The ecology of the earth's grazing ecosystems: Profound functional similarities exist between the Serengeti and Yellowstone

BioScience

Volumn 48, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 513-521

  Frank, Douglas A ^a   McNaughton, Samuel J ^a   Tracy, Benjamin F ^a  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031839764     PISSN: 00063568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1313313     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Arcese P, Sinclair ARE. 1997. The role of protected areas as ecological baselines. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 587-602.
2. Archibald JD. 1996. Fossil evidence for a late Cretaceous origin of "hoofed" mammals. Science 272: 1150-1153.
3. Berger J. 1991. Greater Yellowstone's native ungulates: Myths and realities. Conservation Biology 5: 353-363.
4. Burrows R. 1995. Demographic changes and social consequences in wild dogs, 1964-1992. Pages 400-420 in Sinclair ARE, Arcese P, eds. Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Caldwell MM, Richards JH, Johnson DA, Nowak RS, Dzuree RS. 1981. Coping with herbivory: Photosynthetic capacity and resource allocation in two semiarid Agropyron bunchgrasses. Oecologia 50: 14-24.
6. Chacon EA, Stobbs TH, Dale MB. 1978. Influence of sward characteristics on grazing behaviour and growth of Hereford steers grazing tropical grass pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29: 89-102.
7. Coughenour MB. 1985. Graminoid responses to grazing by large herbivores: Adaptations, exaptations, and interacting processes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72: 852-863.
8. Day TA, Detling JK. 1990. Grassland patch dynamics and herbivore grazing preference following urine deposition. Ecology 71: 180-188.
9. Detling JK. 1988. Grasslands and savannas: Regulation of energy flow and nutrient cycling by herbivores. Pages 131-148 in Pomeroy LR, Alberts JJ, eds. Concepts of Ecosystem Ecology: A Comparative View. Ecological Studies 67. New York: Springer-Verlag.
10. Detling JK, Painter EL. 1983. Defoliation responses of western wheatgrass population with diverse histories of prairie dog grazing. Oecologia 57: 65-71.
11. Dublin HT. 1995. Vegetation dynamics in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystems: The role of elephants, fire, and other factors. Pages 71-90 in Sinclair ARE, Arcese P, eds. Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. Frank DA, McNaughton SJ. 1992. The ecology of plants, large mammalian herbivores, and drought in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 73: 2043-2058.
13. _. 1993. Evidence for the promotion of aboveground grassland production by native large herbivores in Yellowstone National Park. Oecologia 96: 157-161.
14. Fryxell JM, Greever J, Sinclair ARE. 1988. Why are migratory ungulates so abundant? American Naturalist 131: 781-798.
15. Golley FB. 1968. Secondary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. American Zoologist 8: 53-59.
16. Gould FW, Shaw RB. 1983. Grass Systematics. College Station (TX): Texas A&M University Press.
17. Graetz D. 1994. Grasslands. Pages 125-148 in Meyer WB, Turner BL II, eds. Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
18. Grzimek B, Grzimek M. 1960. Serengeti Shall Not Die. London: Hamish Hamilton.
19. Holland EA, Parton WJ, Detling JK, Coppock DL. 1992. Physiological responses of plant populations to herbivory and other consequences of ecosystem nutrient flow. American Naturalist 140: 685-706.
20. Houston DB. 1982. The Northern Yellowstone Elk: Ecology and Management. New York: Macmillan Pub.
21. Houston DC. 1979. The adaptations of scavengers. Pages 263-286 in Sinclair ARE, Norton-Griffiths M, eds. Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Huntly N. 1991. Herbivores and the dynamics of communities and ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 477-503.
23. Leach MK, Givnish TJ. 1996. Ecological determinants of species loss in remnant prairies. Science 273: 1555-1558.
24. Love RM. 1972. Selection and breeding of grasses for forage and other uses. Pages 66-73 in Youngner VB, McKell CM, eds. The Biology and Utilization of Grasses. New York: Academic Press.
25. Ludlow MM, Stobbs TH, Davis R, Charles-Edwards DA. 1982. Effect of sward structure of two tropical grasses with contrasting canopies on light distribution, net photosynthesis and size of bite harvested by grazing cattle. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33: 187-201.
26. McNaughton SJ. 1976. Serengeti migratory wildebeest: Facilitation of energy flow by grazing. Science 191: 92-94.
