The solid earth's influence on sea level

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 125, Issue 7-8, 2013, Pages 1027-1052

  Conrad, Clinton P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTINENTAL MARGIN; GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION; LATERAL VARIATIONS; RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL CHANGES; SEAFLOOR SPREADING; SOLID EARTH DEFORMATION; SPATIAL VARIATIONS; STRATIGRAPHIC RECORDS;

DROPS; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; RESERVOIRS (WATER); STRATIGRAPHY; TIME MEASUREMENT; TOPOGRAPHY;

SEA LEVEL;

CONTINENTAL MARGIN; DEFORMATION; DEGLACIATION; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SEAFLOOR SPREADING; SOLID EARTH; SPATIAL VARIATION; SUBDUCTION ZONE; SUBSIDENCE; TECTONIC RECONSTRUCTION; TETHYS; TOPOGRAPHY; TRANSGRESSION; UPLIFT;

EID: 84880314848     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 19432674     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B30764.1     Document Type: Review

References (273)

1. Agar, S.M., Cliff, R.A., Duddy, I.R., and Rex, D.C., 1989, Accretion and uplift in the Shimanto Belt, SW Japan: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 146, no. 6, p. 893-896, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.146.6.0893.
2. Albarede, F., 2009, Volatile accretion history of the terrestrial planets and dynamic implications: Nature, v. 461, no. 7268, p. 1227-1233, doi:10.1038/nature08477.
3. Bamber, J., and Riva, R., 2010, The sea level fingerprint of recent ice mass fluxes: The Cryosphere, v. 4, no. 4, p. 621-627, doi:10.5194/tc-4-621-2010.
4. Becker., T.W, Conrad, C.P, Buffett, B, and Müller, R.D, 2009, Past and present seafloor age distributions and the temporal evolution of plate tectonic heat transport: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 278, no. 3-4, p. 233-242, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.007.
5. Bevis, M., Wahr, J, Khan, S.A, Madsen, F.B, Brown, A, Willis, M, Kendrick, E, Knudsen, P, Box, J.E, van Dam, T, Caccamise, D.J, Johns, B, Nylen, T, Abbott, R, White, S, Miner, J, Forsberg, R, Zhou, H, Wang, J, Wilson, T, Bromwich, D, and Francis, O, 2012, Bedrock displacements in Greenland manifest ice mass variations, climate cycles and climate change: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 109, no. 30, p. 11,944-11,948, doi:10.1073/pnas.1204664109.
6. Bindoff, N.L., Willebrand, J, Artale, V, Cazenave, A, Gregory, J, Gulev, S, Hanawa, K, Le Quéré, C, Levitus, S, Nojiri, Y, Shum, C.K, Talley, L.D, and Unnikrishnan, A, 2007, Observations: Oceanic climate change and sea level, inSolomon, S, Qin, D, Manning, M, Chen, Z, Marquis, M, Averyt, K.B, Tignor, M, and Miller, H.L, eds, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge, UK, and New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 385-432.
7. Blewitt, G., and Clarke, P, 2003, Inversion of Earth's changing shape to weigh sea level in static equilibrium with surface mass redistribution: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, no. B6, 2311, doi:10.1029/2002JB002290.
8. Bond, G,, 1976, Evidence for continental subsidence in North America during the Late Cretaceous global submergence: Geology, v. 4, no. 9, p. 557-560, doi:10 .1130/0091-7613(1976)4<557:EFCSIN>2.0.CO;2.
9. Bond, G, 1978, Speculations on real sea-level changes and vertical motions of continents at selected times in the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods: Geology, v. 6, no. 4, p. 247-250, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6<247 :SORSCA>2.0.CO;2.
10. Bounama, C, Franck, S, and Von Bloh, W, 2001, The fate of Earth's ocean: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 5, no. 4, p. 569-576, doi:10.5194/hess-5-569-2001.
11. Braun, J, 2010, The many surface expressions of mantle dynamics: Nature Geoscience, v. 3, no. 12, p. 825-833, doi:10.1038/ngeo1020.
12. Bromirski, P.D, Miller, A.J, Flick, R.E, and Auad, G, 2011, Dynamical suppression of sea level rise along the Pacific coast of North America: Indications for imminent acceleration: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 116, C07005, doi:10.1029/2010JC006759.
13. Carlson A.E, and Clark, P.U, 2012, Ice sheet sources of sea level rise and freshwater discharge during the last deglaciation: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 50, no. 4, RG4007, doi:10.1029/2011RG000371.
14. Cazenave, A, and Nerem, R.S, 2004, Present-day sea level change: Observations and causes: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 42, no. 3, RG3001, doi:10.1029/2003RG000139.
15. Chambers, D.P, Wahr, J, Tamisiea, M.E, and Nerem, R.S, 2010, Ocean mass from GRACE and glacial isostatic adjustment: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 115, B11415, doi:10.1029/2010JB007530.
16. Chao B.F, Wu, Y.H, and Li, Y.S, 2008, Impact of artifi-cial reservoir water impoundment on global sea level: Science, v. 320, no. 5873, p. 212-214, doi:10.1126/ science.1154580.
17. Chappell, J, 1974, Late Quaternary glacio-and hydroisostasy, on a layered Earth: Quaternary Research, v. 4, no. 4, p. 405-428, doi:10.1016/0033-5894(74)90037-4.
18. Church, J.A, and White, N.J, 2006, A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 1, L01602, doi:10.1029/2005GL024826.
19. Church, J.A, and White, N.J, 2011, Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century: Surveys in Geophysics, v. 32, no. 4-5, p. 585-602, doi:10.1007/ s10712-011-9119-1.
20. Church, J.A, White, N.J, Coleman, R, Lambeck, K, and Mitrovica, J.X, 2004, Estimates of the regional distribution of sea level rise over the 1950-2000 period: Journal of Climate, v. 17, no. 13, p. 2609-2625, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2609:EOTRDO >2.0.CO;2.
21. Church, J.A, White, N.J, Konikow, L.F, Domingues, C.M, Cogley, J.G, Rignot, E, Gregory, J.M, Van den Broeke, M.R, Monaghan, A.J, and Velicogna, I, 2011, Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, no. 18, L18601, doi:10.1029/2011GL048794.
22. Clark, J.A, and Lingle, C.S, 1979, Predicted relative sealevel changes (18,000 years B.P. to present) caused by late-glacial retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: Quaternary Research, v. 11, no. 3, p. 279-298, doi:10.1016/0033-5894(79)90076-0.
23. Clark, J.A, and Primus, J.A, 1987, Sea-level changes resulting from future retreat of ice sheets: An effect of CO2 warming of the climate, in Tooley, M.J, and Shennan, I, eds, Sea-Level Changes: London, Institute of British Geography, p. 356-370.
24. Clark, J.A, Farrell, W.E, and Peltier, W.R, 1978, Global changes in postglacial sea level: A numerical calculation: Quaternary Research, v. 9, no. 3, p. 265-287, doi:10.1016/0033-5894(78)90033-9.
25. Clark, P.U, Mitrovica, J.X, Milne, G.A, and Tamisiea, M.E, 2002, Sea-level fingerprinting as a direct test for the source of global meltwater pulse IA: Science, v. 295, no. 5564, p. 2438-2441.
26. Cogné J.-P, and Humler, E, 2008, Global scale patterns of continental fragmentation: Wilson's cycles as a constraint for long-term sea-level changes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 273, no. 3-4, p. 251-259, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.030.
27. Cogné, J.-P, Humler, E, and Courtillot, V, 2006, Mean age of oceanic lithosphere drives eustatic sea-level change since Pangea breakup: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 245, no. 1-2, p. 115-122, doi:10.1016/j .epsl.2006.03.020.
28. Collilieux, X, and Wöppelmann, G, 2011, Global sea-level rise and its relation to the terrestrial reference frame: Journal of Geodesy, v. 85, no. 1, p. 9-22, doi:10.1007/ s00190-010-0412-4.
