Carbon mineral evolution

Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Volumn 75, Issue , 2013, Pages 79-107

  Hazen, Robert M ^a   Downs, Robert T ^b   Kah, Linda ^c   Sverjensky, Dimitri ^d  

^a GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b University of Arizona   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880716411     PISSN: 15296466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.2138/rmg.2013.75.4     Document Type: Article

References (305)

1. 2 from carbonates: an experimental approach. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:2615-2632.
2. Alexander CMOD (1990) In situ measurement of interstellar silicon carbide in two CM chondrite meteorites. Nature 348:715-717, doi:10.1038/348715a0.
3. Alexander CMOD (1993) Presolar SiC in chondrites: How variable and how many sources? Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:2869-2888.
4. Allamandola LJ, Hudgins DM (2003) From interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ice to astrobiology. In: Solid State Astrobiology. Pirronello V et al. (ed), Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 251-316.
5. Allamandola LJ, Tielens AGGM, Barker JR (1989) Interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: the infrared emission bands, the excitation-emission mechanism and the astrophysical implications. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 71:733-775.
6. Allwood AC, Walter MR, Kamber BS, Marshall CP, Burch IW (2006) Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era of Australia. Nature 441:714-718.
7. Allwood AC, Grotzinger JP, Knoll AH, Burch IW, Anderson MS, Coleman ML, Kanik I (2009) Controls on development and diversity of Early Archean stromatolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:9548-9555.
8. Anbar AD, Holland HD (1992) The photochemistry of manganese and the origin of banded iron formations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:2595-2603.
9. Anbar AD, Yun D, Lyons TW, Arnold GL, Kendall B, Creaser RA, Kaufman AJ, Gordon GW, Scott C, Garvin J, Buick R (2007) A whiff of oxygen before the Great Oxidation Event? Science 317:1903-1906.
10. Armstrong JC, Wells LE, Gonzalez G (2002) Rummaging through Earth's attic for remains of ancient life. Icarus 160:183-196.
11. Arp G, Reimer A, Reitner J (2001) Photosynthesis-induced biofilm calcification and calcium concentrations in Phanerozoic oceans. Science 292:1701-1704.
12. Barber DJ (1981) Matrix phyllosilicates and associated minerals in C2M carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45:945-970.
13. Barker WW, Welch SA, Banfield JF (1998) Experimental observations of the effects of bacteria on aluminosilicate weathering. Am Mineral 83:1551-1563.
14. Barley ME, Bekker A, Krapez B (2005) Late Archean to early Paleoproterozoic global tectonics, environmental change and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Earth Planet Sci Lett 238:156-171.
15. Barnes HL, Rose AW (1998) Origins of hydrothermal ores. Science 279:2064-2065.
16. Bartley JK, Kah LC (2004) Marine carbon reservoir, Corg-Ccarb coupling, and the evolution of the Proterozoic carbon cycle. Geology 32:129-132.
17. Battistuzzi FU, Feijao A, Hedges SB (2004) A genomic timescale of prokaryotic evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land. BMC Evol Biol 4-44, doi:10.1186/1471- 2148-4-44.
18. Bau M, Möller P (1993) Rare earth element systematics of the chemically precipitated component in Early Precambrian iron-formations and the evolution of the terrestrial atmosphere-hydrosphere-lithosphere system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:2239-2249.
19. Bekker A, Holland HD, Wang P-L, Rumble D III, Stein HJ, Hannah JL, Coetzee LL, Beukes NL (2004) Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Nature 427:117-120.
20. Bethke CM (1996) Geochemical Reaction Modeling. Oxford University Press, New York.
21. 3 precipitation. Sedimentology 53:1049-1068.
22. Bishop JW, Sumner DY, Huerta NJ (2006) Molar tooth structures of the Neoarchean Monteville Formation, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. II: A wave-induced fluid flow model. Sedimentology 53:1069-1082.
23. Blumenberg M, Thiel V, Riegel W, Kah LC, Reitner J (2012) Black shale formation by microbial mats lacking sterane-producing eukaryotes, late Mesoproterozoic (1.1 Ga) Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania. Precambrian Res 196-197:113-127.
24. Bodiselitsch B, Koeberl C, Master S, Reimold WU (2005) Estimating duration and intensity of Neoproterozoic snowball glaciations from Ir anomalies. Science 308:239-242.
25. Bond JC, Lauretta DS, Tinney CG, Butler RP, Marcy GW, Jones HRA, Carter BD, O'Toole SJ, Bailey J (2008) Beyond the iron peak: r- and s-process elemental abundances in stars with planets. Astrophys J 682:1234.
26. Bond JC, O'Brien D, Lauretta D (2010) The compositional diversity of extrasolar planets. I. In situ simulations. Astrophys J 715:1050.
27. Bowen NL (1915) The later stages of the evolution of the igneous rocks. J Geol 23, Supplement 1-91.
28. Bowen NL (1928) The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
29. Brearley AJ (2006) The action of water. In: Meteorites and the Early Solar System II. D.S. Lauretta DS, McSween HY Jr (ed) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 587-624.
30. Brearley AJ, Jones RH (1998) Chondritic meteorites. Rev Mineral Geochem 36:3331-3398.
31. Brocks JJ, Love GD, Summons RE, Knoll AH, Logan GA, Bowden S. (2005) Biomarker evidence for green and purple sulfur bacteria in a stratified Palaeoproterozoic sea. Nature 437:866-870.
32. Buick R, Dunlop JSR, Groves DI (1981) Stromatolite recognition in ancient rocks: an appraisal of irregularly laminated structures in an early Archean chert-barite unit from North-Pole, Western-Australia. Alcheringa 5:161-181.
33. Bundeleva IA, Shirokova LS, Bénézeth P, Pokrovsky OS, Kompantseva EI, Balor S (2012) Calcium carbonate precipitation by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Chem Geol 291:116-131.
34. Butterfield NJ, Knoll AH, Swett K (1990) A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of arctic Canada. Science 250:104-107.
35. Byerly GR, Lowe DR, Walsh MM (1986) Stromatolites from the 3, 300-3, 500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Nature 319:489-491.
36. Caldeira K, Kasting JF (1992) Susceptibility of the early Earth to irreversible glaciation caused by carbon dioxide clouds. Nature 359:226-228.
37. Canfield DE, Habicht KS, Thamdrup B (2000) The Archean sulfur cycle and the early history of atmospheric oxygen. Science 288:658-661.
38. Canfield DE, Poulton SW, Narbonne GM (2007) Late-Neoproterozoic deep-ocean oxygenation and the rise of animal life. Science 315:92-95.
