Multi-paddock grazing on rangelands: Why the perceptual dichotomy between research results and rancher experience?

Journal of Environmental Management

Volumn 128, Issue , 2013, Pages 699-717

  Teague, Richard ^a,b   Provenza, Fred ^c   Kreuter, Urs ^a   Steffens, Tim ^d   Barnes, Matt ^e  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d USDA NRCS   (United States)

^e Shining Horizons Land Management   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive management; Grazed ecosystems; Grazing systems; Rangeland restoration; Science and management; Socio ecological resilience

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ANIMALS; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT;

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; GRAZED ECOSYSTEM; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; GRAZING SYSTEMS; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; RANGELAND ECOSYSTEM; RANGELAND RESTORATION; SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT; SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL; SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE;

ECOSYSTEMS;

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; DECISION MAKING; ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION; GRAZING; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; HERBIVORE; LIVESTOCK FARMING; RANCHING; RANGELAND; RESEARCH WORK; SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY;

ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; HERBIVORE; HUMAN; LIVESTOCK; NONHUMAN; PRODUCTIVITY; RANGELAND; REVIEW;

EID: 84880355734     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: 10958630     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.064     Document Type: Review

References (212)

1. Adler P.B., Milchunas D.G., Lauenroth W.K., Sala O.E., Burke I.C. Functional traits of graminoids in semi-arid steppes: a test of grazing histories. Journal of Applied Ecology 2004, 41:653-663.
2. Adler P.B., Milchunas D.G., Sala O.E., Burke I.C., Lauenroth W.K. Plant traits and ecosystem grazing effects: comparison of U.S. sagebrush steppe and Patagonian steppe. Ecological Applications 2005, 15:774-792.
3. Anderson D.M. Seasonal stocking of tobosa managed under continuous and rotation grazing. Journal of Range Management 1988, 41:78-83.
4. Archibald S., Bond W.J., Stock W.D., Fairbanks D.H.K. Shaping the landscape, fire-grazer interactions in an African savanna. Ecological Applications 2005, 15:96-109.
5. Ash A.J., Stafford-Smith D.M. Evaluating stocking rate impacts in rangelands, animals don't practice what we preach. Rangeland Journal 1996, 18:216-243.
6. Bailey D.W., Welling G.R. Evaluation of low-moisture blocks and conventional dry mixes for supplementing minerals and modifying cattle grazing patterns. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2007, 60:54-64.
7. Bailey D.W., Provenza F.D. Mechanisms determining large-herbivore distribution. Resource Ecology, Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Foraging 2008, 7-28. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. H.T.T. Prins, F. van Langevelde (Eds.).
8. Bailey D.W., VanWagoner H.C., Weinmeister R., Jensen D. Evaluation of low-stress herding and supplement placement for managing cattle grazing in riparian and upland areas. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2008, 61:26-37.
9. Bakker J.P., de Leeuw J.F., Von Weiren S.E. Micro-patterns in grassland vegetation created and sustained by sheep. Vegetatio 1983, 55:153-161.
10. Barnes D.L., Denny R.P. Acomparison of continuous and rotational grazing on veld at two stocking rates. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa 1991, 8:168-173.
11. Barnes M.K., Norton B.E., Maeno M., Malechek J.C. Paddock size and stocking density affect spatial heterogeneity of grazing. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2008, 61:380-388.
12. Beukes P.C., Cowling R.M., Higgins S.I. An ecological economic simulation model of a non-selective grazing system in the Nama Karoo, South Africa. Ecological Economics 2002, 42:221-242.
13. Beukes P.C., Cowling R.M. Non-selective grazing impacts on soil properties of the Nama Karoo. Journal of Range Management 2003, 56:547-552.
14. Biondini M.E., Manske L.L. Grazing frequency and ecosystem processes in a northern mixed prairie, USA. Ecological Applications 1996, 5:239-256.
15. Bissonette J.A. Scale-sensitive ecological properties. Wildlife and Landscape Ecology 1997, 3-31. Springer, New York. J.A. Bissonette (Ed.).
16. Booysen P.deV. Aphysiological approach to research in pasture management. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 1966, 4:77-96.
17. Booysen P.deV. An evaluation of the fundamentals of grazing systems. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 1969, 4:84-91.
18. Booysen P.de V., Tainton N.M. Grassland management, principles and practice in South Africa. Proceedings 1st International Rangeland Congress, Denver Colorado 1978, 551-554.
19. Bradford D. Holistic resource management in the West Elks - why it works. Rangelands 1998, 20:6-9.
20. Briske D.D. Developmental morphology and physiology of grasses. Grazing Management: an Ecological Perspective 1991, 85-108. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. R.K. Heitschmidt, J.W. Stuth (Eds.).
21. Briske D., Derner J., Brown J., Fuhlendorf S., Teague R., Gillen B., Ash A., Havstad K., Willms W. Benefits of rotational grazing on rangelands: an evaluation of the experimental evidence. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2008, 61:3-17.