29. Collins, W.J, 2003, Slab pull, mantle convection, and Pangaean assembly and dispersal: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 205, no. 3-4, p. 225-237, doi:10.1016/ S0012-821X(02)01043-9.
30. Conrad, C.P, and Behn, M.D, 2010, Constraints on lithosphere net rotation and asthenospheric viscosity from global mantle flow models and seismic anisotropy: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 11, Q05W05, doi:10.1029/2009GC002970.
31. Conrad C.P, and Gurnis, M, 2003, Seismic tomography, surface uplift, and the breakup of Gondwanaland: Integrating mantle convection backwards in time: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 4, p. 1031, doi:10.1029/2001GC000299.
32. Conrad, C.P, and Hager, B.H, 1997, Spatial variations in the rate of sea level rise caused by the present-day melting of glaciers and ice sheets: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 12, p. 1503-1506, doi:10.1029/97GL01338.
33. Conrad, C.P, and Husson, L, 2009, Influence of dynamic topography on sea level and its rate of change: Lithosphere, v. 1, no. 2, p. 110-120, doi:10.1130/L32.1.
34. Conrad, C.P, and Lithgow-Bertelloni, C, 2007, Faster seafloor spreading and lithosphere production during the mid-Cenozoic: Geology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 29-32, doi:10.1130/G22759A.1.
35. Conrad, C.P, Lithgow-Bertelloni, C, and Louden, K.E, 2004, Iceland, the Farallon slab, and dynamic topography of the North Atlantic: Geology, v. 32, no. 3, p. 177-180, doi:10.1130/G20137.1.
36. Cox, C.M, and Chao, B.F, 2002, Detection of a large-scale mass redistribution in the terrestrial system since 1998: Science, v. 297, no. 5582, p. 831-833, doi:10.1126/ science.1072188.
37. Cramer, B.S, Miller, K.G, Barrett, P.J, and Wright, J.D, 2011, Late Cretaceous-Neogene trends in deep ocean temperature and continental ice volume: Reconciling records of benthic foraminiferal geochemistry (d18O and Mg/Ca) with sea level history: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 116, C12023, doi:10.1029/2011JC007255.
38. Crowley, J.W, Gérault, M, and O'Connell, R.J, 2011, On the relative influence of heat and water transport on planetary dynamics: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 310, no. 3-4, p. 380-388, doi:10.1016/j .epsl.2011.08.035.
39. Davis, J.L, and Mitrovica, J.X, 1996, Glacial isostatic adjustment and the anomalous tide gauge record of eastern North America: Nature, v. 379, no. 6563, p. 331-333, doi:10.1038/379331a0.
40. DeConto, R.M, and Pollard, D, 2003, Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2: Nature, v. 421, no. 6920, p. 245-249, doi:10.1038/nature01290.
41. DeMets, C, Gordon, R.G, Argus, D.F, and Stein, S, 1994, Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 20, p. 2191-2194, doi:10.1029/94GL02118.
42. Deschamps, F, and Trampert, J, 2003, Mantle tomography and its relation to temperature and composition: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 140, no. 4, p. 277-291, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2003.09.004.
43. DiCaprio, L, Gurnis, M, Müller, R.D, and Tan, E, 2011, Mantle dynamics of continentwide Cenozoic subsidence and tilting of Australia: Lithosphere, v. 3, no. 5, p. 311-316, doi:10.1130/L140.1.
44. Divins, D.L, 2003, Total Sediment Thickness of the World's Oceans and Marginal Seas: Boulder, Colorado, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Geophysical Data Center: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sedthick/sedthick.html (accessed May 2011).
45. Douglas B.C, 1991, Global sea level rise: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 6981-6992, doi:10.1029/91JC00064.
46. Douglas, B.C, 1992, Global sea level acceleration: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 12,699-12,706, doi:10.1029/92JC01133.
47. Douglas, B.C, 2008, Concerning evidence for fingerprints of glacial melting: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 2, p. 218-227, doi:10.2112/06-0748.1.
48. Dutton, A, and Lambeck, K, 2012, Ice volume and sea level during the last interglacial: Science, v. 337, p. 216-219, doi:10.1126/science.1205749.
49. Dziewonski A.M, Lekic, V, and Romanowicz, B.A, 2010, Mantle anchor structure: An argument for bottom up tectonics: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 299, no. 1-2, p. 69-79, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.08.013.
50. Engelhart, S.E, Peltier, W.R, and Horton, B.P, 2011, Holocene relative sea-level changes and glacial isostatic adjustment of the U.S. Atlantic coast: Geology, v. 39, no. 8, p. 751-754, doi:10.1130/G31857.1.
51. Ericson, J.P, Vörösmarty, C.J, Dingman, S.L, Ward, L.G, and Meybeck, M, 2006, Effective sea-level rise and deltas: Causes of change and human dimension implications: Global and Planetary Change, v. 50, no. 1-2, p. 63-82, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.07.004.
52. Eriksson, P.G, 1999, Sea level changes and the continental freeboard concept: General principles and application to the Precambrian: Precambrian Research, v. 97, no. 3-4, p. 143-154, doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00029-7.
53. Eriksson, P.G, Mazumder, R, Catuneanu, O, Bumby, A.J, and Ountsché Ilondo, B, 2006, Precambrian continental freeboard and geological evolution: A time perspective: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 79, no. 3-4, p. 165-204, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.07.001.
54. Faccenda, M, Gerya, T.V, Mancktelow, N.S, and Moresi, L, 2012, Fluid flow during slab unbending and dehydration: Implications for intermediate-depth seismicity, slab weakening and deep water recycling: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 13, Q01010, doi:10.1029/2011GC003860.
55. Farrell, W.E, 1972, Deformation of the Earth by surface loads: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 10, no. 3, p. 761-797, doi:10.1029/RG010i003p00761.
56. Farrell, W.E, and Clark, J.A, 1976, On postglacial sea level: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 46, no. 3, p. 647-667, doi:10.1111/j.1365 -246X.1976.tb01252.x.
57. Fiedler, J.W, and Conrad, C.P, 2010, Spatial variability of sea level rise due to water impoundment behind dams: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 37, L12603, doi:10.1029/2010GL043462.
58. Flament, N., Gurnis, M., and Müller, R.D., 2013, A review of observations and models of dynamic topography: Lithosphere,v. 5, p. 189-210, doi:10.1130/L245.1.
59. Flowers, R.M., Ault, A.K., Kelley, S.A., Zhang, N., and Zhong, S.J., 2012, Epeirogeny or eustasy? Paleozoic-Mesozoic vertical motion of the North American continental interior from thermochronometry and implications for mantle dynamics: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 317, p. 436-445, doi:10.1016/j .epsl.2011.11.015.
60. Franck S, and Bounama, C, 1995, Effects of waterdependent creep rate on the volatile exchange between mantle and surface reservoirs: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 92, no. 1-2, p. 57-65, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(95)03061-Z.
61. Fujita, K, and Ogawa, M, 2013, A preliminary numerical study on water-circulation in convecting mantle with magmatism and tectonic plates: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 216, no. 3, p. 1-11, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2012.12.003.
62. Gaffin, S, 1987, Ridge volume dependence on seafloor generation rate and inversion using long term sealevel change: American Journal of Science, v. 287, no. 6, p. 596-611, doi:10.2475/ajs.287.6.596.
63. Garrison, T, 2009, Essentials of Oceanography: Belmont, California, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 434 p.
64. Gasson, E, Siddall, M, Lunt, D.J, Rackham, O.J.L, Lear, C.H, and Pollard, D, 2012, Exploring uncertainties in the relationship between temperature, ice volume, and sea level over the past 50 million years: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 50, no. 1, RG1005, doi:10.1029/2011RG000358.
65. Gomez, N, Mitrovica, J.X, Tamisiea, M.E, and Clark, P.U, 2010, A new projection of sea level change in response to collapse of marine sectors of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: Geophysical Journal International, v. 180, no. 2, p. 623-634, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04419.x.
66. Gomez, N, Pollard, D, Mitrovica, J.X, Huybers, P, and Clark, P.U, 2012, Evolution of a coupled marine ice sheet-sea level model: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, no. F1, F01013, doi:10.1029/2011JF002128.