39. Canfield DE, Raiswell R (1991) Precipitation and dissolution of carbonates: implications for fossil preservation. In: Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record. Allison PA, Briggs DEG (ed) Plenum Press, New York, p 411-453.
40. Canfield DE, Teske A (1996) Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur isotope studies. Nature 382:127-132.
41. Carlisle DB, Braman DR (1991) Nanometre-size diamonds in the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary clay of Alberta. Nature 352:708-709.
42. Carter-Bond JC, Obrien DP, Raymond SN (2012) The compositional diversity of extrasolar terrestrial planets: II. Migration simulations. Astrophys J 760:44, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/44.
43. Catling DC, Claire MW (2005) How Earth's atmosphere evolved to an oxic state: A status report. Earth Planet Sci Lett 237:1-20.
44. 18O in 4400-3900 Ma detrital zircons: A record of the alteration and recycling of crust in the Early Archean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 235:663-681.
45. Chapman CR (2002) Planetary science: Earth's lunar attic. Nature 419:791.
46. Clarkson ENK, Levi-Setti R (1975) Trilobite eyes and the optics of Des Cartes and Huygens. Nature 254:663- 667.
47. Cohen AL, McConnaughey TA (2003) Geochemical perspectives on coral mineralization Rev Mineral Geochem 54:151-187.
48. Dasgupta R (2013) Ingassing, storage, and outgassing of terrestrial carbon through geologic time. Rev Mineral Geochem 75:183-229.
49. Dasgupta S, Roy S, Fukuoka M (1992) Depositional models for manganese oxide and carbonate deposits of the Precambrian Sausar Group, India. Econ Geol 87:1412-1418.
50. Dauphas N, Cates NL, Mojzsis SJ, Busigny V (2007) Recognition of sedimentary protoliths with iron isotopes in the >3750 Ma Nuvvuagituk supracrustal belt, Canada. Earth Planet Sci Lett 254:358-376.
51. Deutsch A, Langenhorst F (2007) On the fate of carbonate and anhydrite in impact processes-evidence from the Chicxulub event. Geolog Föreningens I Stockholm Förhandlingar 129:155-160.
52. Dickson JAD (2002) Fossil echinoderms as monitor of the Mg/Ca ratio of Phanerozoic oceans. Science 298:1222-1224.
53. Donnadieu Y, Goddéris Y, Ramstein G, Nédélec A, Meert J (2004) A "snowball Earth" climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff. Science 428:303-306.
54. Dott RH Jr (2003) The importance of Aeolian abrasion in supermature quartz sandstones and the paradox of weathering on vegetation-free landscapes. J Geol 111:387-405.
55. Dupraz C, Reid RP, Braissant O, Decho AW, Norman RS, Visscher PY (2009) Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats. Earth-Science Rev 96:141-162.
56. Dutkiewicz A, Volk H, Ridley J, George S (2003) Biomarkers, brines, and oil in the Mesoproterozoic Roper Superbasin, Australia. Geology 31:981-984.
57. Dymek RF, Klein C (1988) Chemistry, petrology and origin of banded iron-formation lithologies from the 3800 Ma Isua Supracrustal Belt, West Greenland. Precambrian Res 39:247-302.
58. Ehrenfreund P, Charnley SB (2000) Organic molecules in the interstellar medium, comets, and meteorites. Ann Rev Astron Astrophys 38:427-483.
59. El Goresy A, Gillet P, Chen M, Künstler F, Graup G, Stähle V (2001), In situ discovery of shock-induced graphite-diamond phase transition in gneisses from the Ries crater Germany. Am Mineral 86:611-621.
60. England GL, Rasmussen B, Krapez B, Groves DL (2002) Paleoenvironmental significance of rounded pyrite in siliciclastic sequences of the Late Archean Witwatersrand Basin: Oxygen-deficient atmosphere or hydrothermal alteration. Sedimentology 49:1133-1136.
61. Evans DAD (2006) Proterozoic low orbital obliquity and axial-dipolar geomagnetic field from evaporite palaeolatitudes. Nature 44:51-55.
62. Fairchild IJ (1993) Balmy shores and icy wastes: the paradox of carbonates associated with glacial deposits in Neoproterozoic times. In: Sedimentology Review 1. Wright VP (ed) Blackwell, Oxford, UK, p 1-16.
63. Farquhar J, Bao H, Thiemens MH (2000) Atmospheric influence of Earth's earliest sulfur cycle. Science 289:756-758.
64. Farquhar J, Peters M, Johnston DT, Strauss H, Masterson A, Wiechert U, Kaufman AJ (2007) Isotopic evidence for mesoarchean anoxia and changing atmospheric sulphur chemistry. Nature 449:706-709.
65. 2 photolysis: Implications for the early atmosphere. J Geophys Res 106:1- 11.
66. Fike DA, Grotzinger JP, Pratt LM, Summons RE (2006) Oxidation of the Ediacaran ocean. Nature 444:744-747.
67. Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA (2003) Biologically induced mineralization by bacteria. Rev Mineral Geochem 54:95-114.
68. Fredriksson K, Kerridge JF (1988) Carbonates and sulphates in CI chondrites: Formation by aqueous activity on the parent body. Meteoritics 23:35-44.
69. Froelich PN, Klinkhammer GP, Bender ML, Luedtke NA, Heath GR, Cullen D, Dauphin P, Hammond D, Hartman B, Maynard V (1979) Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43:1075-1090.
70. Furniss G, Rittel JF, Winston D (1998) Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of "molar-tooth" calcite structures in the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, western Montana. J Sediment Res 68:104-114.
71. Gaffey MJ, Cloutis EA, Kelley MS, Reed KL (2002) Mineralogy of asteroids. In: Asteroids III. Bottke WF Jr, Cellino A, Paolicchi P (eds) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 183-204.
72. Garrels RM, Christ CL (1965) Solutions, Minerals, and Equilibria. Harper & Row, New York.
73. Genge MJ, Balme B, Jones AP (2001) Salt-bearing fumarole deposits in the summit crater of Oldoinyo Lengai, Northern Tanzania: Interactions between natrocarbonate lava and meteoric water. J Volcanology 106:111-122.
74. 3) at mantle pressure and temperature conditions- A Ramanspectroscopic study. Am Mineral 78:1328-1331.
75. Glein CR (2012) Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Cryogenic and Hydrothermal Organic Geochemistry. PhD thesis, Arizona State University, Tucson.
76. Gold T (1999) The Deep Hot Biosphere. Copernicus, New York.
77. th Lunar Science Conf Proc 1:807-818.