22. Briske D.D., Sayre N.F., Huntsinger L., Fernandez-Gimenez M., Budd B., Derner J.D. Origin, persistence, and resolution of the rotational grazing debate: integrating human dimensions into rangeland research. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2011, 64:325-334.
23. Bryant J.P., Chapin F.S., Kline D.R. Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory. Oikos 1983, 40:357-368.
24. Bryant F.C., Dahl B.E., Pettit R.D., Britton C.M. Does short-duration grazing work in arid and semiarid regions?. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 1989, 44:290-296.
25. Bryant J.P., Provenza F.D., Pastor J., Reichardt P.B., Clausen T.P., DuToit J.T. Interactions between woody plants and browsing mammals mediated by secondary metabolites. Annual Review of Ecological Systems 1991, 22:431-446.
26. Butler P.J. Cattle distribution under intensive herded management. Rangelands 2000, 22:21-23.
27. Burboa-Cabrera F.R., Schacht W.H., Anderson B.E. Utilization and grazing distribution of cattle at 4 stocking densities. Journal of Range Management 2003, 56:328-333.
28. Burke I.C., Lauenroth W.K., Vinton M.A., Hook P.B., Kelly R.H., Epstein H.E., Aguiar M.R., Robles M.D., Aguilera M.O., Murphy K.L., Gill R.A. Plant-soil interactions in temperate grasslands. Biogeochemistry 1998, 42:121-143.
29. Burrell G., Morgan G. Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis 1979, Helnemann, London.
30. Caldwell M.M., Richards J.H., Johnson D.A., Nowak R.S., Dzurec R.S. Coping with herbivory, photosynthetic capacity and resource allocation in two semiarid Agropyron bunchgrasses. Oecologia 1981, 50:14-24.
31. Caldwell M.M. Plant requirements for prudent grazing. Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management 1984, 117-152. Westview, Boulder.
32. Cassels D.M., Gillen R.L., McCollum F.T., Tate K.W., Hodges M.E. Effects of grazing management on standing crop dynamics in tallgrass prairie. Journal of Range Management 1995, 48:81-84.
33. Cingolani A.M., Anchorena J., Stoffella S.L., Collantes M.B. Alandscape-scale model for optimal management of sheep grazing in the Magellanic steppe. Applied Vegetation Science 2002, 5:159-166.
34. Coley P.D., Bryant J.P., Chapin F.S. Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science 1985, 230:895-899.
35. Coughenour M.B., McNaughton S.J., Wallace L.L. Responses of an African graminoid (Themeda triandra Forsk.) to frequent defoliation, nitrogen and water: a limit of the adaptation to herbivory. Oecologia 1985, 68:105-111.
36. Cook C.W., Stoddart L.A. Effect of intensity and season of use on the vigor of desert range. Journal of Rangeland Management 1963, 16:315-317.
37. Coughenour M.B. Spatial components of plant-herbivore interactions in pastoral, ranching, and native ungulate ecosystems. Journal of Range Management 1991, 44:530-542.
38. Cullan A.P., Reece P.E., Schacht W.H. Early summer grazing effects on defoliation and tiller demography of prairie sandreed. Journal of Range Management 1999, 52:447-453.
39. Daily G.C. Natures services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Introduction: What Are Ecosystem Services? 1997, 1-10. Island Press, Washington. G.C. Daily (Ed.).
40. Danckwerts J.E. Towards Improving Livestock Production off Sweet Grassveld 1984, PhD. thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
41. Danckwerts J.E., O'Reagain P.J., O'Connor T.G. Range management in a changing environment, a southern African perspective. Rangeland Journal 1993, 15:133-144.
42. De Bello F., Leps J., Sebastià M.-T. Predictive value of plant traits to grazing along a climatic gradient in the Mediterranean. Journal of Applied Ecology 2005, 42:824-833.
43. Denny R.P., Barnes D.L. Trials of multi-paddock grazing systems on veld 3. A comparison of six grazing procedures at two stocking rates. Rhodesian Journal of Agricultural Research 1977, 15:129-143.
44. Derner J.D., Hart R.H. Grazing-induced modifications to peak standing crop in northern mixed grass prairie. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2007, 60:270-276.
45. Derner J.D., Hart R.H. Livestock and vegetation responses to rotational grazing in shortgrass steppe. Western North American Naturalist 2007, 67:359-367.
46. Derner J.D., Gillen R.L., McCollum F.T., Tate K.W. Little bluestem tiller defoliation patterns under continuous and rotational grazing. Journal of Range Management 1994, 47:220-225.
47. Diaz-Solis H., Kothmann M.M., Hamilton W.T., Grant W.E. Asimple ecological sustainability simulator (SESS) for stocking rate management on semi-arid grazinglands. Agricultural Systems 2003, 76:655-680.
