메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 815-827

Relevance of rangeland degradation in semiarid Northeastern South Africa to the nonequilibrium theory

Author keywords

AVHRR; Communal land; Grazing; Land degradation; MODIS; NDVI; Nonequilibrium; Rainfall; Rangeland; South Africa

Indexed keywords

RAIN;

EID: 34247184237     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/06-1109     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (77)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0001944938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisited: The overstocking controversy in semiarid Africa
    • Abel, N., and R. Behnke. 1996. Revisited: the overstocking controversy in semiarid Africa. World Animal Review 87:4-27.
    • (1996) World Animal Review , vol.87 , pp. 4-27
    • Abel, N.1    Behnke, R.2
  • 2
    • 0024900291 scopus 로고
    • Land degradation, stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe
    • Abel, N. O. J., and P. M. Blaikie. 1989. Land degradation, stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 1:101-123.
    • (1989) Land Degradation and Rehabilitation , vol.1 , pp. 101-123
    • Abel, N.O.J.1    Blaikie, P.M.2
  • 3
    • 22244465273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981-2003
    • Anyamba, A., and C. J. Tucker. 2005. Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981-2003. Journal of Arid Environments 63:596-614.
    • (2005) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.63 , pp. 596-614
    • Anyamba, A.1    Tucker, C.J.2
  • 4
    • 0002182076 scopus 로고
    • Rethinking range ecology: Implications for rangeland management in Africa
    • R. H. Behnke, I. Scoones, and C. Kerven, editors, Overseas Development Institute, London, UK
    • Behnke, R. H., and I. Scoones. 1993. Rethinking range ecology: implications for rangeland management in Africa. Pages 1-30 in R. H. Behnke, I. Scoones, and C. Kerven, editors. Range ecology at disequilibrium. Overseas Development Institute, London, UK.
    • (1993) Range ecology at disequilibrium , pp. 1-30
    • Behnke, R.H.1    Scoones, I.2
  • 5
    • 0041766739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: A critique of the current paradigms
    • Briske, D. D., S. D. Fuhlendorf, and F. E. Smeins. 2003. Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: a critique of the current paradigms. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:601-614.
    • (2003) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 601-614
    • Briske, D.D.1    Fuhlendorf, S.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 6
    • 22744441364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State-and transition models, thresholds and rangeland health: A synthesis of ecological concepts and perspectives
    • Briske, D. D., S. D. Fuhlendorf, and F. E. Smeins. 2005. State-and transition models, thresholds and rangeland health: a synthesis of ecological concepts and perspectives. Rangeland Ecology and Management 58:1-10.
    • (2005) Rangeland Ecology and Management , vol.58 , pp. 1-10
    • Briske, D.D.1    Fuhlendorf, S.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 7
    • 0004038831 scopus 로고
    • Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa
    • Christopher, A. 1994. The atlas of apartheid. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    • (1994) The atlas of apartheid
    • Christopher, A.1
  • 8
    • 0034963761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring land-cover changes in semiarid regions: Remote sensing data and field observations in the Ferlo, Senegal
    • Diouf, A., and E. Lambin. 2001. Monitoring land-cover changes in semiarid regions: remote sensing data and field observations in the Ferlo, Senegal. Journal of Arid Environments 48:129-148.
    • (2001) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.48 , pp. 129-148
    • Diouf, A.1    Lambin, E.2
  • 9
    • 0035880381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of rainfall variability and communal and semi-commercial grazing on land cover in southern African rangelands
    • Dube, O., and G. Pickup. 2001. Effects of rainfall variability and communal and semi-commercial grazing on land cover in southern African rangelands. Climate Research 17:195-208.
    • (2001) Climate Research , vol.17 , pp. 195-208
    • Dube, O.1    Pickup, G.2
  • 10
    • 0002361521 scopus 로고
    • Climate variability and complex ecosystems dynamics: Implications for pastoral development
    • I. Scoones, editor, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK
    • Ellis, J. E. 1994. Climate variability and complex ecosystems dynamics: implications for pastoral development. Pages 37-46 in I. Scoones, editor. Living with uncertainty. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK.
    • (1994) Living with uncertainty , pp. 37-46
    • Ellis, J.E.1
  • 11
    • 0000187169 scopus 로고
    • Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development
    • Ellis, J. E., and D. M. Swift. 1988. Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: alternate paradigms and implications for development. Journal of Range Management 41:450-459.