78. Goodman EE, Kah LC (2007) Reassessing formation of Precambrian molar-tooth microspar: constraints from carbonate precipitation experiments. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs 39:420.
79. Gorjan P, Veevers JJ, Walter MR (2000) Neoproterozoic sulfur-isotope variation in Australia and global implications. Precambrian Res 100:151-179.
80. Grady MM, Verchovsky AB, Franchi IA, Wright IP, Pillinger CT (2002) Light element geochemistry of the Tagish Lake CI2 chondrite: Comparison with CI1 and CM2 meteorites. Meteorit Planet Sci 37:713-735.
81. Grew E, Hazen RM (2009) Evolution of the minerals of beryllium, a quintessential crustal element [Abstract]. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs 41(7):99.
82. Grew E, Hazen RM (2010a) Evolution of the minerals of beryllium, and comparison with boron mineral evolution [Abstract]. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs 42(5):199.
83. Grew E, Hazen RM (2010b) Evolution of boron minerals: Has early species diversity been lost from the geological record? [Abstract]. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs 42(5):92.
84. Grew ES, Bada JL, Hazen RM (2011) Borate minerals and origin of the RNA world. Origins Life Evol Biosph 41:307-316, doi 10.1007/s11084-101-9233-y.
85. Grotzinger JP (1989) Facies and evolution of Precambrian depositional systems: emergence of the modern platform archetype. In: Controls on Carbonate Platform and Basin Development, Crevello PD, Wilson JJ, Sarg JF, Read JF (ed) SEPM Special Publication 44:79-106.
86. Grotzinger JP, Kasting JF (1993) New constraints on Precambrian ocean composition. J Geol 101:235-243.
87. Grotzinger JP, Knoll AH (1999) Stromatolites in Precambrian carbonates: Evolutionary mileposts or environmental dipsticks. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 27:313-358.
88. Guo H, Du Y, Kah LC, Huang J, Hu C, Huang H (2012) Isotopic composition of organic and inorganic carbon from the Mesoproterozoic Jixian Group, North China: Implications for biological and oceanic evolution. Precambrian Res dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.09.023.
89. Halverson GP (2005) A Neoproterozoic chronology. In: Neoproterozoic Geobiology and Paleobiology Topics in Geobiology, 27. Xiao S, Kaufman AJ (eds) Kluwer, New York, p 231-271.
90. Halverson GP, Hoffman PF, Schrag DP, Maloof AC, Rice AHN (2005) Toward a Neoproterozoic composite carbon-isotope record. Geol Soc Am Bull 117:1-27.
91. Hanneman RE, Strong HM, Bundy FP (1967) Hexagonal diamonds in meteorites: implications. Science 255:995-997.
92. Hardie LA (1996) Secular variation in seawater chemistry: An explanation for the coupled secular variation in the mineralogies of marine limestones and potash evaporites over the past 600 m.y. Geology 24:279-283.
93. Hardie LA (2003) Secular variations in Precambrian seawater chemistry and the timing of Precambrian aragonite seas and calcite seas. Geology 31:785-788.
94. Harper DAT (2006) The Ordovician biodiversification: Setting an agenda for marine life. Palaeogeo, Palaeoclim, Palaeoecol 232:148-166.
95. Harper EM, Palmer TJ, Alphey JR (1997) Evolutionary response by bivalves to changing Phanerozoic sea-water chemistry. Geol Mag 134:403-407, doi: 10.1017/S0016756897007061.
96. Harrison TM, Blichert-Toft J, Müller W, Albarede F, Holden P, Mojzsis SJ (2005) Heterogeneous Hadean hafnium: evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga. Science 310:1947-1950.
97. Hayes JM, Waldbauer JR (2006) The carbon cycle and associated redox processes through time. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lon 361:931-950.
98. Hazen RM, Bekker A, Bish DL, Bleeker W, Downs RT, Farquhar J, Ferry JM, Grew ES, Knoll AH, Papineau DF, Ralph JP, Sverjensky DA, Valley JW (2011) Needs and opportunities in mineral evolution research. Am Mineral 96:953-963.
99. Hazen RM, Downs RT, Jones AP, Kah L (2013) Carbon mineralogy and crystal chemistry. Rev Mineral Geochem 75:7-46.
100. Hazen RM, Eldredge N (2010) Themes and variations in complex systems. Elements 6:43-46.
101. Hazen RM, Ewing RC, Sverjensky DA (2009) Evolution of uranium and thorium minerals. Am Mineral 94:1293-1311.
102. Hazen RM, Golden J, Downs RT, Hystad G, Grew ES, Azzolini D, Sverjensky DA (2012) Mercury (Hg) mineral evolution: A mineralogical record of supercontinent assembly, changing ocean geochemistry, and the emerging terrestrial biosphere. Am Mineral 97:1013-1042.
103. Hazen RM, Papineau D, Bleeker W, Downs RT, Ferry JM, McCoy TJ, Sverjensky DA, Yang H (2008) Mineral evolution. Am Mineral 93:1693-1720.
104. Hedges JI, Keil RG (1995) Sedimentary organic matter preservation: An assessment and speculative synthesis. Marine Chem 49:81-139.
105. Helgeson HC, Delaney JM, Nesbitt HW, Bird DK (1978) Summary and critique of the thermodynamic properties of rock-forming minerals. Am J Sci 278A:1-229.
106. Herd CDK, Blinova A, Simkus DN, et al. (2011) Origin and evolution of prebiotic organic matter as inferred from the Tagish Lake meteorite. Science 332:1304-1307.
107. Higgins JA, Fischer WW, Schrag DP (2009) Oxygenation of the oceans and sediments: Consequences for the seafloor carbonate factory. Earth Planet Sci Let 284:25-33.
108. Hoffman PF, Kaufman AJ, Halverson GP, Schrag DP (1998) A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 281:1342-1346.
109. Hoffman PF, Prave AR (1996) A preliminary note on a revised subdivision and regional correlation of the Otavi Group based on glaciogenic diamictites and associated cap dolostones. Commun Geol Survey Namibia 11:77-82.
110. Hoffman PF, Schrag DP (2000) Snowball Earth. Sci Am January 2000:68-75.
111. Holland HD (1984) The Chemical Evolution of the Oceans and Atmosphere. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
112. Holland HD (2002) Volcanic gases, black smokers, and the great oxidation event. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66:3811-3826.
113. Holland HD, Rye R (1997) Evidence in pre-2.2 Ga Paleosols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota; discussion and reply. Geology 25:857-859.
114. Hopkins M, Harrison TM, Manning CE (2008) Low heat flow inferred from 4 Gyr zircons suggests Hadean plate boundary interactions. Nature 456:493-496, doi: 10.1038/nature07465.