48. Diaz-Solis H., Grant W.E., Kothmann M.M., Teague W.R., Díaz-García J.A. Adaptive management of stocking rates to reduce effects of drought on cow-calf production systems in semi-arid grazinglands. Agricultural Systems 2009, 100:43-50.
49. Earl J.M., Jones C.E. The need for a new approach to grazing management - is cell grazing the answer?. Rangeland Journal 1996, 18:327-350.
50. Fisher C.E., Marion P.T. Continuous and rotation grazing on buffalo and tobosa grassland. Journal of Range Management 1951, 4:48-51.
51. Fourie J.H., Engels E.A.N. Influence of stocking rate and grazing systems on available grazing in the northern Cape. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa 1985, 2:24-26.
52. Fourie J.H., Engels E.A.N. Herbage intake by cattle on Tarchonanthus veld in the northern Cape as affected by stocking rate and grazing system. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa 1986, 3:85-89.
53. Frank D.A., Groffman P.A. Ungulate vs. landscape control of soil C and N processes in grasslands of Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 1998, 79:2229-2241.
54. Frank D.A., McNaughton S.J., Tracy B.F. The ecology of the Earth's grazing ecosystems. BioScience 1998, 48:513-521.
55. Frost P. Toward a radical framework for practicing organizational science. Academy of Management Review 1980, 5:501-507.
56. Fuhlendorf S.D., Harrell W.C., Engle D.M., Hamilton R.G., Davis C.A., Leslie D.M. Should heterogeneity be the basis for conservation? Grassland bird response to fire and grazing. Ecological Applications 2006, 16:1706-1716.
57. Fuls E.R. Ecosystem modification created by patch-overgrazing in semi-arid grassland. Journal of Arid Environments 1992, 23:59-69.
58. Gammon D.M., Roberts B.R. Patterns of defoliation during continuous and rotational grazing of the Matopos Sandveld of Rhodesia. 1. Selectivity of grazing. Rhodesia Journal of Agricultural Research 1978, 16:117-131.
59. Gerrish J. Management-intensive Grazing, the Grassroots of Grass Farming 2004, Green Park Press, Ridgeland, Missouri.
60. Gillen R.L., McCollum F.T., Tate K.W., Hodges M.E. Tallgrass prairie response to grazing system and stocking rate. Journal of Range Management 1998, 51:139-146.
61. Gioia D.A., Pitre E. Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building. The Academy of Management Review 1990, 15:584-602.
62. Gowdy J.M., Carbonell F.A. Toward consilience between biology and economics: the contribution of Ecological Economics. Ecological Economics 1999, 29:337-348.
63. Grice A.C., Hodgkinson K.C. Challenges for rangeland people. Global Rangelands: Progress and Prospects 2002, 1-11. CABI Publishing, New York. A.C. Grice, K.C. Hodgkinson (Eds.).
64. Hahn B.D., Richardson F.D., Starfield A.M. Frame-based modeling as a method of simulating rangeland production systems in the long term. Agricultural Systems 1999, 62:29-49.
65. Hamilton E.W., Frank D.A. Can plants stimulate soil microbes and their own nutrient supply? Evidence from a grazing tolerant grass. Ecology 2001, 82:2397-2402.
66. Hart R.H., Clapp S., Test P.S. Grazing Strategies, stocking rates, and frequency and intensity of grazing on western wheatgrass and blue grama. Journal of Range Management 1993, 46:122-126.
67. Hart R.H., Bissio J., Samuel M.J., Waggoner J.W. Grazing systems, pasture size, and cattle grazing behavior, distribution and gains. Journal of Range Management 1993, 46:81-87.
68. Hart R.H., Samuel M.J., Test P.S., Smith M.A. Cattle, vegetation, and economic responses to grazing systems and grazing pressure. Journal of Range Management 1988, 41:282-286.
69. Heady H.F. Continuous vs. specialized grazing systems: a review and application to California annual type. Journal of Range Management 1961, 14:182-193.
70. Heitschmidt R.K., Conner J.R., Canon S.K., Pinchak W.E., Walker J.W., Dowhower S.L. Cow-calf production and economic returns from yearlong continuous, deferred rotation and rotational grazing treatments. Journal of Production Agriculture 1990, 3:92-99.
71. Heitschmidt R.K., Dowhower S.L., Walker J.W. 14- vs. 42-paddock rotational grazing: aboveground biomass dynamics, forage production, and harvest efficiency. Journal of Range Management 1987, 40:216-223.
72. Heitschmidt R.K., Dowhower S.L., Gordon R.A., Price D.L. Response of vegetation to livestock grazing at the Texas Experimental Ranch. Journal of Range Management 1985, 35:204-210.
73. Heitschmidt R.K., Dowhower S.L., Walker J.W. Some effects of a rotational grazing treatment on quantity and quality of available forage and amount of ground litter. Journal of Range Management 1987, 40:318-321.
74. Heitschmidt R.K., Frasure J.R., Price D.L., Rittenhouse L.R. Short duration grazing at the Texas Experimental Ranch: weight gains of growing heifers. Journal of Range Management 1982, 35:375-379.