    • (1988) Journal of Range Management , vol.41 , pp. 450-459
    • Ellis, J.E.1    Swift, D.M.2
  • 13
    • 0442329983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal landscape and spectral vegetation index dynamics in the Brazilian Cerrado: An analysis within the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA)
    • Ferreira, L. G., H. Yoshioka, A. Huete, and E. E. Sano. 2003. Seasonal landscape and spectral vegetation index dynamics in the Brazilian Cerrado: an analysis within the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA). Remote Sensing of Environment 87:534-550.
    • (2003) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.87 , pp. 534-550
    • Ferreira, L.G.1    Yoshioka, H.2    Huete, A.3    Sano, E.E.4
  • 14
    • 0035681316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbaceous vegetation change in variable rangeland environments: The relative contributions of grazing and climate variability
    • Fuhlendorf, S. D., D. D. Briske, and F. E. Smeins. 2001. Herbaceous vegetation change in variable rangeland environments: the relative contributions of grazing and climate variability. Applied Vegetation Science 4:177-188.
    • (2001) Applied Vegetation Science , vol.4 , pp. 177-188
    • Fuhlendorf, S.D.1    Briske, D.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 15
    • 0034089074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in semiarid savanna
    • Fynn, R. W. S., and T. G. O'Connor. 2000. Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in semiarid savanna, South Africa. Journal of Applied Ecology 37:491-507.
    • (2000) South Africa. Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.37 , pp. 491-507
    • Fynn, R.W.S.1    O'Connor, T.G.2
  • 16
    • 16244386868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial heterogeneity at different grain sizes in grazed versus ungrazed sites of the Patagonian steppe
    • Golluscio, R. A., J. A. Perez, J. M. Paruelo, and C. M. Ghersa. 2005. Spatial heterogeneity at different grain sizes in grazed versus ungrazed sites of the Patagonian steppe. Ecoscience 12:103-109.
    • (2005) Ecoscience , vol.12 , pp. 103-109
    • Golluscio, R.A.1    Perez, J.A.2    Paruelo, J.M.3    Ghersa, C.M.4
  • 17
    • 0242494415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global percent tree cover at a spatial resolution of 500 meters: First results of the MODIS vegetation continuous fields algorithm
    • Hansen, M. C., R. S. DeFries, J. R. G. Townshend, M. Carroll, C. Dimiceli, and R. A. Sohlberg. 2003. Global percent tree cover at a spatial resolution of 500 meters: first results of the MODIS vegetation continuous fields algorithm. Earth Interactions 7:1-15.
    • (2003) Earth Interactions , vol.7 , pp. 1-15
    • Hansen, M.C.1    DeFries, R.S.2    Townshend, J.R.G.3    Carroll, M.4    Dimiceli, C.5    Sohlberg, R.A.6
  • 19
    • 0034455968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National review of land degradation in South Africa: The influence of biophysical and socio-economic factors
    • Hoffman, M. T., and S. Todd. 2000. National review of land degradation in South Africa: the influence of biophysical and socio-economic factors. Journal of Southern African Studies 26:743-758.
    • (2000) Journal of Southern African Studies , vol.26 , pp. 743-758
    • Hoffman, M.T.1    Todd, S.2
  • 22
    • 0033178314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to arid and semiarid grazing systems
    • Illius, A. W., and T. G. O'Connor. 1999. On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to arid and semiarid grazing systems. Ecological Applications 9:798-813.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 798-813
    • Illius, A.W.1    O'Connor, T.G.2
  • 23
    • 0010984573 scopus 로고
    • The effects of different forms of land use on the ecology of the semiarid region in south-eastern Rhodesia
    • Kelly, R. D., and B. H. Walker. 1977. The effects of different forms of land use on the ecology of the semiarid region in south-eastern Rhodesia. Journal of Ecology 62:553-576.
    • (1977) Journal of Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 553-576
    • Kelly, R.D.1    Walker, B.H.2
  • 24
    • 0003349967 scopus 로고
    • Land capability classification
    • USDA, Washington D.C, USA
    • Klingebiel, A. A., and P. H. Montgomery. 1961. Land capability classification. Agriculture handbook No. 210. USDA, Washington D.C., USA.
    • (1961) Agriculture handbook , Issue.210
    • Klingebiel, A.A.1    Montgomery, P.H.2
  • 25
    • 0027334955 scopus 로고
    • Relating the Global Vegetation Index to net primary productivity and actual evapotranspiration over Africa
    • Lo Seen Chong, D., E. Mougin, and J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry. 1993. Relating the Global Vegetation Index to net primary productivity and actual evapotranspiration over Africa. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14:1517-1546.