115. Hopkins M, Harrison TM, Manning CE (2010) Constraints on Hadean geodynamics from mineral inclusions in 4 Ga zircons. Earth Planet Sci Lett 298:367-376.
116. Hurtgen MT, Arthur MA, Halverson GP (2005) Neoproterozoic sulfur isotopes, the evolution of microbial sulfur species, and the burial efficiency of sulfide as sedimentary pyrite. Geology 33:41-44.
117. Hutchinson RW (1973) Volcanogenic sulfide deposits and their metallogenic significance. Econ Geology 68:1223-1246.
118. Isley AE, Abbott DH (1999) Plume-related mafic volcanism and the deposition of banded iron formation. J Geophys Res 104:15461-15477.
119. 3 in relation to shock compression and decomposition. Phys Earth Planet Int 129:131-143.
120. Jacobsen S (2001) Gas hydrates and deglaciations. Nature 412:691-693.
121. Jacobsen SB, Pimentel-Klose MR (1988) A Nd isotopic study of the Hamersley and Michipicoten banded iron formations: the source of REE and Fe in Archean oceans. Earth Planet Sci Lett 87:29-44.
122. Jakosky B, Anbar A, Taylor J, Lucey P (2004) Astrobiology Science Goals and Lunar Exploration. NASA Astrobiology Institute White Paper, 14 April 2004:1-17.
123. James NP, Narbonne GM, Sherman AB (1998) Molar-tooth carbonates: shallow subtidal facies of the Mid- to Late Proterozoic. J Sediment Res 68:716-722.
124. Jarosewich E (1990) Chemical analysis of meteorites: A compilation of stony and iron meteorite analyses. Meteoritics 25:323-327.
125. Javaux EJ, Knoll AH, Walter MR (2004) TEM evidence for eukaryotic diversity in mid-Proterozoic oceans. Geobiology 2:121-132.
126. Johnston D, Wing B, Farquhar J, Kaufman A, Strauss H, Lyons T, Kah L, Canfield D (2005) Active microbial sulfur disproportionation in the Mesoproterozoic. Science 310:1477-1479.
127. Johnston DT, Wolfe-Simon F, Pearson A, Knoll AH (2009) Anoxygenic photosynthesis modulated Proterozoic oxygen and sustained Earth's middle age. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:16925-16929.
128. Jolliffe AW (1955) Geology and iron ores of Steep Rock Lake. Econ Geol 50:373-398.
129. Jones AP (2007) The mineralogy of cosmic dust: astromineralogy. Eur J Mineral 19:771-782.
130. Jones AP, Claeys P, Heuschkel S (2000) Impact melting of carbonates from the Chicxulub crater. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 91:343-361.
131. Jones AP, Genge M, Carmody L (2013) Carbonate melts and carbonatites. Rev Mineral Geochem 75:289-322.
132. Kah LC, Bartley JK (2011) Protracted oxygenation of the Proterozoic biosphere. Int Geol Rev 53:1424-1442.
133. Kah LC, Bartley JK, Frank TD, Lyons TW (2006) Reconstructing sea-level change from the internal architecture of stromatolite reefs: an example from the Mesoproterozoic Sulky Formation, Dismal Lakes Group, arctic Canada. Canadian J Earth Sci 43:653-669.
134. Kah LC, Bartley JK, Stagner AF (2009) Reinterpreting a Proterozoic enigma: Conophyton-Jacutophyton stromatolites of the Mesoproterozoic Atar Group, Mauritania. Int Assoc Sediment Spec Pub 41:277-295.
135. Kah LC, Bartley JK, Teal DA (2012) Chemostratigraphy of the Late Mesoproterozoic Atar Group, Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania: Muted isotopic variability, facies correlation, and global isotopic trends. Precambrian Res 200-203:82-103.
136. Kah LC, Knoll AH (1996) Microbenthic distribution in Proterozoic tidal flats: environmental and taphonomic considerations. Geology 24:79-82.
137. Kah LC, Lyons TW, Frank TD (2004) Evidence for low marine sulphate and the protracted oxygenation of the Proterozoic biosphere. Nature 431:834-838.
138. Kah LC, Riding R (2007) Mesoproterozoic carbon dioxide levels inferred from calcified cyanobacteria. Geology 35:799-802.
139. Kappler A, Pasquero C, Konhauser KO, Newman DK (2005) Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by photoautotrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria. Geology 33:865-868.
140. Kasting JF (1987) Theoretical constraints on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere. Precambrian Res 34:205-229.
141. Kasting JF (2001) The rise of atmospheric oxygen. Science 293:819-820.
142. Kasting JF, Eggler DH, Raeburn SP (1993) Mantle redox evolution and the oxidation state of the Archean atmosphere. J Geol 101:245-257.
143. Kasting JF, Siefert JL (2002) Life and the evolution of Earth's atmosphere. Science 296:1066-1068.
144. Kaufman AJ, Johnston DT, Farquhar J, Masterson AL, Lyons TW, Bates S, Anbar AD, Arnold GL, Garvin J, Buick R (2007) Late Archean biospheric oxygenation and atmospheric evolution. Science 317:1900-1903.
145. 2 levels in the Proterozoic atmosphere estimated from analyses of individual microfossils. Nature 425:279-282.
146. Kendall B, Reinhard CT, Lyons TW, Kaufman AJ, Poulton SW, Anbar AD (2010) Pervasive oxygenation along late Archaean ocean margins. Nature Geosci 3:647-652.
147. 13C excursions, and carbonate precipitation. J Sediment Petrol 66:1050-1064.
148. Kennedy MJ, Droser M, Mayer LM, Pevear D, Mrofka D (2006) Late Precambrian oxygenation; inception of the clay mineral factory. Science 311:1446-1449.
149. Kennedy MJ, Runnegar B, Prave AR, Hoffmann KH, Arthur MA (1998) Two or four Neoproterozoic glaciations? Geology 26:1059-1063.
150. Kenney JF, Shnyukov YF, Krayishkin VA, Tchebanenko II, Klochko VP (2001) Dismissal of claims of a biological connection for natural petroleum. Energia 22:26-34.
151. Kenward PA, Goldstein RH, Gonzalez LA, Roberts JA (2009) Precipitation of low temperature dolomite from an anaerobic microbial consortium: the role of methanogenic Archaea. Geobiology 7:556-565.
152. Kerridge JF, Bunch TE (1979) Aqueous activity on asteroids: Evidence from carbonaceous chondrites. In: Asteroids. Garrels T (ed) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 745-764.