67. Green, H.W, Chen, W.-P, and Brudzinski, M.R, 2010, Seismic evidence of negligible water carried below 400-km depth in subducting lithosphere: Nature, v. 467, no. 7317, p. 828-831, doi:10.1038/nature09401.
68. Greene, A.R, Scoates, J.S, Weis, D, Katvala, E.C, Israel, S, and Nixon, G.T, 2010, The architecture of oceanic plateaus revealed by the volcanic stratigraphy of the accreted Wrangellia oceanic plateau: Geosphere, v. 6, no. 1, p. 47-73, doi:10.1130/ges00212.1.
69. Grinsted, A, Moore, J.C, and Jevrejeva, S, 2009, Reconstructing sea level from paleo and projected temperatures 200 to 2100 AD: Climate Dynamics, v. 34, p. 461-472, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0507-2.
70. Gripp A.E, and Gordon, R.G, 2002, Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities: Geophysical Journal International, v. 150, no. 2, p. 321-361, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01627.x.
71. Grossman, E.E, Fletcher C.H, III, and Richmond, B.M, 1998, The Holocene sea-level highstand in the equatorial Pacific: Analysis of the insular paleosea-level database: Coral Reefs, v. 17, no. 3, p. 309-327, doi:10.1007/s003380050132.
72. Gurnis, M, 1988, Large-scale mantle convection and the aggregation and dispersal of supercontinents: Nature, v. 332, no. 6166, p. 695-699, doi:10.1038/332695a0.
73. Gurnis, M, 1990a, Bounds on global dynamic topography from Phanerozoic flooding of continental platforms: Nature, v. 344, no. 6268, p. 754-756, doi:10.1038/344754a0.
74. Gurnis, M, 1990b, Plate-mantle coupling and continental flooding: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 17, no. 5, p. 623-626, doi:10.1029/GL017i005p00623.
75. Gurnis, M, 1990c, Ridge spreading, subduction, and sealevel fluctuations: Science, v. 250, no. 4983, p. 970-972, doi:10.1126/science.250.4983.970.
76. Gurnis, M, 1992, Long-term controls on eustatic and epeirogenic motions by mantle convection: GSA Today, v. 2, no. 7, p. 141-157.
77. Gurnis M, 1993, Phanerozoic marine inundation of continents driven by dynamic topography above subducting slabs: Nature, v. 364, no. 6438, p. 589-593, doi:10.1038/364589a0.
78. Gurnis, M, Müller, R.D, and Moresi, L, 1998, Cretaceous vertical motion of Australia and the Australian-Antarctic discordance: Science, v. 279, no. 5356, p. 1499-1504, doi:10.1126/science.279.5356.1499.
79. Gurnis, M, Mitrovica, J.X, Ritsema, J, and Van Heijst, H.-J, 2000, Constraining mantle density structure using geological evidence of surface uplift rates: The case of the African superplume: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 1, 1020, doi:10.1029/1999gc000035.
80. Hacker B.R, 2008, H2O subduction beyond arcs: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 9, no. 3, Q03001, doi:10.1029/2007GC001707.
81. Hager, B.H, 1984, Subducted slabs and the geoid-Constraints on mantle rheology and flow: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, no. B7, p. 6003-6015, doi:10.1029/JB089iB07p06003.
82. Hager, B.H, Clayton, R.W, Richards, M.A, Comer, R.P, and Dziewonski, A.M, 1985, Lower mantle heterogeneity, dynamic topography and the geoid: Nature, v. 313, no. 6003, p. 541-545, doi:10.1038/313541a0.
83. Hallam, A, 1992, Phanerozoic Sea-Level Changes: New York, Columbia University Press, 266 p.
84. Hallam A and Cohen, J.M, 1989, The case for sea-level change as a dominant causal factor in mass extinction of marine invertebrates: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. B, Biological Sciences, v. 325, no. 1228, p. 437-455, doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0098.
85. Haq, B.U, and Al-Qahtani, A.M, 2005, Phanerozoic cycles of sea-level change on the Arabian Platform: Geoarabia, v. 10, no. 2, p. 127-160.
86. Haq B.U, and Schutter, S.R, 2008, A chronology of Paleozoic sea-level changes: Science, v. 322, no. 5898, p. 64-68, doi:10.1126/science.1161648.
87. Haq, B.U, Hardenbol, J, and Vail, P.R, 1987, Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic: Science, v. 235, no. 4793, p. 1156-1167, doi:10.1126/science.235.4793.1156.
88. Harrison, C.G.A, 1990, Long-term eustasy and epeirogeny in continents, in Revelle, R.R, ed, Sea-Level Change: Washington, D.C, National Academy Press, p. 141-158.
89. Harrison, C.G.A, 1999, Constraints on ocean volume change since the Archean: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, no. 13, p. 1913-1916, doi:10.1029/1999GL900425.
90. Harrison, C.G.A, Brass, G.W, Saltzman, E, Sloan J, II, Southam, J, and Whitman, J.M, 1981, Sea level variations, global sedimentation rates and the hypsographic curve: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 54, no. 1, p. 1-16, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90064-9.
91. Hartogh, P, Lis, D.C, Bockelée-Morvan, D, de Val-Borro, M, Biver, N, Küppers, M, Emprechtinger, M, Bergin, E.A, Crovisier, J, Rengel, M, Moreno, R, Szutowicz, S, and Blake, G.A, 2011, Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2: Nature, v. 478, no. 7368, p. 218-220, doi:10.1038/nature10519.
92. Haskell, N.A, 1935, The motion of a fluid under a surface load, 1: Physics Letters, Part B, v. 6, p. 265-269.
93. Hays J.D, and Pitman, W.C, 1973, Lithospheric plate motion, sea level changes and climatic and ecological consequences: Nature, v. 246, no. 5427, p. 18-22, doi:10.1038/246018a0.
94. Heine, C, Müller, R.D, and Gaina, C, 2004, Reconstructing the lost eastern Tethys Ocean basin: Convergence history of the SE Asian margin and marine gateways, in Clift, P.D, ed, Continent-Ocean Interactions in Southeast Asia: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 149, p. 37-54.
95. Heine, C, Müller, R.D, Steinberger, B, and Torsvik, T.H, 2008, Subsidence in intracontinental basins due to dynamic topography: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 171, no. 1-4, p. 252-264, doi:10.1016/j. pepi.2008.05.008.
96. Heller, P.L, Anderson, D.L, and Angevine, C.L, 1996, Is the middle Cretaceous pulse of rapid sea-floor spreading real or necessary?: Geology, v. 24, no. 6, p. 491-494, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0491:ITMCPO >2.3.CO;2.
97. Hillier, J.K, and Watts, A.B, 2005, Relationship between depth and age in the North Pacific Ocean: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 110, B02405, doi:10.1029/2004JB003406.
98. Hirose, K., and Kawamoto, T., 1995, Hydrous partial melting of lherzolite at 1 GPa: The effect of H2O on the genesis of basaltic magmas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 133, no. 3-4, p. 463-473, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00096-U.
99. Hirschmann, M.M., 2006, Water, melting, and the deep Earth H2O cycle: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 34, no. 1, p. 629-653, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125211.
100. Hirschmann, M.M., and Kohlstedt, D., 2012, Water in Earth's mantle: Physics Today, v. 65, no. 3, p. 40-45, doi:10.1063/PT.3.1476.
101. Hirschmann, M.M., Tenner, T., Aubaud, C., and Withers, A.C., 2009, Dehydration melting of nominally anhydrous mantle: The primacy of partitioning: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 176, no. 1-2, p. 54-68, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2009.04.001.
102. Hirth, G., and Kohlstedt, D.L., 1996, Water in the oceanic upper mantle: Implications for rheology, melt extraction and the evolution of the lithosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 144, no. 1-2, p. 93-108, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00154-9.
103. Hock, R., De Woul, M., Radic, V., and Dyurgerov, M., 2009, Mountain glaciers and ice caps around Antarctica make a large sea-level rise contribution: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 7, L07501, doi:10.1029/2008GL037020.