    • (1993) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.14 , pp. 1517-1546
    • Lo Seen Chong, D.1    Mougin, E.2    Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.P.3
  • 27
    • 34247258013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration of radar rainfall estimates, point station data and long-term interpolated rainfall surfaces to estimate rainfall for the Umlindi monitoring system
    • Cape Town, South Africa
    • Malherbe, J. 2001. Integration of radar rainfall estimates, point station data and long-term interpolated rainfall surfaces to estimate rainfall for the Umlindi monitoring system. South African Society for Atmospheric Sciences Conference, Cape Town, South Africa.
    • (2001) South African Society for Atmospheric Sciences Conference
    • Malherbe, J.1
  • 28
    • 0027332466 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments
    • Milchunas, D. G., and W. K. Lauenroth. 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological Monographs 63:327-366.
    • (1993) Ecological Monographs , vol.63 , pp. 327-366
    • Milchunas, D.G.1    Lauenroth, W.K.2
  • 29
    • 34247248438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monnik, K. 2001. Agrometeorological database management strategies and tools in South Africa. Page 194 in Software for agroclimatic data management: Proceedings of an Expert Group Meeting. Report WAOB-2001-2. USDA, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • Monnik, K. 2001. Agrometeorological database management strategies and tools in South Africa. Page 194 in Software for agroclimatic data management: Proceedings of an Expert Group Meeting. Report WAOB-2001-2. USDA, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • 30
    • 0037281852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale-dependent effects of grazing on rangeland degradation in Northern Kenya: A test of equilibrium and nonequilibrium hypotheses
    • Oba, G., R. B. Weladji, W. J. Lusigi, and N. C. Stenseth. 2003. Scale-dependent effects of grazing on rangeland degradation in Northern Kenya: a test of equilibrium and nonequilibrium hypotheses. Land Degradation and Develoment 14:83-94.
    • (2003) Land Degradation and Develoment , vol.14 , pp. 83-94
    • Oba, G.1    Weladji, R.B.2    Lusigi, W.J.3    Stenseth, N.C.4
  • 31
    • 0001869908 scopus 로고
    • Transformation of a savanna grassland by drought and grazing
    • O'Connor, T. G. 1995. Transformation of a savanna grassland by drought and grazing. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 12:53-60.
    • (1995) African Journal of Range and Forage Science , vol.12 , pp. 53-60
    • O'Connor, T.G.1
  • 32
    • 0038687924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in land use and botanical composition of KwaZulu-Natal's grasslands over the past fifty years: Acocks' sites revisited
    • O'Connor, T., C. Morris, and D. Marriott. 2003. Change in land use and botanical composition of KwaZulu-Natal's grasslands over the past fifty years: Acocks' sites revisited. South African Journal of Botany 69:105-115.
    • (2003) South African Journal of Botany , vol.69 , pp. 105-115
    • O'Connor, T.1    Morris, C.2    Marriott, D.3
  • 33
    • 0031259294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in herbaceous layer condition under contrasting land use systems in the semiarid lowveld
    • Parsons, D. A. B., C. M. Shackleton, and R. J. Scholes. 1997. Changes in herbaceous layer condition under contrasting land use systems in the semiarid lowveld, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 37:319-329.
    • (1997) South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments , vol.37 , pp. 319-329
    • Parsons, D.A.B.1    Shackleton, C.M.2    Scholes, R.J.3
  • 34
    • 0028160957 scopus 로고
    • Remote-sensing based condition assessment for nonequilibrium rangelands under large-scale commercial grazing
    • Pickup, G., G. N. Bastin, and V. Chewings. 1994. Remote-sensing based condition assessment for nonequilibrium rangelands under large-scale commercial grazing. Ecological Applications 4:497-517.
    • (1994) Ecological Applications , vol.4 , pp. 497-517
    • Pickup, G.1    Bastin, G.N.2    Chewings, V.3
  • 35
    • 0031669489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying trends in land degradation in nonequilibrium rangelands
    • Pickup, G., G. N. Bastin, and V. H. Chewings. 1998. Identifying trends in land degradation in nonequilibrium rangelands. Journal of Applied Ecology 35:365-377.
