Major Depression: A Role for Hippocampal Neurogenesis?

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

Volumn 14, Issue , 2013, Pages 153-179

  Lee, Margherita M ^a   Reif, Andreas ^a   Schmitt, Angelika G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adult neurogenesis; Hippocampus; Neural progenitor cells; Stress; Subgranular zone

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINOXIDE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BRAIN MONOAMINE; CITALOPRAM; CORTICOTROPIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXEPIN; ESTROGEN; FLUOXETINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; HYDROCORTISONE; IMIPRAMINE; KI 67 ANTIGEN; MELATONIN; MIRTAZAPINE; PAROXETINE; REBOXETINE; SERTRALINE; VENLAFAXINE;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN NERVE CELL; BRAIN SIZE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CORTICOTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTRIC SHOCK; ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT; EXERCISE; HAPLORHINI; HIPPOCAMPUS; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTION; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LEARNING; LIFE STRESS; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; MENTAL DISEASE; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; NEURAL STEM CELL; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROESTRUS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REINFORCEMENT; RODENT; SCANDENTIA; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX DIFFERENCE; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; NEURAL STEM CELLS; NEUROGENESIS;

EID: 84880056448     PISSN: 18663370     EISSN: 18663389     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2012_226     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Altman J (1962) Are new neurons formed in the brains of adult mammals? Science 135: 1127-1128.
2. Altman J, Das GD (1965) Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. J Comp Neurol 124:319-335.
3. Altman J, Das GD (1967) Postnatal neurogenesis in the guinea-pig. Nature 214:1098-1101.
4. Amrein I, Isler K, Lipp HP (2011) Comparing adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mammalian species and orders: influence of chronological age and life history stage. Eur J Neurosci 34:978-987.
5. Anacker C, Zunszain PA, Cattaneo A, Carvalho LA, Garabedian MJ, Thuret S, Price J, Pariante CM (2011) Antidepressants increase human hippocampal neurogenesis by activating the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Psychiatry 16:738-750.
6. Banasr M, Hery M, Printemps R, Daszuta A (2004) Serotonin-induced increases in adult cell proliferation and neurogenesis are mediated through different and common 5-HT receptor subtypes in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:450-460.
7. Bannerman DM, Deacon RM, Offen S, Friswell J, Grubb M, Rawlins JN (2002) Double dissociation of function within the hippocampus: spatial memory and hyponeophagia. Behav Neurosci 116:884-901.
8. Barnea A, Nottebohm F (1996) Recruitment and replacement of hippocampal neurons in young and adult chickadees: an addition to the theory of hippocampal learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:714-718.
9. Bekinschtein P, Oomen CA, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ (2011) Effects of environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise on neurogenesis, learning and memory, and pattern separation: BDNF as a critical variable? Semin Cell Dev Biol 22:536-542.
10. Boekhoorn K, Joels M, Lucassen PJ (2006) Increased proliferation reflects glial and vascularassociated changes, but not neurogenesis in the presenile Alzheimer hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 24:1-14.
11. Boldrini M, Arango V (2010) Antidepressants, age, and neuroprogenitors. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:351-352.
12. Boldrini M, Underwood MD, Hen R, Rosoklija GB, Dwork AJ, John Mann J, Arango V (2009) Antidepressants increase neural progenitor cells in the human hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:2376-2389.
13. Bremner JD, Narayan M, Anderson ER, Staib LH, Miller HL, Charney DS (2000) Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 157:115-118.
14. Brezun JM, Daszuta A (2000) Serotonin may stimulate granule cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus, as observed in rats grafted with foetal raphe neurons. Eur J Neurosci 12: 391-396.
15. Broadbent NJ, Squire LR, Clark RE (2004) Spatial memory, recognition memory, and the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:14515-14520.
16. Burghardt NS, Park EH, Hen R, Fenton AA (2012) Adult-born hippocampal neurons promote cognitive flexibility in mice. Hippocampus 31(6):739-751.
17. Cahill L, McGaugh JL (1998) Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends Neurosci 21:294-299.
18. Campbell S, Marriott M, Nahmias C, MacQueen GM (2004) Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 161:598-607.
19. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, McClay J, Mill J, Martin J, Braithwaite A, Poulton R (2003) Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301:386-389.