75. Heitschmidt R.K., Kothmann M.M., Rawlins W.J. Cow-calf response to stocking rates, grazing systems, and winter supplementation at the Texas Experimental Ranch. Journal of Range Management 1982, 35:204-210.
76. Heitschmidt R.K., Taylor C.A. Livestock production. Grazing Management: an Ecological Perspective 1991, 161-177. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. R.K. Heitschmidt, J.W. Stuth (Eds.).
77. Hendrickson J.R., Moser L.E., Reece P.E. Tiller recruitment patterns and biennial tiller production in prairie sandreed. Journal of Range Management 2000, 53:537-543.
78. Hepworth K.W., Test P.S., Hart R.H., Waggoner J.W., Smith M.A. Grazing systems, stocking rates, and cattle behavior in southeastern Wyoming. Journal of Range Management 1991, 44:259-262.
79. Herms D.A., Mattson W.J. The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend. Quarterly Review of Biology 1992, 67:283-335.
80. Hirschfeld D.J., Kirby D.R., Caton J.S., Silcox S.S., Olson K.C. Influence of grazing management on intake and composition of cattle diets. Journal of Range Management 1996, 49:257-263.
81. Holechek J.L., Gomez H., Molinar F., Galt D. Grazing studies, what we've learned. Rangelands 1999, 21:12-16.
82. Holechek J.L., Gomes H., Molinar F., Galt D., Valdez R. Short duration grazing, the facts in 1999. Rangelands 2000, 22:18-22.
83. Holechek J.L., Berry T.J., Vavra M. Grazing system influences on cattle performance on mountain range. Journal of Range Management 1987, 40:55-59.
84. Holechek J.L., Pieper R.D., Herbel C.H. Range Management, Principles and Practices 2004, 624. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. fifth ed.
85. Holland E.A., Parton W.J., Detling J.K., Coppock D.L. Physiological responses of plant populations to herbivory and other consequences of ecosystem nutrient flow. American Naturalist 1992, 140:685-706.
86. Holling C.S., Meffe G.K. Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Conservation Biology 1996, 10:328-337.
87. Howell J. For the Love of Land, Global Case Studies of Grazing in Nature's Image 2008, BookSurge Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina.
88. Hulbert L.C. Fire and litter effects in an undisturbed bluestem prairie in Kansas. Ecology 1969, 50:874-877.
89. Hulbert L.C. Causes of fire effects in tallgrass prairie. Ecology 1988, 69:46-58.
90. Hubbard W.A. Rotational grazing studies in western Canada. Journal of Range Management 1951, 4:25-29.
91. Hui J., Chen L. Apiecewise smooth rangeland grazing model shows that setting recovery period of plant is beneficial to prevent overgrazing. Journal of Biological Systems 2006, 14:231-242.
92. Hyder D.N., Sawyer W.A. Rotation-deferred grazing as compared to season-long grazing on sagebrush-bunchgrass ranges in Oregon. Journal of Range Management 1951, 4:30-34.
93. Illius A.W., O'Connor T.G. On the relevance of non-equilibrium concepts to arid and semi-arid grazing systems. Ecological Applications 1999, 9:798-813.
94. Isacch J.P., Cardoni D.A. Different grazing strategies are necessary to conserve endangered grassland birds in short and tall salty grasslands of the flooding pampas. The Condor 2011, 113:724-734.
95. Jacobo E.J., Rodríguez A.M., Bartoloni N., Deregibus V.A. Rotational grazing effects on rangeland vegetation at a farm scale. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2006, 59:249-257.
96. Kellner K., Bosch O.J.H. Influence of patch formation in determining stocking rate for southern African grasslands. Journal of Arid Environments 1992, 22:99-105.
97. Kirby D.R., Pessin M.F., Clambey G.K. Disappearance of forage under short duration and season long grazing. Journal of Range Management 1986, 39:496-500.
98. Knight Jan C., Kothmann M.M., Mathis G.W., Hinnant R.T. Cow-calf production with alternative grazing systems. Journal of Production Agriculture 1990, 3:407-414.
99. Kothmann M.M., Mathis G.W., Waldrip W.J. Cow-calf response to stocking rate and grazing systems on native range. Journal of Range Management 1971, 24:100-105.
100. Kreuter U.P., Brockett G.M., Lyle A.D., Tainton N.M., Bransby D.I. Evaluation of veld potential in east Griqualand using beef cattle under two grazing management systems. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa 1984, 1:5-10.
101. Kuhn T.S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 1970, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
102. Launchbaugh K.L., Howery L.D. Understanding landscape use patterns of livestock as a consequence of foraging behavior. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2005, 58:99-108.
103. Laycock W.A., Conrad P.W. Responses of vegetation and cattle to various systems of grazing on seeded and native mountain rangelands in Eastern Utah. Journal of Range Management 1981, 34:52-58.