    • (1998) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.35 , pp. 365-377
    • Pickup, G.1    Bastin, G.N.2    Chewings, V.H.3
  • 37
    • 0026359477 scopus 로고
    • A model of regional primary production for use with coarse-resolution satellite data
    • Prince, S. D. 1991. A model of regional primary production for use with coarse-resolution satellite data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 12:1313-1330.
    • (1991) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.12 , pp. 1313-1330
    • Prince, S.D.1
  • 38
    • 2342495969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal scales of measurement of desertification
    • J. F. Reynolds and M. Stafford-Smith, editors, Dahlem University Press, Berlin, Germany
    • Prince, S. D. 2002. Spatial and temporal scales of measurement of desertification. Pages 23-40 in J. F. Reynolds and M. Stafford-Smith, editors. Global desertification: do humans create deserts? Dahlem University Press, Berlin, Germany.
    • (2002) Global desertification: Do humans create deserts , pp. 23-40
    • Prince, S.D.1
  • 39
    • 34247281670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping desertification in Southern Africa
    • G. Gutman, A. Janetos, C. O. Justice, Emilio F. Moran, J. F. Mustard, R. R. Rindfuss, D. Skole, and B. L. Turner II, editors, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
    • Prince, S. D. 2004. Mapping desertification in Southern Africa. Pages 163-184 in G. Gutman, A. Janetos, C. O. Justice, Emilio F. Moran, J. F. Mustard, R. R. Rindfuss, D. Skole, and B. L. Turner II, editors. Land change science: observing, monitoring, and understanding trajectories of change on the earth's surface. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
    • (2004) Land change science: Observing, monitoring, and understanding trajectories of change on the earth's surface , pp. 163-184
    • Prince, S.D.1
  • 40
    • 0031821988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence from rain use efficiencies does not support extensive Sahelian desertification
    • Prince, S. D., E. Brown de Colstoun, and L. Kravitz. 1998. Evidence from rain use efficiencies does not support extensive Sahelian desertification. Global Change Biology 4:359-374.
    • (1998) Global Change Biology , vol.4 , pp. 359-374
    • Prince, S.D.1    Brown de Colstoun, E.2    Kravitz, L.3
  • 41
    • 0030235980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-launch calibration of the visible and near-infrared channels of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer on the NOAA-14 spacecraft
    • Rao, C. R. N., and J. Chen. 1996. Post-launch calibration of the visible and near-infrared channels of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer on the NOAA-14 spacecraft. International Journal of Remote Sensing 17:2743-2747.
    • (1996) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.17 , pp. 2743-2747
    • Rao, C.R.N.1    Chen, J.2
  • 42
    • 34247210880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schoeman, J. L., M. van der Walt, K. A. Monnik, A. Thackrah, J. Malherbe, and R. E. L. Roux. 2002. Development and application of a land capability classification system for South Africa. Unpublished ARC-ISCW report GW/A/2000/57. Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa.
    • Schoeman, J. L., M. van der Walt, K. A. Monnik, A. Thackrah, J. Malherbe, and R. E. L. Roux. 2002. Development and application of a land capability classification system for South Africa. Unpublished ARC-ISCW report GW/A/2000/57. Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • 44
    • 0001911304 scopus 로고
    • New directions in pastoral development in Africa
    • I. Scoones, editor, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK
    • Scoones, I. 1994. New directions in pastoral development in Africa. Pages 1-36 in I. Scoones, editor. Living with uncertainty. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK.
    • (1994) Living with uncertainty , pp. 1-36
    • Scoones, I.1
  • 45
    • 0027464495 scopus 로고
    • Are the communal grazing lands in need of saving?
    • Shackleton, C. M. 1993. Are the communal grazing lands in need of saving? Development South Africa 10:65-78.
    • (1993) Development South Africa , vol.10 , pp. 65-78
    • Shackleton, C.M.1
  • 46
    • 0033199321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term effects of soil water, defoliation and rangeland condition on productivity of a semiarid rangeland in South Africa
    • Snyman, H. A. 1999. Short-term effects of soil water, defoliation and rangeland condition on productivity of a semiarid rangeland in South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 43:47-62.
    • (1999) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.43 , pp. 47-62
    • Snyman, H.A.1
  • 47
    • 0036947288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On nonequilibrium in arid and semiarid grazing systems
    • Sullivan, S., and R. F. Rohde. 2002. On nonequilibrium in arid and semiarid grazing systems. Journal of Biogeography 29:1-26.