20. Chishti MA, Yang DS, Janus C, Phinney AL, Horne P, Pearson J, Strome R, Zuker N, Loukides J, French J, Turner S, Lozza G, Grilli M, Kunicki S, Morissette C, Paquette J, Gervais F, Bergeron C, Fraser PE, Carlson GA, George-Hyslop PS, Westaway D (2001) Early-onset amyloid deposition and cognitive deficits in transgenic mice expressing a double mutant form of amyloid precursor protein 695. J Biol Chem 276:21562-21570.
21. Clelland CD, Choi M, Romberg C, Clemenson GD Jr, Fragniere A, Tyers P, Jessberger S, Saksida LM, Barker RA, Gage FH, Bussey TJ (2009) A functional role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in spatial pattern separation. Science 325:210-213.
22. Coras R, Siebzehnrubl FA, Pauli E, Huttner HB, Njunting M, Kobow K, Villmann C, Hahnen E, Neuhuber W, Weigel D, Buchfelder M, Stefan H, Beck H, Steindler DA, Blumcke I (2010) Low proliferation and differentiation capacities of adult hippocampal stem cells correlate with memory dysfunction in humans. Brain 133:3359-3372.
23. Crespel A, Rigau V, Coubes P, Rousset MC, de Bock F, Okano H, Baldy-Moulinier M, Bockaert J, Lerner-Natoli M (2005) Increased number of neural progenitors in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 19:436-450.
24. Czeh B, Lucassen PJ (2007) What causes the hippocampal volume decrease in depression? Are neurogenesis, glial changes and apoptosis implicated? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257:250-260.
25. Czeh B, Michaelis T, Watanabe T, Frahm J, de Biurrun G, van Kampen M, Bartolomucci A, Fuchs E (2001) Stress-induced changes in cerebral metabolites, hippocampal volume, and cell proliferation are prevented by antidepressant treatment with tianeptine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:12796-12801.
26. Czeh B, Welt T, Fischer AK, Erhardt A, Schmitt W, Muller MB, Toschi N, Fuchs E, Keck ME (2002) Chronic psychosocial stress and concomitant repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: effects on stress hormone levels and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry 52:1057-1065.
27. Davachi L, Wagner AD (2002) Hippocampal contributions to episodic encoding: insights from relational and item-based learning. J Neurophysiol 88:982-990.
28. Dawirs RR, Hildebrandt K, Teuchert-Noodt G (1998) Adult treatment with haloperidol increases dentate granule cell proliferation in the gerbil hippocampus. J Neural Transm 105:317-327.
29. Dayer AG, Ford AA, Cleaver KM, Yassaee M, Cameron HA (2003) Short-term and long-term survival of new neurons in the rat dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol 460:563-572.
30. Deng W, Aimone JB, Gage FH (2010) New neurons and new memories: how does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory? Nat Rev Neurosci 11:339-350.
31. Deng W, Saxe MD, Gallina IS, Gage FH (2009) Adult-born hippocampal dentate granule cells undergoing maturation modulate learning and memory in the brain. J Neurosci 29: 13532-13542.
32. Dias BG, Banerjee SB, Duman RS, Vaidya VA (2003) Differential regulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor transcripts by antidepressant treatments in the adult rat brain. Neuropharmacology 45:553-563.
33. Drapeau E, Mayo W, Aurousseau C, Le Moal M, Piazza PV, Abrous DN (2003) Spatial memory performances of aged rats in the water maze predict levels of hippocampal neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:14385-14390.
34. Dupret D, Fabre A, Dobrossy MD, Panatier A, Rodriguez JJ, Lamarque S, Lemaire V, Oliet SH, Piazza PV, Abrous DN (2007) Spatial learning depends on both the addition and removal of new hippocampal neurons. PLoS Biol 5:e214.
35. Dupret D, Revest JM, Koehl M, Ichas F, De Giorgi F, Costet P, Abrous DN, Piazza PV (2008) Spatial relational memory requires hippocampal adult neurogenesis. PLoS ONE 3:e1959
36. Encinas JM, Vaahtokari A, Enikolopov G (2006) Fluoxetine targets early progenitor cells in the adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:8233-8238.
37. Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA, Gage FH (1998) Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 4:1313-1317.
38. Fahrner A, Kann G, Flubacher A, Heinrich C, Freiman TM, Zentner J, Frotscher M, Haas CA (2007) Granule cell dispersion is not accompanied by enhanced neurogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Exp Neurol 203:320-332.
