nano sized b-tricalcium phosphate crystalline powders. Curr Appl Phys 2010;10:68-71.
114. Lin K, Chang J, Lu J, Wu W, Zeng Y. Properties of b-Ca3PO4;2 bioceramics prepared using nano-size powders. Ceram Int 2007;33:979-85.
115. Dean-Mo L, Troczynski T, Tseng WJ. Water-based sol-gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite: process development. Biomaterials 2001;22:1721-30.
116. Pan Y, Huang JL, Shao CY, Preparation of b-TCP with high thermal stability by solid reaction routs. J Mater Sci 2003;38:1049-56.
117. Liou SC, Chen SY. Transformation mechanism of different chemically precipitated apatitic precursors into b-tricalcium phosphate upon calcinations. Biomaterials 2002;23:4541-7.
118. Ishikawa K, Matsuya S, Bioceramics. Compr Struct Integr 2007;9:169-214.
119. LeGeros RZ, Lin S, Rohanizadeh R, Mijares D, LeGeros JP. Biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics: preparation, properties and applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2003;14:201-9.
120. Yamada S, Heymann D, Bouler JM, Daculsi G. Osteoclastic resorption of calcium phosphate ceramics with different hydroxyapatite/b-tricalcium phosphate ratios. Biomaterials 1997;18:1037-41.
121. Ruseska G, Fidanceska E, Bossert J. Mechanical and thermalexpansion characteristics of Ca10PO4;6OH;2-Ca3PO4;2. Sci Sintering 38 2006;245-54.
122. Guha AK, Singh S, Kumaresan R, Nayar S, Sinha A. Mesenchymal cell response to nanosized biphasic calcium phosphate composites. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009;73:146-51.
123. Rameshbabu N, Prasad Rao K. Microwave synthesis, characterization and in-vitro evaluation of nanostructured biphasic calcium phosphates. Curr Appl Phys 2009;9:S29-S31.
124. Yamada S, Heymann D, Bouler JM, Duculsi G. Osteoclastic resorption of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;37:346-52.
125. Bouler JM, LeGeros RZ, Duculsi G. Biphasic calcium phosphates: influence of three synthesis parameters on the HA/b-TCP ratio. J Biomed Mater Res 2000;51:680-84.
126. Monma H, Ueno S, Kanazawa TT. Properties of hydroxyapatite prepared by the hydrolysis of tricalcium phosphate. J Chem Tech Biotechnol 1981;31:15-24.
127. Takagi S, Chow LC, Ishikawa K. Formation of hydroxyapatite in new calcium phosphate cements. Biomaterials 1998;19:1593-9.
128. Bohner M. Calcium phosphatem ceramic. Injury 2000;1: S-D37-47.
129. Ueyama Y, Ishikawa K, Mano T, Koyama T, MatsumuraT, Suzuki K. Initial tissue response to anti-washout apatite cement in the rat palatal region: comparison with conventional apatite cement. J Biomed Mater Res 2001;55:652-60.
130. Yuasa T, Miyamoto Y, Ishikawa K, Takechi M, Nagayama M, Suzuki K. In vitro resorption of three apatite cements with osteoclasts. J Biomed Mater Res 2001;54:344-50.
131. Hench LL, Spinter RJ, Allen WC, Greenlee JTK. Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials. J Biomed Mater Res 1971;2:117-41.
132. Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science 1993;260:920-26.
133. Saiz E, Gremillard L, Menendez G, Miranda P, Gryn K, Tomsia AP. Preparation of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Mat Sci Eng C Bio 2007; S27:546-50.
134. Bohner M, Hvan Lenthe G, Grunenfelder S, Hirsiger W, Evison R, Muller R. Synthesis and characterization of porous beta-tricalcium phosphate blocks. Biomaterials 2005;26:6099-105.
135. Deville S, Saiz E, Tomsia AP. Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006;27:5480-9.
136. Franco J, Hunger P, Launey ME, Tomsia AP, Saiz E. Direct write assembly of calcium phosphate scaffolds using a water-based hydrogel. Acta Biomater 2010;6:218-28.
137. Liu YX, Kim JH, Young D, Kim SW, Nishimoto SK, Yang YZ. Novel template-casting technique for fabricating ß-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds with high interconnectivity and mechanical strength and in vitro cell responses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010;92 A: 997-1006.
138. An YH, Friedman RJ. Animal models of bone defect repair. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press LLC, 1999, pp. 241-60.