    • (2002) Journal of Biogeography , vol.29 , pp. 1-26
    • Sullivan, S.1    Rohde, R.F.2
  • 48
    • 0002817060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing and monitoring desertification with soil indicators
    • O. Arnalds and S. Archer, editors, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
    • Tongway, D., and N. Hindley. 2000. Assessing and monitoring desertification with soil indicators. Pages 89-98 in O. Arnalds and S. Archer, editors. Rangeland desertification. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
    • (2000) Rangeland desertification , pp. 89-98
    • Tongway, D.1    Hindley, N.2
  • 49
    • 0036847450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric correction of MODIS data in the visible to middle infrared: First results
    • Vermote, E. F., N. Z. El Saleous, and C. O. Justice. 2002. Atmospheric correction of MODIS data in the visible to middle infrared: first results. Remote Sensing of Environment 83:97-111.
    • (2002) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.83 , pp. 97-111
    • Vermote, E.F.1    El Saleous, N.Z.2    Justice, C.O.3
  • 50
    • 17644406067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rangelands at equilibrium and nonequilibrium: Recent developments in the debate
    • Vetter, S. 2005. Rangelands at equilibrium and nonequilibrium: recent developments in the debate. Journal of Arid Environments 62:321-341.
    • (2005) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.62 , pp. 321-341
    • Vetter, S.1
  • 51
    • 2342605725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A frame work for the determinants of degradation in arid ecosystems
    • J. F. Reynolds and D. M. Stafford Smith, editors, Dahlem University Press, Berlin. Germany
    • Walker, B. H., N. Abel, D. M. Stafford Smith, and J. L. Langridge. 2002. A frame work for the determinants of degradation in arid ecosystems. Pages 75-94 in J. F. Reynolds and D. M. Stafford Smith, editors. Global desertification: do humans create deserts? Dahlem University Press, Berlin. Germany.
    • (2002) Global desertification: Do humans create deserts , pp. 75-94
    • Walker, B.H.1    Abel, N.2    Stafford Smith, D.M.3    Langridge, J.L.4
  • 52
    • 0007440396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Event-driven or continuous; which is the better model for managers?
    • Watson, I. W., D. G. Burnside, and A. M. Holm. 1996. Event-driven or continuous; which is the better model for managers? Rangeland Journal 18:351369.
    • (1996) Rangeland Journal , vol.18 , pp. 351369
    • Watson, I.W.1    Burnside, D.G.2    Holm, A.M.3
  • 53
    • 2342539147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the effects of human-induced land degradation in the former homelands of northern South Africa with a 1 km AVHRR NDVI time-series
    • Wessels, K. J., S. D. Prince, P. E. Frost, and D. van Zyl. 2004. Assessing the effects of human-induced land degradation in the former homelands of northern South Africa with a 1 km AVHRR NDVI time-series. Remote Sensing of Environment 91:47-67.
    • (2004) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.91 , pp. 47-67
    • Wessels, K.J.1    Prince, S.D.2    Frost, P.E.3    van Zyl, D.4
  • 55
    • 34247240011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wessels, K. J., H. M. van den Berg, J. P. A. van der Merwe, H. J. Smith, A. van Zyl, and L. Twyman. 2001. Mapping and monitoring the conservation status of the natural resources of Mpumalanga province by means of remote sensing and GIS technology. Report Number GW/A/2001/9. ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa.
    • Wessels, K. J., H. M. van den Berg, J. P. A. van der Merwe, H. J. Smith, A. van Zyl, and L. Twyman. 2001. Mapping and monitoring the conservation status of the natural resources of Mpumalanga province by means of remote sensing and GIS technology. Report Number GW/A/2001/9. ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • 56
    • 0024944976 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium
    • Westoby, M., B. H. Walker, and I. Noy-Meir. 1989. Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. Journal of Range Management 42:266-274.
    • (1989) Journal of Range Management , vol.42 , pp. 266-274
    • Westoby, M.1    Walker, B.H.2    Noy-Meir, I.3
  • 57
    • 0001857812 scopus 로고
    • On understanding a nonequilibrium world: Myth and reality in community patterns and processes
    • D. R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L. Abele, and A. B. Thistle, editors, Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA
    • Wiens, J. A. 1984. On understanding a nonequilibrium world: myth and reality in community patterns and processes. Pages 145-153 in D. R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L. Abele, and A. B. Thistle, editors. Ecological communities: conceptual issues and evidence. Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1984) Ecological communities: Conceptual issues and evidence , pp. 145-153
    • Wiens, J.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.