104. Houghton, K.J., Vafeidis, A.T., Neumann, B., and Proelss, A., 2010, Maritime boundaries in a rising sea: Nature Geoscience, v. 3, no. 12, p. 813-816, doi:10.1038/ngeo1029.
105. Husson, L., and Conrad, C.P., 2006, Tectonic velocities, dynamic topography, and relative sea level: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, L18303, doi:10.1029/2006GL026834.
106. Inoue T., Wada, T., Sasaki, R., and Yurimoto, H., 2010, Water partitioning in the Earth's mantle: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 183, no. 1-2, p. 245-251, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.08.003.
107. Ishii, M., and Tromp, J., 1999, Normal-mode and free-air gravity constraints on lateral variations in velocity and density of Earth's mantle: Science, v. 285, no. 5431, p. 1231-1236, doi:10.1126/science.285.5431.1231.
108. Iwamori, H., 2007, Transportation of H2O beneath the Japan arcs and its implications for global water circulation: Chemical Geology, v. 239, no. 3-4, p. 182-198, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.08.011.
109. Jacob, T., Wahr, J., Pfeffer, W.T., and Swenson, S., 2012, Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise: Nature, v. 482, p. 514-518, doi:10.1038/nature10847.
110. Jambon A., and Zimmermann, J.L., 1990, Water in oceanic basalts: Evidence for dehydration of recycled crust: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 101, no. 2-4, p. 323-331, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90163-R.
111. Jarrard, R.D., 2003, Subduction fluxes of water, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and potassium: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 4, no. 5, 8905, doi:10.1029/2002GC000392.
112. Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J.C., Grinsted, A., and Woodworth, P.L., 2008, Recent global sea level acceleration started over 200 years ago?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, no. 8, L08715, doi:10.1029/2008GL033611.
113. Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J.C., and Grinsted, A., 2010, How will sea level respond to changes in natural and anthropogenic forcings by 2100?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 37, no. 7, L07703, doi:10.1029/2010GL042947.
114. Jones, S.M., Lovell, B., and Crosby, A.G., 2012, Comparison of modern and geological observations of dynamic support from mantle convection: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 169, no. 6, p. 745-758, doi:10.1144/jgs2011-118.
115. Karato, S.-i., 2011, Water distribution across the mantle transition zone and its implications for global material circulation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 301, no. 3-4, p. 413-423, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.038.
116. Kasting, J.F., and Holm, N.G., 1992, What determines the volume of the oceans?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 109, no. 3-4, p. 507-515, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90110-H.
117. Kendall R.A., Latychev, K., Mitrovica, J.X., Davis, J.E., and Tamisiea, M.E., 2006, Decontaminating tide gauge records for the influence of glacial isostatic adjustment: The potential impact of 3-D Earth structure: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 24, L24318, doi:10.1029/2006GL028448.
118. Kennett, B.L.N., Widiyantoro, S., and Van der Hilst, R.D., 1998, Joint seismic tomography for bulk sound and shear wave speed in the Earth's mantle: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 12,469-12,493, doi:10.1029/98JB00150.
119. Kerr, A.C., White, R.V., and Saunders, A.D., 2000, LIP reading: Recognizing oceanic plateaux in the geological record: Journal of Petrology, v. 41, no. 7, p. 1041-1056, doi:10.1093/petrology/41.7.1041.
120. Khan, S.A., Wahr, J., Stearns, L.A., Hamilton, G.S., Van Dam, T., Larson, K.M., and Francis, O., 2007, Elastic uplift in southeast Greenland due to rapid ice mass loss: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, no. 21, L21701, doi:10.1029/2007GL031468.
121. Kim, S.-S., and Wessel, P., 2011, New global seamount census from altimetry-derived gravity data: Geophysical Journal International, v. 186, no. 2, p. 615-631, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05076.x.
122. King, M.A., Bingham, R.J., Moore, P., Whitehouse, P.L., Bentley, M.J., and Milne, G.A., 2012, Lower satellitegravimetry estimates of Antarctic sea-level contribution: Nature, v. 491, no. 7425, p. 586-589, doi:10.1038/nature11621.
123. Kirschner, J.P., Kominz, M.A., and Mwakanyamale, K.E., 2010, Quantifying extension of passive margins: Implications for sea level change: Tectonics, v. 29, no. 4, TC4006, doi:10.1029/2009TC002557.
124. Kominz, M.A., 1984, Ocean ridge volumes and sea-level change-An error analysis, in Schlee, J.S., ed., Interregional Unconformities and Hydrocarbon Accumulation: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 36, p. 109-127.
125. Kominz M.A.,Browning J.V., Miller, K.G., Sugarman, P.J., Mizintseva, S., and Scotese, C.R., 2008, Late Cretaceous to Miocene sea-level estimates from the New Jersey and Delaware coastal plain coreholes: An error analysis: Basin Research, v. 20, no. 2, p. 211-226, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00354.x.
126. Kopp, R.E., Simons, F.J., Mitrovica, J.X., Maloof, A.C., and Oppenheimer, M., 2009, Probabilistic assessment of sea level during the last interglacial stage: Nature, v. 462, no. 7275, p. 863-867, doi:10.1038/nature08686.
127. Korenaga, J., 2011, Thermal evolution with a hydrating mantle and the initiation of plate tectonics in the early Earth: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 116, B12403, doi:10.1029/2011JB008410.
128. Lambeck K., Purcell, A., and Dutton, A., 2012, The anatomy of interglacial sea levels: The relationship between sea levels and ice volumes during the Last Interglacial: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 315-316, p. 4-11, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.08.026.
129. Larsen C.F., Echelmeyer, K.A., Freymueller, J.T., and Motyka, R.J., 2003, Tide gauge records of uplift along the northern Pacific-North American plate boundary, 1937 to 2001: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 108, 2216, doi:10.1029/2001JB001685.
130. Larson R.L., 10991, Latest pulse of Earth: Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume: Geology, v. 19, no. 6, p. 547-550, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0547 :LPOEEF>2.3.CO;2.
131. Lassak, T.M., Mcnamara, A.K., Garnero, E.J., and Zhong, S.J., 2010, Core-mantle boundary topography as a possible constraint on lower mantle chemistry and dynamics: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 289, no. 1-2, p. 232-241, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.012.
132. Lear, C.H., Elderfield, H., and Wilson, P.A., 2000, Cenozoic deep-sea temperatures and global ice volumes from Mg/Ca in benthic foraminiferal calcite: Science, v. 287, no. 5451, p. 269-272, doi:10.1126/science.287.5451.269.
133. Lemke, P., Ren, J., Alley, R.B., Allison, I., Carrasco, J., Flato, G., Fujii, Y., Kaser, G., Mote, P., Thomas, R.H., and Zhang, T., 2007, Observations: Changes in snow, ice and frozen ground, in Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L., eds., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge, UK, and New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 337-383.
134. Lettenmaier, D.P., and Milly, P.C.D., 2009, Land waters and sea level: Nature Geoscience, v. 2, no. 7, p. 452-454, doi:10.1038/ngeo567.
135. Leuliette, E.W., and Miller, L., 2009, Closing the sea level rise budget with altimetry, Argo, and GRACE: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 4, L04608, doi:10.1029/2008GL036010.
136. Li, Z.-X., and Zhong, S., 2009, Supercontinent-superplume coupling, true polar wander and plume mobility: Plate dominance in whole-mantle tectonics: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 176, no. 3-4, 143-156, doi:10.1016/jpepi.2009.05.004.
137. Ligi, M., Bonatti, E., Cipriani, A., and Ottolini, L., 2005, Water-rich basalts at mid-ocean-ridge cold spots: Nature, v. 434, no. 7029, p. 66-69, doi:10.1038/nature03264.
138. Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., and Gurnis, M., 1997, Cenozoic subsidence and uplift of continents from time-varying dynamic topography: Geology, v. 25, no. 8, p. 735-738, doi:10 .1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0735:CSAUOC>2.3.CO;2.
139. Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., and Richards, M.A., 1998, The dynamics of Cenozoic and Mesozoic plate motions: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 36, no. 1, p. 27-78, doi:10.1029/97RG02282.
140. Liu, L.J., Spasojevic, S., and Gurnis, M., 2008, Reconstructing Farallon plate subduction beneath North America back to the Late Cretaceous: Science, v. 322, no. 5903, p. 934-938, doi:10.1126/science.1162921.
141. Liu, L.J., Gurnis, M., Seton, M., Saleeby, J., Müller, R.D., and Jackson, J.M., 2010, The role of oceanic plateau subduction in the Laramide orogeny: Nature Geoscience, v. 3, no. 5, p. 353-357, doi:10.1038/ngeo829.
142. Llovel, W., Becker, M., Cazenave, A., Jevrejeva, S., Alkama, R., Decharme, B., Douville, H., Ablain, M., and Beckley, B., 2011a, Terrestrial waters and sea level variations on interannual time scale: Global and Planetary Change, v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 76-82, doi:10.1016/j .gloplacha.2010.10.008.
143. Llovel, W., Meyssignac, B., and Cazenave, A., 2011b, Steric sea level variations over 2004-2010 as a function of region and depth: Inference on the mass component variability in the North Atlantic Ocean: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, no. 15, L15608, doi:10.1029/2011gl047411.
144. Lombard, A., Cazenave, A., Le Traon, P.-Y., and Ishii, M., 2005, Contribution of thermal expansion to presentday sea-level change revisited: Global and Planetary Change, v. 47, no. 1, p. 1-16, doi:10.1016/j .gloplacha.2004.11.016.
145. Lorbacher, K., Marsland, S.J., Church, J.A., Griffies, S.M., and Stammer, D., 2012, Rapid barotropic sea level rise from ice sheet melting: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, C06003, doi:10.1029/2011JC007733.
146. Lovell B., 2010, A pulse in the planet: Regional control of high-frequency changes in relative sea level by mantle convection: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 167, no. 4, p. 637-648, doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-127.
147. Lowman, J.P., and Jarvis, G.T., 1999, Effects of mantle heat source distribution on supercontinent stability: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 12,733-12,746, doi:10.1029/1999JB900108.
148. Loyd, S.J., Beckert, T.W., Conrad, C.P., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., and Corsetti, F.A., 2007, Time variability in Cenozoic reconstructions of mantle heat flow: Plate tectonic cycles and implications for Earth's thermal evolution: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 104, no. 36, p. 14,266-14,271, doi:10.1073/pnas.0706667104.
149. Mackenzie, F.T., and Morse, J.W., 1992, Sedimentary carbonates through Phanerozoic time: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 8, p. 3281-3295, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90305-3.
150. Marty, B., 2012, The origins and concentrations of water, carbon, nitrogen and noble gases on Earth: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 313-314, p. 56-66, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.040.
151. Maruyama S., and Liou, J.G., 2005, From snowball to Phanerozic Earth: International Geology Review, v. 47, no. 8, p. 775-791, doi:10.2747/0020-6814.47.8.775.
152. McCulloch, M.T., and Esat, T., 2000, The coral record of last interglacial sea levels and sea surface temperatures: Chemical Geology, v. 169, no. 1-2, p. 107-129, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00260-6.
153. McGovern, P.J., and Schubert, G., 1989, Thermal evolution of the Earth: Effects of volatile exchange between atmosphere and interior: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 96, no. 1-2, p. 27-37, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(89)90121-0.
154. McNamara, A.K., Garnero, E.J., and Rost, S., 2010, Tracking deep mantle reservoirs with ultra-low velocity zones: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 299, no. 1-2, p. 1-9, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.042.
155. Meehl, G.A., Stocker, T.F., Collins, W.D., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A.T., Gregory, J.M., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J.M., Noda, A., Raper, S.C.B., Watterson, I.G., Weaver, A.J., and Zhao, Z.-C., 2007, Global climate projections, in Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L., eds., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge, UK, and New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 747-845.
156. Meier, M.F., Dyurgerov, M.B., Rick, U.K., O'Neel, S., Pfeffer, W.T., Anderson, R.S., Anderson, S.P., and Glazovsky, A.F., 2007, Glaciers dominate eustatic sealevel rise in the 21st century: Science, v. 317, no. 5841, p. 1064-1067, doi:10.1126/science.1143906.
157. Merrifield, M.A., and Maltrud, M.E., 2011, Regional sea level trends due to a Pacific trade wind intensification: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, no. 21, L21605, doi:10.1029/2011GL049576.
158. Métivier, L., Greff-Lefftz, M., and Altamimi, Z., 2010, On secular geocenter motion: The impact of climate changes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 296, no. 3-4, p. 360-366, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.05.021.
159. Métivier, L., Collilieux, X., and Altamimi, Z., 2012, ITRF2008 contribution to glacial isostatic adjustment and recent ice melting assessment: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 1, L01309, doi:10.1029/2011GL049942.
160. Meyers, S.R., and Peters, S.E., 2011, A 56 million year rhythm in North American sedimentation during the Phanerozoic: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 303, no. 3-4, p. 174-180, doi:10.1016/j.epsl .2010.12.044.
161. Michael, P., 1995, Regionally distinctive sources of depleted MORB: Evidence from trace elements and H2O: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 131, no. 3-4, p. 301-320, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00023-6.
162. Miller, K.G., Kominz, M.A., Browning, J.V., Wright, J.D., Mountain, G.S., Katz, M.E., Sugarman, P.J., Cramer, B.S., Christie-Blick, N., and Pekar, S.F., 2005, The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change: Science, v. 310, no. 5752, p. 1293-1298, doi:10.1126/science.1116412.
163. Miller, K.G., Wright, J.D., Katz, M.E., Wade, B.S., Browning, J.V., Cramer, B.S., and Rosenthal, Y., 2009, Climate threshold at the Eocene-Oligocene transition: Antarctic ice sheet influence on ocean circulation, in Koeberl, C., and Montanari, A., eds., The Late Eocene Earth-Hothouse, Icehouse, and Impacts: Geological Society of America Special Paper 452, p. 169-178, doi:10.1130/2009.2452(11).
164. Miller, L., and Douglas, B.C., 2004, Mass and volume contributions to twentieth-century global sea level rise: Nature, v. 428, no. 6981, p. 406-409, doi:10.1038/nature02309.
165. Milne, G.A., and Mitrovica, J.X., 1998, Postglacial sea-level change on a rotating Earth: Geophysical Journal International, v. 133, no. 1, p. 1-19, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.1331455.x.
166. Milne, G.A., Mitrovica, J.X., and Davis, J.L., 1999, Near-field hydro-isostasy: The implementation of a revised sea-level equation: Geophysical Journal International, v. 139, no. 2, p. 464-482, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00971.x.
167. Mitrovica, J.X., 1996, Haskell 1935 revisited: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 101, p. 555-569, doi:10.1029/95JB03208.
168. Mitrovica, J.X., 2009, Eulogy for eustasy: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 90, Fall Meeting Birch Lecture, Abstract T34A.
169. Mitrovica, J.X., and Milne, G.A., 2002, On the origin of late Holocene sea-level highstands within equatorial ocean basins: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 21, no. 20-22, p. 2179-2190, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00080-X.
170. Mitrovica, J.X., and Peltier, W.R., 1991, On postglacial geoid subsidence over the equatorial oceans: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 96, p. 20,053-20,071, doi:10.1029/91JB01284.
171. Mitrovica, J.X., and Peltier, W.R., 1993, Present-day secular variations in the zonal harmonics of Earth's geopotential: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 98, p. 4509-4526, doi:10.1029/92JB02700.
172. Mitrovica, J.X., Beaumont, C., and Jarvis, G.T., 1989, Tilting of continental interiors by the dynamical effects of subduction: Tectonics, v. 8, no. 5, p. 1079-1094, doi:10.1029/TC008i005p01079.