139. Guicheux J, Gauthier O, Aguado E, Heymann D, Pilet P, Couillard S, Faivre A, Daculsi G. Growth hormone-loaded macroporous calcium phosphate ceramic: in vitro biopharmaceutical characterization and preliminary in vivo study. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;40:560-6.
140. Navarro M, Ginebra MP, Planell JA, Zeppetelli S, Ambrosio L. Development and cell response of a new biodegradable composite scaffold for guided bone regeneration. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2004;15:419-22.
141. Zhang R, Ma PX. Polya-hydroxyl acids;/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering I Preparation and morphology. J Biomed Mater Res 1999;44:446-55.
142. Ambrosio AMA, Sahota JS, Khan Y, Laurencin CT. A novel amorphous calcium phosphate polymer ceramic for bone repair: I synthesis and characterization. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2001;58:295-301.
143. Lee YM, Park YJ, Lee SJ, Ku Y, Han SB, Choi SM, Klokkevold PR, Chung CP. Tissue engineered bone formation using chitosan/tricalcium phosphate sponges. J Periodontol 2000;71:410-17.
144. Leach JK, Kaigler D, Wang Z, Krebsbach PH, Mooney DJ. Coating of VEGF-releasing scaffolds with bioactive glass for angiogenesis and bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2006;27:3249-55.
145. Kim HW, Knowles JC, Kim HE. Hydroxyapatite/polye-caprolactone; composite coatings on hydroxyapatite porous bone scaffold for drug delivery. Biomaterials 2004;25:1279-87.
146. Wu H, Zheng O, Du J, Yan Y, Liu C. New drug delivery system ciprofloxacine/tricalcium phosphate delivery capsule CTDC; and its in vitro drug release pattern. J Tongji Med Univ 1997;17:160-4.
147. Yamashita Y, Uchida A, Yamakawa T, Shinto Y, Araki N, Kato K. Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis using calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic implants impregnated with antibiotic. Int Orthop 1998;22:247-51.
148. Erbe EM, Day DE. Chemical durability of Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses for the in vivo delivery of beta radiation. J Biomed Mater Res 1987;27:1301-8.
149. Ruiz-Hernndez E, Serrano MC, Arcos D, Vallet-Regí M. Glass-glass ceramic thermoseeds for hyperthermic treatment of bone tumors. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006;79:533-43.
150. SSaqlain A, Hashmi MU, Alam S, Shamim A. Magnetic and bioactivity evaluation of ferrimagnetic ZnFe2O4 containing glass ceramics for the hyperthermia treatment of cancer. J Magnet and Magnetic Mater 2010;322:375-81.
151. Yu HY, Cai ZB, Ren PD, Zhu MH, Zhou ZR. Friction and wear behavior of dental feldspathic porcelain. Wear 2006;261:611-21.
152. Kelly JR. Dental ceramics: current thinking and trends. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:513-30.
153. ® composite foams as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2005;1:643-52.
154. Hasegawa S, Tamura J, Neo M, Goto K, Shikinami Y, Saito M, Kita M, Nakamura T. In vivo evaluation of a porous hydroxyapatite/poly-dl-lactide composite for use as a bone substitute. J Biomed Mater Res 2005;75 A: 567-79.
155. Niemelä T, Niiranen H, Kellomäki M, Törmälä P. Self-reinforced composites of bioabsorbable polymer and bioactive glass with different bioactive glass contents Part I Initial mechanical properties and bioactivity. Acta Biomater 2005;1:235-42.
156. Abdala AA, Milius DL, Adamson DH, Aksay IAA, Prud'homme RK. Inspired by abalone shell: strengthening of porous ceramics with polymers. Polym Mater Sci Eng 2004;90:384-5.
157. Peroglio M, Gremillard L, Chevalier J, Chazeau L, Gauthier C, Hamaide T. Toughening of bio-ceramics scaffolds by polymer coating. J Eur Ceram Soc 2007;27:2679-85.
158. Cui FZ, Li Y, Ge J. Self-assembly of mineralized collagen composites. Mater Sci Eng R 2007; R57:1-27.
159. Chen QZ, Boccaccini AR. Poly (D, L-lactic acid) coated 45S5 Bioglass®-based scaffolds: processing and characterization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006;77 A: 445-57.
160. Munch E, Launey ME, Alsem DH, Saiz E, Tomsia AP, Ritchie RO. Tough, bio-inspired hybrid materials. Science 2008;322:1516-20.
161. Vallet-Regí M. Evolution of bioceramics within the field of biomaterials. C R Chimie 2010;13:174-85.