153. Kimberley MM (1989) Exhalative origins of iron formations. Ore Geol Rev 5:13-145.
154. Kirschvink JL (1992) A paleogeographic model for Vendian and Cambrian time. In: The Precambrian Biosphere. Schopf JW, Klein C (ed) Cambridge University Press, New York, p 51-52.
155. Klein C (1974) Greenalite, stilpnomelane, minnesotaite, crocidolite, and carbonates in very low-grade metamorphic Precambrian iron-formation. Canadian Mineral 12:475-498.
156. Klein C (2005) Some Precambrian banded iron-formations (BIFs) from around the world: Their age, geologic setting, mineralogy, metamorphism, geochemistry, and origin. Am Mineral 90:1473-1499.
157. Knoll AH (2003) Biomineralization and evolutionary history. Rev Mineral Geochem 54:329-356.
158. Knoll AH, Carroll SB (1999) Early animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science 284:2130-2137.
159. Knoll AH, Javaux EJ, Hewitt D, Cohen P (2006) Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans. Philos Trans R Soc London Biol Sci 361:1023-1038.
160. Konhauser KO, Amskold L, Lalonde SV, Posth NR, Kappler A, Anbar A (2007) Decoupling photochemical Fe(II) oxidation from shallow-water BIF deposition. Earth Planet Sci Lett 258:87-100.
161. Konhauser KO, Hamade T, Raiswell R, Morris RC, Ferris FG, Southam G, Canfield DE (2002) Could bacteria have formed the Precambrian banded iron-formations? Geology 30:1079-1082.
162. Kraft S, Knittle E, Williams Q (1991) Carbonate stability in the Earth's mantle- A vibrational spectroscopic study of aragonite and dolomite at high-pressures and temperatures. J Geophysl Res Solid Earth 96:17997- 18009.
163. Kranz SA, Wolf-Gladrow D, Nehrke G, Langer G, Rost B (2010) Calcium carbonate precipitation induced by the growth of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Limnology and Oceanography 55:2563-2569.
164. th General Meeting of the IMA (IMA2010), Budapest, Hungary, August 21-27, Acta Mineralogica- Petrographica Abstract Series, Szeged 6:763.
165. Kump LR, Barley ME (2007) Increased subaerial volcanism and the rise of atmospheric oxygen 2.5 billion years ago. Nature 448:1033-1036.
166. Kump LR, Kasting JF, Barley ME (2001) Rise of atmospheric oxygen and the "upside down" Archean mantle. Geochem Geophys Geosystems 2:#2000GC000114.
167. Kutcherov VG, Bendiliani NA, Alekseev VA, Kenney JF (2002) Synthesis of hydrocarbons from minerals at pressure up to 5 GPa. Proc Russian Acad Sci 387:789-792.
168. Kvenvolden KA (1995) A review of the geochemistry of methane in natural gas hydrate. Org Geochem 23:997- 1008.
169. Kwok S (2009) Organic matter in space: from star dust to the Solar System. Astrophys Space Sci 319:5-21.
170. La Berge GL (1973) Possible biological origin of Precambrian iron-formations. Econ Geol 68:1098-1109.
171. Langenhorst F, Deutsch A (2012) Shock metamorphism of minerals. Elements 8:31-36.
172. Langenhorst F, Shafranovsky GI, Masaitis VL, Koivisto M (1999) Discovery of impact diamonds in a Fennoscandian crater and evidence for their genesis by solid-state transformation. Geology 27:747-750.
173. Lathe R (2006) Early tides: Response to Varga et al. Icarus 180:277-280.
174. Leclerc J, Weber F (1980) Geology and genesis of the Moanda manganese deposits. In: Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese, volume 2. Varentsov IM, Grasselly G (ed) E Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, p 89-109.
175. Lee MR, Torney C, Owen AW (2007) Magnesium-rich intralensar structures in schizochroal trilobites eyes. Palaeontology 50:1031-1037.
176. Lepot K, Benzerara K, Brown GE, Philippot P (2008) Microbially influenced formation of 2, 724-million-yearold stromatolites. Nature Geosci 1:1-4.
177. London D (2008) Pegmatites. Can Mineral Special Publication 10, 347 p.
178. Lowe DR (1980) Stromatolites 3, 400-Myr old from the Archean of Western Australia. Nature 284:441-443.
179. Lowenstam HA, Weiner S (1989) On Biomineralization. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
180. Lowenstein TK, Timofeeff MN, Brennan ST, Hardie LA, Demicco RV (2001) Oscillations in Phanerozoic seawater chemistry: Evidence from fluid inclusions. Science 294:1086-1088.
181. Lyons TW, Anbar AD, Severmann S, Scott C, Gill BC (2009) Tracking euxinia in the ancient ocean: a multiproxy perspective and Proterozoic case study. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 37:507-534.
182. Lyons TW, Gellatly AM, McGoldrick PJ, Kah LC (2006) Proterozoic sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits and links to evolving global ocean chemistry. Geol Soc Am Memoir 198:169-184.
183. MacPherson GJ (2007) Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in chondritic meteorites. In: Treatise on Geochemistry, Volume 1. Holland HD, Turekian KK (ed) p 201-246.
184. Madhusudhan N, Lee K, Mousis O (2012) A possible carbon-rich interior in Super-Earth 55 Cancrie. Astrophys J Lett 759:L40, doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/759/2/ L40.
185. Manning CE, Shock EL, Sverjensky D (2013) The chemistry of carbon in aqueous fluids at crustal and uppermantle conditions: experimental and theoretical constraints. Rev Mineral Geochem 75:109-148.
186. Martinez I, Perez EMC, Matas J, Gillet P, Vidal G (1998) Experimental investigation of silicate-carbonate system at high pressure and high temperature. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth 103:5143-5163.
187. Martins Z, Alexander CMOD, Orzechowska GE, Fogel ML, Ehrenfreund P (2007) Indigenous amino acids in primitive CR meteorites. Meteorit Planet Sci 42:2125-2136.
188. Masaitis VI, Futergendler SI, Gnevushev MA (1972) Diamonds in impactites of the Popigai meteor crater. All- Union Mineral Soc Proc 1:108-112.
189. Mason B (1967) Extraterrestrial mineralogy. Am Mineral 52:307-325.
190. Mayer LM, Schtik LL, Hardy KR, Wagai R, McCarthy J (2004) Organic matter in small mesopores in sediments and soils. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68:3863-3872.
191. McCollom TM (2013) Laboratory simulations of abiotic hydrocarbon formation in Earth's deep subsurface. Rev Mineral Geochem 75:467-494.