104. Louda S.M., Keeler K.H., Holt R.D. Herbivore influences on plant performance and competitive interactions. Perspectives in Plant Competition 1990, 414-444. Academic Press, New York, USA. J.B. Grace, D. Tilman (Eds.).
105. Lyman T.D., Provenza F.D., Villalba J.J., Wiedmeier R.D. Phytochemical complementarities among endophyte-infected tall fescue, reed canarygrass, birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa affect cattle foraging. Journal of Animal Science 2012, 6:676-682.
106. Maeda S., Yonetani T. Optimum cutting stage of forage plants, II. Seasonal changes in CGR and average productivity in Italian ryegrass populations. Journal of Japan Grassland Science 1978, 24:10-16.
107. Manley W.A., Hart R.H., Samuel M.J., Smith M.A., Waggoner J.W., Manley J.T. Vegetation, cattle, and economic responses to grazing strategies and pressures. Journal of Range Management 1997, 50:638-646.
108. Martin S.C., Severson K.E. Vegetation response to the Santa Rita grazing system. Journal of Range Management 1988, 41:291-295.
109. Martin S.C., Ward D.E. Perennial grasses respond inconsistently to alternate year seasonal rest. Journal of Range Management 1976, 29:346.
110. McCollum F.T., Gillen R.L., Karges B.R., Hodges M.E. Stocker cattle response to grazing management in tallgrass prairie. Journal of Range Management 1999, 52:120-126.
111. McCosker T. The dichotomy between research results and practical experience with time control grazing. Australian Rural Science Annual 1994, 26-31.
112. McIlvain E.H., Savage D.A. Eight-year comparisons of continuous and rotational grazing on the Southern Plains Experimental Range. Journal of Range Management 1951, 4:42-47.
113. McIvor J.G. Pasture management in semi-tropical woodlands, dynamics of perennial grasses. Rangeland Journal 2007, 29:87-100.
114. McNaughton S.J., Oesterheld M., Frank D.A., Williams K.J. Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature 1989, 341:142-144.
115. Mencke J.W., Trlica M.J. Carbohydrate reserve, phenology, and growth cycles of nine Colorado range species. Journal of Range Management 1981, 34:269-277.
116. Mencke J.W., Trlica M.J. Effects of single and sequential defoliations on the carbohydrate reserves of four range species. Journal of Range Management 1983, 36:70-74.
117. Merrill L.B. Avariation of deferred rotation grazing for use under southwest range conditions. Journal of Range Management 1954, 7:152-154.
118. Meuret M. Un Savoir-faire de Bergers 2010, Versailles and Dijon, France.
119. Milchunas D.G., Lauenroth W.K. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological Monographs 1993, 63:327-366.
120. Morris C.D., Tainton N.M. Long-term effects of different rotational grazing schedules on the productivity and floristic composition of Tall Grassveld in KwaZulu-Natal. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 1991, 13:24-28.
121. Mullahey J.J., Waller S.S., Moser L.E. Defoliation effects on production and morphological development of little bluestem. Journal of Range Management 1990, 43:497-500.
122. Mullahey J.J., Waller S.S., Reece P.E. Defoliation effects on yield and bud and tiller numbers of two sandhills grasses. Journal of Range Management 1991, 44:241-245.
123. Müller B., Frank K., Wissel C. Relevance of rest periods in non-equilibrium rangeland systems - a modeling analysis. Agricultural Systems 2007, 92:295-317.
124. Naeth N.A., Bailey A.W., Pluth D.J., Chanasyk D.S., Hardin R.T. Grazing impacts on litter and soil organic matter is mixed prairie and fescue grassland ecosystems of Alberta. Journal of Range Management 1991, 44:7-12.
125. Norton B.E. The application of grazing management to increase sustainable livestock production. Animal Production in Australia 1998, 22:15-26.
126. Norton B.E. Spatial management of grazing to enhance both livestock production and resource condition: a scientific argument. Proc. VII International Rangeland Congress, Durban, South Africa 2003, 810-820. N. Allsopp, A.R. Palmer, S.J. Milton, K.P. Kirkman, G.I.H. Kerley, C.R. Hurt, C.J. Brown (Eds.).
127. O'Connor T.G. Patterns of plant selection by grazing cattle in two savanna grasslands: a plant's eye view. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa 1992, 9:97-104.
128. Oesterheld M., Sala O.E., McNaughton S.J. Effect of animal husbandry on herbivore carrying capacity at the regional scale. Nature 1992, 356:234-236.
129. Olff H., Ritchie M.E. Effects of herbivores on grassland diversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1998, 13:261-265.
130. O'Reagain P.J., Turner J.R. An evaluation of the empirical basis for grazing management recommendations for rangeland in South Africa. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa 1992, 9:38-49.
131. Owens J., Provenza F.D., Wiedmeier R.D., Villalba J.J. Supplementing endophyte-infected tall fescue or reed canarygrass with alfalfa or birdsfoot trefoil increases forage intake and digestibility by sheep. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2012, 92:676-682.