39. Fanselow MS, Dong HW (2010) Are the dorsal and ventral hippocampus functionally distinct structures? Neuron 65:7-19.
40. Frodl T, Jager M, Smajstrlova I, Born C, Bottlender R, Palladino T, Reiser M, Moller HJ, Meisenzahl EM (2008a) Effect of hippocampal and amygdala volumes on clinical outcomes in major depression: a 3-year prospective magnetic resonance imaging study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 33:423-430.
41. Frodl TS, Koutsouleris N, Bottlender R, Born C, Jager M, Scupin I, Reiser M, Moller HJ, Meisenzahl EM (2008b) Depression-related variation in brain morphology over 3 years: effects of stress? Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:1156-1165.
42. Galea LA (2008) Gonadal hormone modulation of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult male and female rodents. Brain Res Rev 57:332-341.
43. Gaspar P, Cases O, Maroteaux L (2003) The developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics. Nat Rev Neurosci 4:1002-1012.
44. Gerdes J, Li L, Schlueter C, Duchrow M, Wohlenberg C, Gerlach C, Stahmer I, Kloth S, Brandt E, Flad HD (1991) Immunobiochemical and molecular biologic characterization of the cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen that is defined by monoclonal antibody Ki-67. Am J Pathol 138:867-873.
45. Geuze E, Vermetten E, Bremner JD (2005) MR-based in vivo hippocampal volumetrics: 2 Findings in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 10:160-184.
46. Glasper ER, Schoenfeld TJ, Gould E (2012) Adult neurogenesis: optimizing hippocampal function to suit the environment. Behav Brain Res 227:380-383.
47. Goldman SA, Nottebohm F (1983) Neuronal production, migration, and differentiation in a vocal control nucleus of the adult female canary brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80:2390-2394.
48. Gould E (1999) Serotonin and hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 21: 46S-51S.
49. Gould E, Beylin A, Tanapat P, Reeves A, Shors TJ (1999a) Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. Nat Neurosci 2:260-265.
50. Gould E, Reeves AJ, Graziano MS, Gross CG (1999b) Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates. Science 286:548-552.
51. Gould E, Tanapat P (1999) Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry 46:1472-1479.
52. Gould E, Tanapat P, McEwen BS, Flugge G, Fuchs E (1998) Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3168-3171.
53. Grassi Zucconi G, Cipriani S, Balgkouranidou I, Scattoni R (2006) 'One night' sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain Res Bull 69:375-381.
54. Gratzner HG (1982) Monoclonal antibody to 5-bromoand 5-iododeoxyuridine: A new reagent for detection of DNA replication. Science 218:474-475.
55. Halim ND, Weickert CS, McClintock BW, Weinberger DR, Lipska BK (2004) Effects of chronic haloperidol and clozapine treatment on neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1063-1069.
56. Hanson ND, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB (2011) Depression, antidepressants, and neurogenesis: a critical reappraisal. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:2589-2602.
57. Hellsten J, Wennstrom M, Mohapel P, Ekdahl CT, Bengzon J, Tingstrom A (2002) Electroconvulsive seizures increase hippocampal neurogenesis after chronic corticosterone treatment. Eur J Neurosci 16:283-290.
58. Henke PG (1990) Hippocampal pathway to the amygdala and stress ulcer development. Brain Res Bull 25:691-695.
59. Herman JP, Dolgas CM, Carlson SL (1998) Ventral subiculum regulates hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenocortical and behavioural responses to cognitive stressors. Neuroscience 86:449-459.
60. Herring A, Ambree O, Tomm M, Habermann H, Sachser N, Paulus W, Keyvani K (2009) Environmental enrichment enhances cellular plasticity in transgenic mice with Alzheimer-like pathology. Exp Neurol 216:184-192.
61. Heuser I, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F (1994) The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: a refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 28:341-356.
62. Holmes A (2008) Genetic variation in cortico-amygdala serotonin function and risk for stressrelated disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32:1293-1314.
63. Holsboer F (2001) Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: implications for therapy. J Affect Disord 62:77-91.
64. Honea R, Crow TJ, Passingham D, Mackay CE (2005) Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Am J Psychiatry 162:2233-2245.
65. Imayoshi I, Sakamoto M, Ohtsuka T, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Yamaguchi M, Mori K, Ikeda T, Itohara S, Kageyama R (2008) Roles of continuous neurogenesis in the structural and functional integrity of the adult forebrain. Nat Neurosci 11:1153-1161.