192. McCoy TL (2010) Mineralogical evolution of meteorites. Elements 6:19-24, doi: 10.2113/gselements.6.1.19.
193. McCoy TL, Mittlefehldt DW, Wilson L (2006) Asteroid differentiation. In: Meteorites and the Early Solar System II. Lauretta DS, McSween HY Jr (ed) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 733-746.
194. McMillan M, Downs RT, Stein H, Zimmerman A, Beitscher B, Sverjensky DA, Papineau D, Armstrong J, Hazen RM (2010) Molybdenite mineral evolution: A study of trace elements through time. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs 42 (5):93.
195. Melezhik VA, Fallick AE, Makarikhin VV, Lyubtsov VV (1997) Links between Palaeoproterozoic palaeogeography and rise and decline of stromatolites: Fennoscandian Shield. Precambrian Res 82:311- 348.
196. Merz MUE (1992) The biology of carbonate precipitation by cyanobacteria. Facies 26:81-102.
197. Messenger S, Keller LP, Stadermann FJ, Walker RM, Zinner E (2003) Samples of stars beyond the solar system: Silicate grains in interplanetary dust. Science 300:105-108.
198. Messenger S, Sandford S, Brownlee D (2006) The population of starting materials available for solar system construction. In: Meteorites and the Early Solar System II. Lauretta DS, McSween HY Jr (ed) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 187-207.
199. Meyer C (1985) Ore metals through geologic history. Science 227:1421-1428.
200. Moore SE, Ferrell RE, Abaron P (1992) Diagenetic siderite and other ferroan carbonates in a modern subsiding sequence. J Sed Petrol 62:357-366.
201. Mostefouai S, Hoppe P (2004) Discovery of abundant in situ silicate and spinel grains from red giant stars in a primitive meteorite. Astrophys J 613:L149-L152.
202. Mozley PS (1989) Relation between depositional environment and the elemental composition of early diagenetic siderite. Geology 17:704-706.
203. Murakami T, Utsinomiya S, Imazu Y, Prasadi N (2001) Direct evidence of late Archean to early Proterozoic anoxic atmosphere from a product of 2.5 Ga old weathering. Earth Planet Sci Lett 184:523-528.
204. Nash JT, Granger HC, Adams SS (1981) Geology and concepts of genesis of important types of uranium deposits. Econ Geol 75th Anniversary Volume, p 63-116.
205. Ni H, Keppler H (2013) Carbon in silicate melts. Rev Mineral Geochem 75:251-287.
206. Nittler LR (2003) Presolar stardust in meteorites: Recent advances and scientific frontiers. Earth Planet Sci Lett 209:259-273.
207. 2-rich atmosphere before 1.8 billion years ago. Nature 429:395-399.
208. Olson JM, Blankenship RE (2004) Thinking about the evolution of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Res 80:373- 386.
209. Ono S, Eigenbrode JL, Pavlov AA, Kharecha P, Rumble D III, Kasting JF, Freeman KH (2003) New insights into Archean sulfur cycle from mass-independent sulfur isotope records from the Hamersley Basin, Australia. Earth Planet Sci Lett 213:15-30.
210. Palmer T, Wilson M (2004) Calcite precipitation and dissolution of biogenic aragonite in shallow Ordovician calcite seas. Lethaia 37:417, doi: 10.1080/00241160410002135.
211. Papineau D (2010) Mineral environments of the earliest Earth. Elements 6:25-30.
212. Papineau D, Mojzsis SJ, Coath CD, Karhu JA, McKeegan KD (2005) Multiple sulfur isotopes of sulfides from sediments in the aftermath of Paleoproterozoic glaciations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69:5033-5060.
213. Papineau D, Mojzsis SJ, Schmitt AK (2007) Multiple sulfur isotopes from Paleoproterozoic Huronian interglacial sediments and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Earth Planet Sci Lett 255:188-212.
214. Paris F, Bottom B, Lapeyrie F (1996) In vitro weathering of phlogopite by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil 179:141-150.
215. Pierrehumbert RT (2004) High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation. Nature 429:646-648.
216. Planavsky NJ, McGoldrick P, Scott CT, Chao L, Reinhard CT, Kelly AE, Xuelei C, Bekker A, Love GD, Lyons TW (2011) Widespread iron-rich conditions in the mid-Proterozoic ocean. Nature 477:448-451.
217. Pollock MD, Kah LC, Bartley JK (2006) Morphology of molar-tooth structures in Precambrian carbonates: influence of substrate rheology and implications for genesis. J Sediment Res 76:310-323.
218. Porter SM (2007) Seawater chemistry and early carbonate biomineralization. Science 316:1302, doi: 10.1126/science.1137284.
219. Poulton SW, Canfield DE, Fralick P (2004) The transition to a sulfidic ocean 1.84 billion years ago. Nature 431:173-177.
220. 2. J Chem Thermodyn 34:631-650.
221. Pruss SB, Finnegan S, Fischer WW, Knoll AH (2010) Carbonates in skeleton-poor seas: new insights from Cambrian and Ordovician strata of Laurentia. Palaios 25:73-84.
222. Rasmussen B, Buick R (1999) Redox state of the Archean atmosphere: Evidence from detrital heavy minerals in ca.3250-2750 Ma sandstones from the Pilbara Craton, Australia. Geology 27:115-118.
223. Rasmussen B, Fletcher IR, Brocks JJ, Kilburn MR (2008) Reassessing the first appearance of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria. Nature 455:1101-1104.
224. Ridgwell AJ (2005) A mid-Mesozoic revolution in the regulation of ocean chemistry. Marine Geol 217:339-357.
225. Ridgwell AJ, Kennedy MJ, Caldeira K (2003) Carbonate deposition, climate stability, and Neoproterozoic ice ages. Science 302:859-862.
226. Ridgwell AJ, Zeebe RE (2005) The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system. Earth Planet Sci Lett 234:299-315.
227. Riding R (2002) Microbial carbonates: the geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology 47:179-214.
228. Riding R (2006a) Cyanobacterial calcification, carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, and Proterozoic- Cambrian changes in atmospheric composition. Geobiology 4:299-316.
229. Riding R (2006b) Microbial carbonate abundance compared with fluctuations in metazoan diversity over geological time. Sediment Geol 185:229-238.
230. Riding R, Liang L (2005) Geobiology of microbial carbonates: metazoan and seawater saturation state influences on secular trends during the Phanerozoic. Palaeogeo Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 219:101-115.
231. Ries JB (2010) Review: geological and experimental evidence for secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca (calcitearagonite seas) and its effect on biological calcification. Biogeosciences 7:2795-2849.