173. Mitrovica, J.X., Davis, J.L., and Shapiro, I.I., 1993, Constraining proposed combinations of ice history and Earth rheology using VLBI-determined base-line length rates in North America: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 21, p. 2387-2390, doi:10.1029/93GL02043.
174. Mitrovica, J.X., Tamisiea, M.E., Davis, J.L., and Milne, G.A., 2001, Recent mass balance of polar ice sheets inferred from patterns of global sea-level change: Nature, v. 409, no. 6823, p. 1026-1029, doi:10.1038/35059054.
175. Mitrovica, J.X., Wahr, J., Matsuyama, I., and Paulson, A., 2005, The rotational stability of an ice-age Earth: Geophysical Journal International, v. 161, no. 2, p. 491-506, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02609.x.
176. Mitrovica, J.X., Gomez, N., and Clark, P.U., 2009, The sealevel fingerprint of West Antarctic collapse: Science, v. 323, no. 5915, p. 753, doi:10.1126/science.1166510.
177. Mitrovica, J.X., Gomez, N., Morrow, E., Hay, C., Latychev, K., and Tamisiea, M.E., 2011, On the robustness of predictions of sea level fingerprints: Geophysical Journal International, v. 187, no. 2, p. 729-742, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05090.x.
178. Moore, J.G., 1987, Subsidence of the Hawaiian ridge, in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., eds., Volcanism in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, v. 1, p. 85-100.
179. Morbidelli, A., Chambers, J., Lunine, J.I., Petit, J.M., Robert, F., Valsecchi, G.B., and Cyr, K.E., 2000, Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to the Earth: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1309-1320, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x.
180. Moucha, R., Forte, A.M., Mitrovica, J.X., Rowley, D.B., Quere, S., Simmons, N.A., and Grand, S.P., 2008, Dynamic topography and long-term sea-level variations: There is no such thing as a stable continental platform: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 271, no. 1-4, p. 101-108, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.056.
181. Muhs, D.R., 2002, Evidence for the timing and duration of the last interglacial period from high-precision uranium-series ages of corals on tectonically stable coastlines: Quaternary Research, v. 58, no. 1, p. 36-40, doi:10.1006/qres.2002.2339.
182. Müller, R.D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., and Roest, W.R., 2008a, Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 9, Q04006, doi:10.1029/2007GC001743.
183. Müller, R.D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., Steinberger, B., and Heine, C., 2008b, Long-term sea-level fluctuations driven by ocean basin dynamics: Science, v. 319, no. 5868, p. 1357-1362, doi:10.1126/science.1151540.
184. Nakiboglu, S.M., and Lambeck, K., 1991, Secular sea-level change, in Sabadini, R., Lambeck, K., and Boschi, E., eds., Glacial Isostasy, Sea-Level and Mantle Rheology: Norwell, Massachusetts, Kluwer Academic, p. 237-258.
185. Nerem, R.S., and Mitchum, G.T., 2002, Estimates of vertical crustal motion derived from differences of TOPEX/POSEIDON and tide gauge sea level measurements: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 19, 1934, doi:10.1029/2002GL015037.
186. Nerem, R.S., and Wahr, J., 2011, Recent changes in the Earth's oblateness driven by Greenland and Antarctic ice mass loss: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, no. 13, L13501, doi:10.1029/2011GL047879.
187. Nerem, R.S., Leuliette, E., and Cazenave, A., 2006, Present-day sea-level change: A review: Comptes Rendus Geoscience, v. 338, no. 14-15, p. 1077-1083, doi:10.1016/j.crte.2006.09.001.
188. Ohtani, E., 2005, Water in the mantle: Elements, v. 1, p. 25-30, doi:10.2113/gselements.1.1.25.
189. Oncken, O., Hindle, D., Kley, J., Elger, K., Victor, P., and Schemmann, K., 2006, Deformation of the Central Andean upper plate system-Facts, fiction, and constraints for plateau models, in Oncken, O., Chong, G., Franz, G., Giese, P., Götze, H.-J., Ramos, V.A., Strecker, M.R., and Wigger, P., eds., The Andes: Active Subduction Orogeny: Berlin, Springer, p. 3-27, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8_1.
190. Ostanciaux, É., Husson, L., Choblet, G., Robin, C., and Pedoja, K., 2012, Present-day trends of vertical ground motion along the coast lines: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 110, no. 1-4, p. 74-92, doi:10.1016/j .earscirev.2011.10.004.
191. Overpeck, J.T., Otto-Bliesner, B.L., Miller, G.H., Muhs, D.R., Alley, R.B., and Kiehl, J.T., 2006, Paleoclimatic evidence for future ice-sheet instability and rapid sealevel rise: Science, v. 311, no. 5768, p. 1747-1750, doi:10.1126/science.1115159.
192. Parai, R., and Mukhopadhyay, S., 2012, How large is the subducted water flux? New constraints on mantle regassing rates: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 317-318, p. 396-406, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.024.
193. Paulson, A., Zhong, S.J., and Wahr, J., 2007a, Inference of mantle viscosity from GRACE and relative sea level data: Geophysical Journal International, v. 171, no. 2, p. 497-508, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03556.x.
194. Paulson, A., Zhong, S.J., and Wahr, J., 2007b, Limitations on the inversion for mantle viscosity from postglacial rebound: Geophysical Journal International, v. 168, no. 3, p. 1195-1209, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03222.x.
195. Pedoja, K., et al., 2011, Relative sea-level fall since the last interglacial stage: Are coasts uplifting worldwide?: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 108, no. 1-2, p. 1-15, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.002.
196. Peltier, W.R., 2004, Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age Earth: The ICE-5G (VM2) model and GRACE: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 32, no. 1, p. 111-149, doi:10.1146/annurev. earth.32.082503.144359.
197. Petersen, K.D., Nielsen, S.B., Clausen, O.R., Stephenson, R., and Gerya, T., 2010, Small-scale mantle convection produces stratigraphic sequences in sedimentary basins: Science, v. 329, no. 5993, p. 827-830, doi:10.1126/science.1190115.
198. Pfeffer, W.T., Harper, J.T., and O'Neel, S., 2008, Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise: Science, v. 321, no. 5894, p. 1340-1343, doi:10.1126/science.1159099.
199. Piecuch, C.G., and Ponte, R.M., 2011, Mechanisms of interannual steric sea level variability: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, no. 15, L15605, doi:10.1029/2011GL048440.
200. Pilkey, O.H., and Cooper, J.A.G., 2004, Society and sea level rise: Science, v. 303, no. 5665, p. 1781-1782, doi:10.1126/science.1093515.
201. Pitman, W.C., 1978, Relationship between eustasy and stratigraphic sequences of passive margins: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 89, no. 9, p. 1389-1403, doi:10 .1130/0016-7606(1978)89<1389:RBEASS>2.0.CO;2.
202. Plag, H.P., 2006, Recent relative sea-level trends: An attempt to quantify the forcing factors: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, ser. A, v. 364, p. 821-844, doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1739.
203. Plag, H.-P., and Jüttner, H.-U., 2001, Inversion of global tide gauge data for present-day ice load changes, in Yamanouchi, T., ed., Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Environmental Research in the Arctic and Fifth Ny-ålesund Scientific Seminar: Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue 54, p. 301-317.
204. Pokhrel, Y.N., Hanasaki, N., Yeh, P.J.F., Yamada, T.J., Kanae, S., and Oki, T., 2012, Model estimates of sea-level change due to anthropogenic impacts on terrestrial water storage: Nature Geoscience, v. 5, no. 6, p. 389-392, doi:10.1038/ngeo1476.
205. Rahmstorf, S., 2007, A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise: Science, v. 315, no. 5810, p. 368-370, doi:10.1126/science.1135456.
206. Ray, R.D., and Douglas, B.C., 2011, Experiments in reconstructing twentieth-century sea levels: Progress in Oceanography, v. 91, no. 4, p. 496-515, doi:10.1016/j .pocean.2011.07.021.
207. Raymo, M.E., and Mitrovica, J.X., 2012, Collapse of polar ice sheets during the stage 11 interglacial: Nature, v. 483, no. 7390, p. 453-456, doi:10.1038/nature10891.