132. Owensby C.E., Smith E.F., Anderson K.L. Deferred-rotation grazing with steers in the Kansas Flint Hills. Journal of Range Management 1973, 26:393-395.
133. Pickett S.T.A., White P.S. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics 1985, Academic Press, Boston.
134. Pielou E.C. After the Ice Age: the Return of Life to Glaciated North America 1991, The Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
135. Pieper R.D. Ecological implications of livestock grazing. Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West 1994, 177-211. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado. M. Vavra, W.A. Laycock, R.D. Pieper (Eds.).
136. Pinchak W.E., Teague W.R., Ansley R.J., Waggoner J.A., Dowhower S.L. Integrated grazing and prescribed fire restoration strategies in a mesquite Savanna: III. Cow-calf production responses. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2010, 63:298-307.
137. Pitts J.S., Bryant F.C. Steer and vegetation response to short duration and continuous grazing. Journal of Range Management 1987, 40:386-389.
138. Pluhar J.J., Knight R.W., Heitschmidt R.K. Infiltration rates and sediment production as influenced by grazing systems in the Texas rolling plains. Journal of Range Management 1987, 40:240-243.
139. Popper K.R. The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1959, Routledge, London. First English ed.
140. Provenza F.D. Viewpoint, range science and range management are complementary but distinct endeavors. Journal of Range Management 1991, 44:181-183.
141. Provenza F.D. Science, myth, and the management of natural resources. Rangelands 2000, 22:33-36.
142. Provenza F.D. What does it mean to be locally adapted and who cares anyway?. Journal of Animal Science 2008, 86:271-284.
143. Provenza F.D. Foraging Behavior: Managing to Survive in a World of Change 2003, 63. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. http://behave.net/products/booklet.html.
144. Provenza F.D. Twenty-five years of paradox in plant-herbivore interactions and "sustainable" grazing management. Rangelands 2003, 25:4-15.
145. Provenza F.D., Villalba J.J., Dziba L.E., Atwood S.B., Banner R.E. Linking herbivore experience, varied diets, and plant biochemical diversity. Small Ruminant Research 2003, 49:257-274.
146. Provenza F.D., Villalba J.J., Bryant J.P. Foraging by herbivores, linking the biochemical diversity of plants with herbivore culture and landscape diversity. Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Linking Theory with Practice 2003, 387-421. Island Press, New York. J.A. Bissonette, I. Storch (Eds.).
147. Ratliff R.D. Cattle responses to continuous and seasonal grazing of California annual grassland. Journal of Range Management 1986, 39:482-485.
148. Reardon P.O., Merrill L.B. Vegetative response under various grazing management systems in the Edwards Plateau of Texas. Journal of Range Management 1976, 29:195-198.
149. Reece P.E., Brummer J.E., Engel R.K., Northrup B.K., Nichols J.T. Grazing date and frequency effects on prairie sandreed and sand bluestem. Journal of Range Management 1996, 49:112-116.
150. Reed F., Roath R., Bradford D. The grazing response index, a simple and effective method to evaluate grazing impacts. Rangelands 1999, 4:3-6.
151. Rice E.L., Parenti R.L. Causes of decreases in productivity in undisturbed tall grass prairie. American Journal of Botany 1978, 65:1091-1097.
152. Rogler G.A. Atwenty-five year comparison of continuous and rotation grazing in the northern plains. Journal of Range Management 1951, 4:35-41.
153. Roshier D.A., Nicol H.I. Implications of spatio-temporal variation in forage production and utilization for animal productivity in extensive grazing systems. Rangeland Journal 1998, 20:3-25.
154. Sanjari G., Ghadiri H., Ciesiolka C.A.A., Yu B. Comparing the effects of continuous and time-controlled grazing systems on soil characteristics in Southeast Queensland. Australian Journal of Soil Research 2008, 46:348-358.
155. Savadogo P., Savadogo L., Tiveau D. Effects of grazing intensity and prescribed fire on soil physical properties and pasture yield in the savanna woodlands of Burkina Faso. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 2007, 118:80-92.
156. Savory A. The savory grazing method or holistic resource management. Rangelands 1983, 5:155-159.
157. Savory A., Butterfield J. Holistic Management, a New Framework for Decision Making 1999, 616. Island Press, Washington, D.C. second ed.
158. Sayre N.F. The New Ranch Handbook: a Guide to Restoring Western Rangelands 2001, Quivira Coalition, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
159. Senft R.L., Rittenhouse L.R., Woodmansee R.G. Factors influencing patterns of cattle behavior on shortgrass steppe. Journal of Range Management 1985, 38:82-87.
160. Senft R.L. Hierarchical foraging models: effects of stocking and landscape composition on simulated resource use by cattle. Ecological Modelling 1989, 46:283-303.
161. Senge P.M. The Fifth Discipline: the Art and Practice of the Learning Organization 1994, 445. Currency Doubleday, New York.