232. Ronov AB, Migdisov AA, Barskaya NV (1969) Tectonic cycles and regularities in the development of sedimentary rocks and paleogeographic environments of sedimentation of the Russian platform (an approach to a quantitative study). Sedimentology 13:179-212.
233. Rose NM, Rosing MT, Bridgwater D (1996) The origin of metacarbonate rocks in the Archaean Isua Superacrustal Belt, West Greenland. Am J Sci 296:1004-1044.
234. Ross AJ, Steele A, Fries MD, Kater L, Downes H, Jones AP, Smith CL, Jenniskens PM, Zolensky ME, Shadded MH (2011) MicroRaman spectroscopy of diamond and graphite in Almahata Sitta and comparison with other ureilites. Meteorit Planet Sci 46:364-378.
235. Roy S (2006) Sedimentary manganese metallogenesis in response to the evolution of the Earth system. Earth Sci Rev 77:273-305.
236. Rubin AE (1997a) Mineralogy of meteorite groups. Meteorit Planet Sci 32:231-247.
237. Rubin AE (1997b) Mineralogy of meteorite groups: An update. Meteorit Planet Sci 32:733-734.
238. Rumble D III, Duke EF, Hoering TC (1986) Hydrothermal graphite in New Hampshire: Evidence of carbon mobility during regional metamorphism. Geology 14:452-455.
239. Rumble D III, Hoering TC (1986) Carbon isotope geochemistry of graphite vein deposits from New Hampshire, U. S. A. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 50:1239-1247.
240. Runnegar B (1987) The evolution of mineral skeletons. In: Origin, Evolution, and Modern Aspects of Biomineralization in Plants and Animals. Crick RE (ed) Plenum, New York, p 75-94.
241. Russell SS, Pillinger CT, Arden JW, Lee MR, Ott U (1992) A new type of meteoritic diamond in the enstatite chondrite Abee. Science 256:206-209.
242. Ruzicka A, Snyder GA, Taylor LA (1999) Giant impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon: A critical review of some geochemical evidence. In: Planetary Petrology and Geochemistry. Snyder GA, Neal CR, Ernst WG (ed) Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, p 121-134.
243. Rye R, Kuo PH, Holland HD (1995) Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration before 2.2 billion years ago. Nature 378:603-605.
244. Sagan C, Chyba C (1997) The early faint Sun paradox: Organic shielding of ultraviolet-labile greenhouse gases. Science 276:1217-1221.
245. Sandberg PA (1983) An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic nonskeletal carbonate mineralogy. Nature 305:19-22.
246. 2 in the Phanerozoic and Proterozoic. AGU Monograph 32:585-594.
247. Sangster DF (1972) Precambrian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in Canada: A review. Geol Surv Canada Paper 72-22:1-43.
248. Schmitt-Kopplin P, Gabelica Z, Gougeon RD, Fekete A, Kanawati B, Harir M, Gebefuegi I, Eckel G, Hertkorn N (2010) High molecular diversity of extraterrestrial organic matter in Murchison meteorite revealed 40 years after its fall. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:2763-2768, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912157107.
249. Schwartzman DW, Volk T (1989) Biotic enhancement of weathering and the habitability of Earth. Nature 340:457-460.
250. Sephton MA (2002) Organic compounds in carbonaceous meteorites. Natl Prod Rep 19:292-311.
251. Sephton MA, Hazen RM (2013) On the origins of deep hydrocarbons. Rev Mineral Geochem 75:449-465.
252. Servais T, Harper DAT, Li J, Munnecke A, Owen AW, Sheehan PM (2009) Understanding the Great Ordovician biodiversification Event (GOBE): Influences of paleogeography, paleoclimate, and paleoecology. GSA Today 19:4-10.
253. Seto Y, Hamane D, Nagai T, Fujino F (2008) Fate of carbonates within oceanic plates subducted to the lower mantle, and a possible mechanism of diamond formation. Phys Chem Miner 35:223-229, doi: 10.1007/s00269-008-0215-9.
254. Shen Y, Canfield DE, Knoll AH (2002) Middle Proterozoic ocean chemistry: evidence from the McArthur Basin, Northern Australia. Am J Sci 302:81-109.
255. Shirey SB, Cartigny P, Frost DJ, Keshav S, Nestola F, Nimis P, Pearson DG, Sobolev NV, Walter MJ (2013) Diamonds and the geology of mantle carbon. Rev Mineral Geochem 75:355-421.
256. Shirey SB, Kamber BS, Whitehouse MJ, Mueller PA, Basu AR (2008) A review of the isotopic and trace element evidence for mantle and crustal processes in the Hadean and Archean: Implications for the onset of plate tectonic subduction. In: When Did Plate Tectonics Start on Earth? Condie KC, Pease V (ed) Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, Boulder, Colorado, p 1-30.
257. Shirey SB, Richardson SH (2011) Start of the Wilson cycle at 3 Ga shown by diamonds from the subcontinental mantle. Science 333:434-436, doi: 10.1126/science.1206275.
258. Shock EL, Sassani DC, Betz H (1997a) Uranium in geologic fluids: Estimates of standard partial molal properties, oxidation potentials and hydrolysis constants at high temperatures and pressures. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:4245-4266.
259. Shock EL, Sassani DC, Willis M, Sverjensky DA (1997b) Inorganic species in geologic fluids: Correlations among standard molal thermodynamic properties of aqueous cations, oxyanions, acid oxyanions, oxyacids and hydroxide complexes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:907-950.
260. 60Fe-Light my fire. Meteoritics 27:289.
261. Silver PG, Behn MD (2008) Intermittent plate tectonics. Science 319:85-88.
262. Simkiss K, Wilbur KM (1989) Biomineralization. Academic Press, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
263. Smithies RH, Champion DC (2000) The Archean high-Mg diorite suite: Links to tonalite-trondhjemitegranodiorite magmatism and implications for early Archean crustal growth. J Petrol 41:1653-1671.
264. Smithies RH, Champion DC, Cassidy KF (2003) Formation of Earth's early Archaean continental crust. Precambrian Res 127:89-101.
265. Stanley SM, Hardie LA (1998) Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sedimentproducing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry. Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol 144:3-19.
266. 3 grains from asymptotic giant branch stars. Science 305:1455-1457.
267. Strutt RJ (1910) Measurements of the rate at which helium is produced in thorianite and pitchblende, with a minimum estimate of their antiquity. Proc Royal Soc London A84:379-388.
268. Sumner DW (1997) Carbonate precipitation and oxygen stratification in late Archean seawater as deduced from facies and stratigraphy of the Gamohaan and Frisco Formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Am J Sci 297:455-487.