208. Raymo, M.E., Mitrovica, J.X., O'Leary, M.J., Deconto, R.M., and Hearty, P.J., 2011, Departures from eustasy in Pliocene sea-level records: Nature Geoscience, v. 4, no. 5, p. 328-332, doi:10.1038/ngeo1118.
209. Rietbroek, R., Brunnabend, S.E., Kusche, J., and Schröter, J., 2012, Resolving sea level contributions by identifying fingerprints in time-variable gravity and altimetry: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 59-60, p. 72-81, doi:10.1016/j.jog.2011.06.007.
210. Rignot, E., Velicogna, I., Van den Broeke, M.R., Monaghan, A., and Lenaerts, J., 2011, Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, no. 5, L05503, doi:10.1029/2011GL046583.
211. Riva, R.E.M., Bamber, J.L., Lavallèe, D.A., and Wouters, B., 2010, Sea-level fingerprint of continental water and ice mass change from GRACE: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 37, no. 19, L19605, doi:10.1029/2010GL044770.
212. Rohling, E.J., Grant, K., Hemleben, C., Siddall, M., Hoogakker, B.A.A., Bolshaw, M., and Kucera, M., 2008, High rates of sea-level rise during the last interglacial period: Nature Geoscience, v. 1, no. 1, p. 38-42, doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.28.
213. Rowley, D.B., 2002, Rate of plate creation and destruction: 180 Ma to present: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 8, p. 927-933, doi:10 .1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0927:ROPCAD>2.0.CO;2.
214. Rowley, D.B., 2008, Extrapolating oceanic age distributions: Lessons from the Pacific region: The Journal of Geology, v. 116, p. 587-598, doi:10.1086/592276.
215. Roy, K., and Peltier, W.R., 2011, GRACE era secular trends in Earth rotation parameters: A global scale impact of the global warming process?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, no. 10, L10306, doi:10.1029/2011GL047282.
216. Ruban, D.A., Conrad, C.P., and Van Loon, A.J., 2010a, The challenge of reconstructing the Phanerozoic sea level and the Pacific Basin tectonics: Geologos, v. 16, no. 4, p. 235-243, doi:10.2478/v10118-010-0007-9.
217. Ruban, D.A., Zorina, S.O., and Conrad, C.P., 2010b, No global-scale transgressive-regressive cycles in the Thanetian (Paleocene): Evidence from interregional correlation: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 295, no. 1-2, p. 226-235, doi:10.1016/j .palaeo.2010.05.040.
218. Ruban, D.A., Zorina, S.O., Conrad, C.P., and Afanasieva, N.I., 2012, In quest of Paleocene global-scale transgressions and regressions: Constraints from a synthesis of regional trends: Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, v. 123, no. 1, p. 7-18, doi:10.1016/j .pgeola.2011.08.003.
219. Rüpke, L.H., Morgan, J.P., Hort, M., and Connolly, J.A.D., 2004, Serpentine and the subduction zone water cycle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 223, no. 1-2, p. 17-34, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.018.
220. Sallenger, A.H., Doran, K.S., and Howd, P.A., 2012, Hotspot of accelerated sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America: Nature: Climatic Change, v. 2, no. 12, p. 884-888, doi:10.1038/nclimate1597.
221. Sandu, C., Lenardic, A., and Mcgovern, P., 2011, The effects of deep water cycling on planetary thermal evolution: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 116, B12404, doi:10.1029/2011JB008405.
222. Sauber, J., Plafker, G., Molnia, B.F., and Bryant, M.A., 2000, Crustal deformation associated with glacial fluctuations in the eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. B4, p. 8055-8077, doi:10.1029/1999JB900433.
223. Saunders, A.D., Tarney, J., Kerr, A.C., and Kent, R.W., 1996, The formation and fate of large oceanic igneous provinces: Lithos, v. 37, no. 2-3, p. 81-95, doi:10.1016/0024-4937(95)00030-5.
224. Savage, B., 2012, Seismic constraints on the water flux delivered to the deep Earth by subduction: Geology, v. 40, no. 3, p. 235-238, doi:10.1130/G32499.1.
225. Schmidt, M., and Poli, S., 2003, Generation of mobile components during subduction of oceanic crust, in Heinrich, D.H., and Karl, K.T., eds., Treatise on Geochemistry: Oxford, UK, Pergamon, p. 567-591, doi:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03034-6.
226. Schmidt, M., Seitz, F., and Shum, C.K., 2008, Regional four-dimensional hydrological mass variations from GRACE, atmospheric flux convergence, and river gauge data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, B10402, doi:10.1029/2008JB005575.
227. Sella, G.F., Stein, S., Dixon, T.H., Craymer, M., James, T.S., Mazzotti, S., and Dokka, R.K., 2007, Observation of glacial isostatic adjustment in "stable" North America with GPS: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, no. 2, L02306, doi:10.1029/2006GL027081.
228. Seton, M., Gaina, C., Müller, R.D., and Heine, C., 2009, Mid-Cretaceous seafloor spreading pulse: Fact or fiction?: Geology, v. 37, no. 8, p. 687-690, doi:10.1130/G25624A.1.
229. Seton, M., Müller, R.D., Zahirovic, S., Gaina, C., Torsvik, T., Shephard, G., Talsma, A., Gurnis, M., Turner, M., Maus, S., and Chandler, M., 2012, Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 113, no. 3-4, p. 212-270, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002.
230. Shaw, A.M., Hauri, E.H., Fischer, T.P., Hilton, D.R., and Kelley, K.A., 2008, Hydrogen isotopes in Mariana arc melt inclusions: Implications for subduction dehydration and the deep-Earth water cycle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 275, no. 1-2, p. 138-145, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.015.
231. Shaw, A.M., Behn, M.D., Humphris, S.E., Sohn, R.A., and Gregg, P.M., 2010, Deep pooling of low degree melts and volatile fluxes at the 85°E segment of the Gakkel Ridge: Evidence from olivine-hosted melt inclusions and glasses: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 289, no. 3-4, p. 311-322, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.018.
232. Slangen, A., Katsman, C., Van de Wal, R., Vermeersen, L., and Riva, R., 2012, Towards regional projections of twenty-first century sea-level change based on IPCC SRES scenarios: Climate Dynamics, v. 38, no. 5, p. 1191-1209, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1057-6.
233. Smith, W.H.F., and Sandwell, D.T., 1997, Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings: Science, v. 277, no. 5334, p. 1956-1962, doi:10.1126/science.277.5334.1956.
234. Spada, G., Ruggieri, G., Sørensen, L.S., Nielsen, K., Melini, D., and Colleoni, F., 2012, Greenland uplift and regional sea level changes from icesat observations and GIA modelling: Geophysical Journal International, v. 189, no. 3, p. 1457-1474, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05443.x.
235. Spasojevic, S., and Gurnis, M., 2012, Sea level and vertical motion of continents from dynamic Earth models since the Late Cretaceous: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 96, no. 11, p. 2037-2064, doi:10.1306/03261211121.
236. Spasojevic, S., Liu, L., Gurnis, M., and Müller, R.D., 2008, The case for dynamic subsidence of the US east coast since the Eocene: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, L08305, doi:10.1029/2008GL033511.
237. Spasojevic, S., Liu, L.J., and Gurnis, M., 2009, Adjoint models of mantle convection with seismic, plate motion, and stratigraphic constraints: North America since the Late Cretaceous: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 10, Q05W02, doi:10.1029/2008GC002345.
238. Spasojevic, S., Gurnis, M., and Sutherland, R., 2010, Mantle upwellings above slab graveyards linked to the global geoid lows: Nature Geoscience, v. 3, no. 6, p. 435-438, doi:10.1038/ngeo855.
239. Stein, C.A., and Stein, S., 1992, A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age: Nature, v. 359, no. 6391, p. 123-129, doi:10.1038/359123a0.
240. Sykes, T.J.S., 1996, A correction for sediment load upon the ocean floor: Uniform versus varying sediment density estimations-Implications for isostatic correction: Marine Geology, v. 133, no. 1-2, p. 35-49, doi:10.1016/0025-3227(96)00016-3.