162. Shaw R.A., Villalba J.J., Provenza F.D. Resource availability and quality influence patterns of diet mixing by sheep. Journal of Chemical Ecology 2006, 32:1267-1278.
163. Smoliak S. Effects of deferred-rotation and continuous grazing on yearling steer gains and shortgrass prairie vegetation of southeastern Alberta. Journal of Range Management 1960, 3:239-243.
164. Snyman H.A., du Preez C.C. Rangeland degradation in a semi-arid South Africa-II. Influence on soil quality. Journal of Arid Environments 2005, 60:483-507.
165. Starfield A.M., Bleloch A.L. Building Models for Conservation and Wildlife Management 1985, MacMillan, New York.
166. Steffens T.R., Barnes M.K., Rittenhouse L.R. Graze period and stocking rate, not stock density determines livestock nutrient intake 2009, Proceedings of the 4th National Conference on Grazinglands, December 13-16th 2009, Reno Nevada.
167. Stinner D.H., Stinner B.R., Martsolf E. Biodiversity as an organizing principle in agroecosystem management, case studies of holistic resource management practitioners in the USA. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 1997, 62:199-213.
168. Stuart Hill G., Mentis M. Co-evolution of African grasses. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 1982, 17:122-128.
169. Stuth J.W. Foraging behavior. Grazing Management: an Ecological Perspective 1991, 65-83. Timberland Press, Portland, Oregon. R.K. Heitschmidt, J.W. Stuth (Eds.).
170. Tainton N.M., Aucamp A.J., Danckwerts J.E. Principles of managing veld. Veld Management in South Africa 1999, 169-193. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. N.M. Tainton (Ed.).
171. Taylor C.A., Kothmann M.M., Merrill L.B., Elledge D. Diet selection by cattle under high-intensity low-frequency, short duration, and Merrill grazing systems. Journal of Range Management 1980, 33:428-434.
172. Taylor C.A., Brooks T.D., Garza N.E. Effects of short duration and high-intensity, low-frequency grazing systems on forage production and composition. Journal of Range Management 1993, 46:118-121.
173. Teague W.R., Dowhower S.L. Do life history traits predict responses todefoliation in co-occurring prairie grasses. Applied Vegetation Science 2001, 4:267-276.
174. Teague W.R., Dowhower S.L., Waggoner J.A. Drought and grazing patch dynamics under different grazing management. Journal of Arid Environments 2004, 58:97-117.
175. Teague W.R., Foy J.K. Can the SPUR rangeland simulation model enhance understanding of field experiments?. Arid Land Research and Management 2004, 18:217-228.
176. Teague W.R., Grant W.E., Kreuter U.P., Diaz-Solis H., Dube S., Kothmann M.M., Pinchak W.E., Ansley R.J. An ecological economic simulation model for assessing fire and grazing management effects on mesquite rangelands in Texas. Ecological Economics 2008, 64:612-625.
177. Teague W.R., Kreuter U.P., Grant W.E., Diaz-Solis H., Kothmann M.M. Economic implications of maintaining rangeland ecosystem health in a semi-arid savanna. Ecological Economics 2009, 68:1417-1429.
178. Teague W.R., Provenza F.D., Norton B.E., Steffens T., Barnes M.K., Kothmann M.M., Roath R.L. Benefits of multi-paddock grazing management on rangelands: limitations of experimental grazing research and knowledge gaps. Grasslands: Ecology, Management and Restoration 2009, 41-80. Nova Science, New York. H.G. Schroder (Ed.).
179. Teague W.R., Dowhower S.L., Baker S.A., Ansley R.J., Kreuter U.P., Conover D.M., Waggoner J.A. Soil and herbaceous plant responses to summer patch burns under continuous and rotational grazing. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 2010, 137:113-123.
180. Teague W.R., Dowhower S.L., Ansley R.J., Pinchak W.E., Waggoner J.A. Integrated grazing and prescribed fire restoration strategies in a mesquite Savanna: I. Vegetation responses. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2010, 63:275-285.
181. Teague W.R., Dowhower S.L., Baker S.A., Haile N., DeLaune P.B., Conover D.M. Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 2011, 141:310-322.
182. Thurow T.L., Blackburn W.H., Taylor C.A. Some vegetation responses to selected livestock grazing strategies, Edwards Plateau, Texas. Journal of Range Management 1988, 41:108-113.
183. Thurow T. Hydrology and erosion. Grazing Management: an Ecological Perspective 1991, 141-159. Timberland Press, Portland, Oregon. R.K. Heitschmidt, J.W. Stuth (Eds.).
184. Toombs T.P., Roberts M.G. Are natural resources conservation service range management investments working at cross-purposes with wildlife habitat goals on western United States Rangelands?. Rangeland Ecology and Management 2009, 62:351-355.