269. Sumner DY, Grotzinger JP (1996a) Herringbone calcite: Petrography and environmental significance. J Sed Res 66:419-429.
270. Sumner DY, Grotzinger JP (1996b) Were kinetics of Archean calcium carbonate precipitation related to oxygen concentration? Geology 24:119-122.
271. Sumner DY, Grotzinger JP (2004) Implications for Neoarchaean ocean chemistry from primary carbonate mineralogy of the Campbellrand-Malmani Platform, South Africa. Sedimentology 51:1273-1299.
272. Sverjensky DA. Lee N (2010) The Great Oxidation Event and mineral diversification. Elements 6:31-36.
273. Tazaki K (2005) Microbial formation of a halloysite-like mineral. Clays Clay Miner 55:224-233.
274. Thompson CK, Kah LC (2012) Sulfur isotope evidence for widespread euxinia and a fluctuating oxycline in Early to middle Ordovician greenhouse oceans. Palaeogeo, Palaeoclim, Palaeoecol 313:189-214.
275. Thompson JB, Ferris FG (1990) Cyanobacterial precipitation of gypsum, calcite, and magnesite from natural alkaline lake water. Geology 18:995-998.
276. Tkachev AV (2011) Evolution of metallogeny of granitic pegmatites associated with orogens throughout geological time. In: Granite-Related Ore Deposits. Sial AN, Bettencourt JS, De Campos CP, Ferreira VP (ed), Geological Society of London Special Publications 350:7-23.
277. Tomlinson KY, Davis DW, Stone D, Hart T (2003) U-Pb age and Nd isotopic evidence for Archean terrane development and crustal recycling in the south-central Wabigoon Subprovince, Canada. Contrib Mineral Petrol 144:684-702.
278. Tonks WB, Melosh HJ (1993) Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts. J Geophys Res 98:5319-5333.
279. Touboul M, Kleine T, Bourdon B, Plame H, Wieler R (2007) Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals. Nature 450:1206-1209.
280. Tourre SA, Sumner DY (2000) Geochemistry of herringbone calcite from an ancient Egyptian quarry. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs 32:215.
281. Towe KM (2002) The problematic rise of Archean oxygen. Science 295:798-799.
282. Ueno Y, Yamada K, Yoshida N, Maruyama S, Isozaki Y (2006) Evidence from fluid inclusions for microbial methanogenesis in the early Archaean era. Nature 440:516-519.
283. Ueshima M, Tazaki K (1998) Bacterial bio-weathering of K-feldspar and biotite in granite. Clay Sci Japan 38:68-92.
284. Van Kranendonk MJ (2006) Volcanic degassing, hydrothermal circulation and the flourishing of early life on Earth: new evidence from the Warrawoona Group, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Earth Sci Rev 74:197-240.
285. Van Kranendonk MJ (2007) A review of the evidence for putative Paleoarchean life in the Pilbara Craton. In: Earth's Oldest Rocks. Van Kranendonk MJ, Smithies RH, Bennet V (ed), Developments in Precambrian Geology 15, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 855-896.
286. Van Kranendonk MJ (2011) Onset of plate tectonics. Science 333:413-414.
287. Varga P, Rybicki KR, Denis C (2006) Comment on the paper "Fast tidal cycling and the origin of life" by Richard Lathe. Icarus 180:274-276.
288. Veizer J, Bell K, Jansen SL (1992) Temporal distribution of carbonatites. Geology 20:1147-1149.
289. 3 perovskite: A shock-transformed silicate found in a meteorite. Astrophys J 666:L49-L52.
290. Wadhwa M, Srinivasan G, Carlson RW (2006) Timescales of planetary differentiation in the early solar system. In: Meteorites in the Early Solar System II. Lauretta DS, McSween HY Jr (ed) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 715-731.
291. Walter MR (1994) The earliest life on Earth: clues to finding life on Mars. In: Early Life on Earth. Bengtson S (ed), Nobel Symposium 84:270-286. Columbia University Press, New York.
292. Walter MR, Buick R, Dunlop JSR (1980) Stromatolites 3, 400-3, 500 Myr old from the North-Pole area, Western- Australia. Nature 284:443-445.
293. Weisberg MK, McCoy TJ, Krot AN (2006) Systematics and evolution of meteorite classification. In: Meteorites and the Early Solar System II. Lauretta DS, McSween HY Jr (ed), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 19-52.
294. Wenk HR, Bulakh A (2004) Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin. Cambridge University Press, New York.
295. Westall F, de Vries ST, Nijman W, Rouchon V, Orberger B, Pearson V, Watson J, Verchovsky A, Wright I, Rouzaud JN, Marchesini D, Severine A (2006) The 3.466 Ga "Kitty's Gap Cheil", an early Archean microbial ecosystem. Geol Soc Am, Special Paper 405:105-131.
296. Wilkinson BH, Givens KR (1986) Secular variation in abiotic marine carbonates: Constraints on Phanerozoic atmospheric carbon dioxide contents and oceanic Mg/Ca ratios. J Geol 94:321-333.
297. Wilks ME, Nisbet EG (1988) Stratigraphy of the Steep Rock Group, northwest Ontario: a major Archaean unconformity and Archaean stromatolites. Canadian J Earth Sci 25:370-391.
298. Williams JP, Blitz L, McKee CF (2000). The structure and evolution of molecular clouds: from clumps to cores to the IMF. Protostars and Planets IV. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 97.
299. Workman RK, Hart SR (2005) Major and trace element composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM). Earth Planet Sci Lett 231:53-72.
300. Young GM (1976) Iron-formation and glaciogenic rocks of the Rapitan Group, Northwest Territories, Canada. Precambrian Res 3:137-158.
301. Young GM (1995) Are Neoproterozoic glacial deposits preserved on the margins of Laurentia related to the fragmentation of two supercontinents? Geology 23:153-156.
302. Zegers TE (2004) Granite formation and emplacement as indicators of Archean tectonic processes. In: The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events. Eriksson PG, Altermann W, Nelson DR, Mueller WU, Catuneau O (ed), Elsevier, New York, p 103-118.
303. Zerkle AL, Claire MW, Domagal-Goldman SD (2012) A bistable organic-rich atmosphere on the Neoarchaean Earth. Nature Geosci 5:359-363.
304. Zhabin AG (1981) Is there evolution of mineral speciation on Earth? Doklady Earth Science Sections 247:142- 144.
305. Zhu YF, Ogasawara Y (2002) Carbon recycled into deep Earth: Evidence from dolomite dissociation in subduction-zone rocks. Geology 30:947-950.