241. Tamisiea, M.E., and Mitrovica, J.X., 2011, The moving boundaries of sea level change: Understanding the origins of geographic variability: Oceanography, v. 24, p. 24-39, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011.25.
242. Tamisiea, M.E., Mitrovica, J.X., Milne, G.A., and Davis, J.L., 2001, Global geoid and sea level changes due to present-day ice mass fluctuations: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B12, p. 30,849-30,863, doi:10.1029/2000JB000011.
243. Torsvik, T.H., Müller, R.D., Van der Voo, R., Steinberger, B., and Gaina, C., 2008a, Global plate motion frames: Toward a unified model: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 46, no. 3, RG3004, doi:10.1029/2007RG000227.
244. Torsvik, T.H., Steinberger, B., Cocks, L.R.M., and Burke, K., 2008b, Longitude: Linking Earth's ancient surface to its deep interior: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 276, no. 3-4, p. 273-282, doi:10.1016/j .epsl.2008.09.026.
245. Torsvik, T.H., Steinberger, B., Gurnis, M., and Gaina, C., 2010, Plate tectonics and net lithosphere rotation over the past 150 My: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 291, no. 1-4, p. 106-112, doi:10.1016/j .epsl.2009.12.055.
246. Tushingham, A.M., and Peltier, W.R., 1991, Ice-3G: A new global model of late Pleistocene deglaciation based upon geophysical predictions of post-glacial relative sea level change: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B3, p. 4497-4523, doi:10.1029/90JB01583.
247. Vail, P.R., Mitchum, R.M., and Thompson, S., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level: Part 4. Global cycles of relative changes of sea level, in Payton, C.E., ed., Seismic Stratigraphy; Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 26, p. 83-97.
248. van der Lee, S., Regenauer-Lieb, K., and Yuen, D.A., 2008, The role of water in connecting past and future episodes of subduction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 273, no. 1-2, p. 15-27, doi:10.1016/j .epsl.2008.04.041.
249. van der Meer, D.G., Torsvik, T.H., Spakman, W., Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., and Amaru, M.L., 2012, Intra-Panthalassa Ocean subduction zones revealed by fossil arcs and mantle structure: Nature Geoscience, v. 5, no. 3, p. 215-219, doi:10.1038/ngeo1401.
250. van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Lippert, P.C., Dupont-Nivet, G., Mc-Quarrie, N., Doubrovine, P.V., Spakman, W., and Torsvik, T.H., 2012, Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 109, no. 20, p. 7659-7664, doi:10.1073/pnas.1117262109.
251. van Keken, P.E., Hacker, B.R., Syracuse, E.M., and Abers, G.A., 2011, Subduction factory: 4. Depth-dependent flux of H2O from subducting slabs worldwide: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 116, no. B1, B01401, doi:10.1029/2010JB007922.
252. Velicogna, I., 2009, Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 19, L19503, doi:10.1029/2009GL040222.
253. Vermeer, M., and Rahmstorf, S., 2009, Global sea level linked to global temperature: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 106, no. 51, p. 21,527-21,532, doi:10.1073/pnas.0907765106.
254. Wada, Y., Van Beek, L.P.H., Sperna Weiland, F.C., Chao, B.F., Wu, Y.-H., and Bierkens, M.F.P., 2012, Past and future contribution of global groundwater depletion to sea-level rise: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 9, L09402, doi:10.1029/2012GL051230.
255. Walcott, R.I., 1972, Past sea levels, eustasy and deformation of the Earth: Quaternary Research, v. 2, no. 1, p. 1-14, doi:10.1016/0033-5894(72)90001-4.
256. Wang, H., Jia, L., Steffen, H., Wu, P., Jiang, L., Hsu, H., Xiang, L., Wang, Z., and Hu, B., 2013, Increased water storage in North America and Scandinavia from GRACE gravity data: Nature Geoscience, v. 6, no. 1, p. 38-42, doi:10.1038/ngeo1652.
257. Wessel, P., Sandwell, D.T., and Kim, S.-S., 2010, The global seamount census: Oceanography v. 23, no. 1, p. 24-33, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.60.
258. Whitehouse, P.L., Bentley, M.J., Milne, G.A., King, M.A., and Thomas, I.D., 2012, A new glacial isostatic adjustment model for Antarctica: Calibrated and tested using observations of relative sea-level change and present-day uplift rates: Geophysical Journal International, v. 190, no. 3, p. 1464-1482, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05557.x.
259. Whittaker, J.M., Müller, R.D., Leitchenkov, G., Stagg, H., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., and Goncharov, A., 2007, Major Australian-Antarctic plate reorganization at Hawaiian-Emperor bend time: Science, v. 318, no. 5847, p. 83-86, doi:10.1126/science.1143769.
260. Wigley, T.M.L., and Raper, S.C.B., 1987, Thermal expansion of sea water associated with global warming: Nature, v. 330, no. 6144, p. 127-131, doi:10.1038/330127a0.
261. Williams, Q., and Hemley, R.J., 2001, Hydrogen in the deep Earth: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 29, no. 1, p. 365-418, doi:10.1146/annurev .earth.29.1.365.
262. Willis, J.K., and Church, J.A., 2012, Regional sea-level projection: Science, v. 336, no. 6081, p. 550-551, doi:10.1126/science.1220366.
263. Winterbourne, J., Crosby, A., and White, N., 2009, Depth, age and dynamic topography of oceanic lithosphere beneath heavily sedimented Atlantic margins: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 287, no. 1-2, p. 137-151, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.019.
264. Wood, B.J., Halliday, A.N., and Rehkamper, M., 2010, Volatile accretion history of the Earth: Nature, v. 467, no. 7319, p. E6-E7, doi:10.1038/nature09484.
265. Wöppelmann, G., Letetrel, C., Santamaria, A., Bouin, M.N., Collilieux, X., Altamimi, Z., Williams, S.D.P., and Miguez, B.M., 2009, Rates of sea-level change over the past century in a geocentric reference frame: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 12, L12607, doi:10.1029/2009GL038720.
266. Worsley, T.R., Nance, D., and Moody, J.B., 1984, Global tectonics and eustasy for the past 2 billion years: Marine Geology, v. 58, no. 3-4, p. 373-400, doi:10.1016/0025-3227(84)90209-3.
267. Xu, X.Q., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., and Conrad, C.P., 2006, Global reconstructions of Cenozoic seafloor ages: Implications for bathymetry and sea level: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 243, no. 3-4, p. 552-564, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.010.
268. Zhang, N., Zhong, S.J., Leng, W., and Li, Z.X., 2010, A model for the evolution of the Earth's mantle structure since the early Paleozoic: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 115, doi:10.1029/2009jb006896.
269. Zhang, N., Zhong, S.J., and Flowers, R.M., 2012, Predicting and testing continental vertical motion histories since the Paleozoic: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 317, p. 426-435, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.041.
270. Zhong, S.J., Paulson, A., and Wahr, J., 2003, Threedimensional finite-element modelling of Earth's viscoelastic deformation: Effects of lateral variations in lithospheric thickness: Geophysical Journal International, v. 155, no. 2, p. 679-695, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02084.x.
271. Zhong, S.J., Ritzwoller, M., Shapiro, N., Landuyt, W., Huang, J.S., and Wessel, P., 2007a, Bathymetry of the Pacific plate and its implications for thermal evolution of lithosphere and mantle dynamics: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 112, no. B6, B06412, doi:10.1029/2006JB004628.
272. Zhong, S.J., Zhang, N., Li, Z.X., and Roberts, J.H., 2007b, Supercontinent cycles, true polar wander, and very long-wavelength mantle convection: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 261, no. 3-4, p. 551-564, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.049.
273. Zorina, S.O., Dzyuba, O.S., Shurygin, B.N., and Ruban, D.A., 2008, How global are the Jurassic-Cretaceous unconformities?: Terra Nova, v. 20, no. 5, p. 341-346, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2008.00826.x.