185. Torell L.A., McDaniel K.C., Hurd B.H., Cox S. Using soil moisture to estimate the economic value of rainfall events for range forage production. Conference Proceedings, Corona Range and Livestock Research Center - 2008 Field Day 2008, 34-37. New Mexico State University, Dept. of Animal and Range Sciences, Corona, NM, Available at:, (accessed 24.01.11.). http://aces.nmsu.edu/aes/corona/field-day-proceedings.html.
186. Trlica M.J., Buwai M., Menke J.W. Effects of rest following defoliations on the recovery of several range species. Journal of Range Management 1977, 30:21-27.
187. Van der Ploeg J.D., Verschuren P., Verhoeven F., Pepels J. Dealing with novelties: a grassland experiment reconsidered. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 2006, 8:199-218.
188. Venter A.D., Drewes R.H. Aflexible system of management for sourveld in Natal. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 1969, 4:104-107.
189. Villalba J.J., Provenza F.D., GouDong H. Experience influences diet mixing by herbivores, implications for plant biochemical diversity. Oikos 2004, 107:100-109.
190. Villalba J.J., Provenza F.D., Clemensen A.K., Larsen R., Junke J. Preference for diverse pastures by sheep in response to intraruminal administrations of tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Grass and Forage Science 2011, 66:224-236.
191. Van de Pol R., Jordaan J.J. The fodder bank system: its current place in veld management. Grassroots: Newsletter of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 2008, 8:36-44.
192. Vogl R.J. Effects of fire on grasslands. Fire and Ecosystems 1974, Academic Press, New York. T.T. Kozlowski, C.E. Ahlgren (Eds.).
193. Voisin A. Grass Productivity 1959, Philosophical Library, New York, pp. 353.
194. Volesky J.D., Lewis J.K., Butterfield C.H. High-performance short duration and repeated-seasonal grazing systems: effect on diets and performance of calves and lambs. Journal of Range Management 1990, 43:310-315.
195. Wallace L.L., McNaughton S.J., Coughenour M.B. Compensatory photosynthetic responses of three African graminoids to different fertilization, watering and clipping regimes. Botanical Gazette 1984, 145:151-156.
196. WallisDeVries M.F., Laca E.A., Demment M.W. The importance of scale of patchiness for selectivity in grazing herbivores. Oecologia 1999, 121:355-363.
197. Walker B.H. Autecology, synecology, climate and livestock as agents of rangeland dynamics. Australian Rangeland Journal 1988, 10:69-75.
198. Walker B.H., Carpenter S., Anderies J., Abel N., Cumming G., Janssen M., Lebel L., Norberg J., Peterson G.D., Pritchard R. Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach. Conservation Ecology 2002, 6(1):14. URL:. http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art14.
199. Walker J.W., Heitschmidt R.K., Dowhower S.L. Some effects of a rotational grazing treatment on cattle preference for plant communities. Journal of Range Management 1989, 42:143-148.
200. Walters C.J. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources 1986, MacMillan, NewYork.
201. Warren S.D., Thurow T.L., Blackburn W.H., Garza N.E. The influence of livestock trampling under intensive rotation grazing on soil hydrologic characteristics. Journal of Range Management 1986, 39:491-495.
202. Washington-Allen R.A., West N.E., Ramsey R.D., Phillips D.H., Shugart H.H. Retrospective assessment of dryland soil stability in relation to grazing and climate change. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2010, 160:101-121.
203. Watson I.W., Burnside D.G., Holm A.McR. Event-driven or continuous; which is the better model. Rangeland Journal 1996, 18:351-369.
204. Weber K.T., Gokhale B.S. Effect of grazing on soil-water content in semiarid rangelands of southeast Idaho. Journal of Arid Environments 2011, 75:464-470.
205. Wessels K.J., Prince S.D., Carroll M., Malherbe J. Relevance of rangeland degradation in semiarid northeastern South Africa to the nonequilibrium theory. Ecological Applications 2007, 17:815-827.
206. White M.R., Pieper R.D., Donart G.B., Trifaro L.W. Vegetational response to short-duration and continuous grazing in southcentral New Mexico. Journal of Range Management 1991, 44:399-403.
207. Whitson R.E., Heitschmidt R.K., Kothmann M.M., Lundgren G.K. The impact of grazing systems on the magnitude and stability of ranch income in the Rolling Plains of Texas. Journal of Range Management 1982, 35:526-532.
208. Wilson E.O. Consilience 1998, Alfred Knopf, New York.
209. Witten G.Q., Richardson F.D., Shenker N. Aspatial-temporal analysis on pattern formation around water points in a semi-arid rangeland system. Journal of Biological Systems 2005, 13:1-23.
210. Wood M.K., Blackburn W.H. Vegetation and soil responses to cattle grazing systems in the Texas rolling plains. Journal of Range Management 1984, 37:303-308.
211. Woodward I. Modelling and theory. New Phytologist 2005, 165:337-338.
212. Workman J. Range Economics 1986, 217. Macmillan Publ. Co., New York, NY.