27. _. 1979. Grassland-herbivore dynamics. Pages 46-81 in Sinclair ARE, Norton-Griffiths M, eds. Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
28. _. 1984. Grazing lawns: Animals in herds, plant form, and coevolution. American Naturalist 124: 863-886.
29. _. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: The Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55: 259-295.
30. _. 1989. Interactions of plants of the field layer with large herbivores. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 61: 15-29.
31. _. 1990. Mineral nutrition and seasonal movements of African migratory ungulates. Nature 345: 613-615.
32. _. 1991. Evolutionary ecology of large tropical herbivores. Pages 509-522 in Price PW, Lewinsohn TM, Wilson Fernandes G, Benson WW, eds. Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
33. _. 1993. Grasses and grazers, science and management. Ecological Applications 3: 17-20.
34. McNaughton SJ, Coughenour MB, Wallace LL. 1982. Interactive processes in grassland ecosystems. Pages 167-193 in Estes JR, Tyrl RJ, Brunken JN, eds. Grasses and Grasslands: Systematics and Ecology. Norman (OK): University of Oklahoma Press.
35. McNaughton SJ, Ruess RW, Seagle SW. 1988. Large mammals and process dynamics in African ecosystems. BioScience 38: 794-800.
36. McNaughton, SJ, Oesterheld M, Frank DA, Williams KJ. 1989. Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature 341: 142-144.
37. _. 1991. Relationships between primary and secondary production in terrestrial ecosystems. Pages 120-139 in Cole J, Lovett G, Findlay S, eds. Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Theories. New York: Springer-Verlag.
38. McNaughton SJ, Milchunas DG, Frank DA. 1996. How can net primary productivity be measured in grazing ecosystems? Ecology 77: 974-977.
39. Meagher M. 1973. The Bison of Yellowstone National Park. National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series 1. Washington (DC): United States Department of Interior.
40. Meagher M, Meyer ME. 1994. On the origin of brucellosis in bison of Yellowstone National Park: A review. Conservation Biology 8: 645-653.
41. Milchunas DG, Lauenroth WK. 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecology 63: 327-366.
42. Morton JK. 1972. Phytogeography of the west African mountains. Pages 221-236 in Valentine DH, ed. Taxonomy, Phytogeography, and Evolution. New York: Academic Press.
43. Oesterheld, M, Sala OE, McNaughton SJ. 1992. Effect of animal husbandry on herbivore carrying capacity at the regional scale. Nature 356: 234-236.
44. Peters RH. 1983. The Ecological Implications of Body Size. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
45. Prins HHT. 1996. Ecology and Behavior of the African Buffalo: Social Inequality and Decision Making. London: Chapman & Hall.
46. Senft RL, Coughenour MB, Bailey DW, Rittenhouse LR, Sala OE, Swift DM. 1987. Large herbivore foraging and ecological hierarchies. BioScience 37: 789-799.
47. Sinclair ARE. 1975. The resource limitation of trophic levels in tropical grassland ecosystems. Journal of Animal Ecology 44: 497-520.
48. _. 1995. Serengeti past and present. Pages 3-30 in Sinclair ARE, Arcese P, eds. Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49. Singer FJ, Mack JA. 1993. Potential ungulate prey for gray wolves. Pages 75-117 in Cook RS, ed. Ecological Issues on Reintroducing Wolves into Yellowstone National Park. Washington (DC): United States Department of Interior. Scientific Monograph no. NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22.
50. Spalinger DE, Hobbs NT. 1992. Mechanisms of foraging in mammalian herbivores: New models of functional response. American Naturalist 140: 325-348.
51. Stebbins GL. 1981. Coevolution of grasses and herbivores. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68: 75-86.
52. Talbot LM, Talbot MH. 1963. The wildebeest in western Masailand, east Africa. Washington (DC): The Wildlife Society. Wildlife Monograph no. 12.
53. Tracy BF. 1996. Fire effects in the grasslands of Yellowstone National Park. Ph.D. dissertation. Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
54. Wallace LL. 1990. Comparative photosynthetic responses of big bluestem to clipping versus grazing. Journal of Range Management 43: 58-61.
55. Western D, Pearl M. 1989. Conservation for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Westoby M. 1985. Does heavy grazing usually improve the food resource for grazers? American Naturalist 126: 870-871.
57. Whittaker RH. 1975. Communities and Ecosystems. New York: Macmillan Pub.
58. [YNP] Yellowstone National Park. 1997. Yellowstone's Northern Range: Complexity and Change in a Wildland Ecosystem. Mammoth Hot Springs (WY): National Park Service.