66. Jacobs BL (2002) Adult brain neurogenesis and depression. Brain Behav Immun 16:602-609.
67. Jacobson L, Sapolsky R (1991) The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocr Rev 12:118-134.
68. Jin K, Peel AL, Mao XO, Xie L, Cottrell BA, Henshall DC, Greenberg DA (2004) Increased hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:343-347.
69. Kee N, Sivalingam S, Boonstra R, Wojtowicz JM (2002) The utility of Ki-67 and BrdU as proliferative markers of adult neurogenesis. J Neurosci Methods 115:97-105.
70. Kempermann G (2002) Why new neurons? Possible functions for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neurosci 22:635-638.
71. Kempermann G (2008) The neurogenic reserve hypothesis: what is adult hippocampal neurogenesis good for? Trends Neurosci 31:163-169.
72. Kempermann G, Gage FH (1999) Experience-dependent regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: effects of long-term stimulation and stimulus withdrawal. Hippocampus 9: 321-332.
73. Kempermann G, Gast D, Gage FH (2002) Neuroplasticity in old age: sustained fivefold induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by long-term environmental enrichment. Ann Neurol 52: 135-143.
74. Kempermann G, Jessberger S, Steiner B, Kronenberg G (2004) Milestones of neuronal development in the adult hippocampus. Trends Neurosci 27:447-452.
75. Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Gage FH (1997) More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment. Nature 386:493-495.
76. Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Gage FH (1998) Experience-induced neurogenesis in the senescent dentate gyrus. J Neurosci 18:3206-3212.
77. Kirby ED, Friedman AR, Covarrubias D, Ying C, Sun WG, Goosens KA, Sapolsky RM, Kaufer D (2012) Basolateral amygdala regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and fear-related activation of newborn neurons. Mol Psychiatry 17:527-536.
78. Kitamura T, Saitoh Y, Takashima N, Murayama A, Niibori Y, Ageta H, Sekiguchi M, Sugiyama H, Inokuchi K (2009) Adult neurogenesis modulates the hippocampus-dependent period of associative fear memory. Cell 139:814-827.
79. Knoth R, Singec I, Ditter M, Pantazis G, Capetian P, Meyer RP, Horvat V, Volk B, Kempermann G (2010) Murine features of neurogenesis in the human hippocampus across the lifespan from 0 to 100 years. PLoS ONE 5:e8809.
80. Kobayashi K, Ikeda Y, Sakai A, Yamasaki N, Haneda E, Miyakawa T, Suzuki H (2010) Reversal of hippocampal neuronal maturation by serotonergic antidepressants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:8434-8439.
81. Kodama M, Fujioka T, Duman RS (2004) Chronic olanzapine or fluoxetine administration increases cell proliferation in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of adult rat. Biol Psychiatry 56:570-580.
82. Koolhaas JM, Bartolomucci A, Buwalda B, de Boer SF, Flugge G, Korte SM, Meerlo P, Murison R, Olivier B, Palanza P, Richter-Levin G, Sgoifo A, Steimer T, Stiedl O, van Dijk G, Wohr M, Fuchs E (2011) Stress revisited: a critical evaluation of the stress concept. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:1291-1301.
83. Kronenberg G, Bick-Sander A, Bunk E, Wolf C, Ehninger D, Kempermann G (2006) Physical exercise prevents age-related decline in precursor cell activity in the mouse dentate gyrus. Neurobiol Aging 27:1505-1513.
84. Kronenberg G, Kirste I, Inta D, Chourbaji S, Heuser I, Endres M, Gass P (2009) Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in the GR (±) genetic mouse model of depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259:499-504.
85. Kuhn HG, Dickinson-Anson H, Gage FH (1996) Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation. J Neurosci 16:2027-2033.
86. Lanfumey L, Mongeau R, Cohen-Salmon C, Hamon M (2008) Corticosteroid-serotonin interactions in the neurobiological mechanisms of stress-related disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32:1174-1184.
87. Lee M, Olmes DG, Nietzer SL, Winnig M, Lesch KP, Schmitt AG (2010) Hippocampal neurogenesis during murine and human ontogenesis: same same but different?. FENS Abstr. vol 5, 011.39.
88. Lewejohann L, Reefmann N, Widmann P, Ambree O, Herring A, Keyvani K, Paulus W, Sachser N (2009) Transgenic Alzheimer mice in a semi-naturalistic environment: more plaques, yet not compromised in daily life. Behav Brain Res 201:99-102.
89. Lowry CA, Johnson PL, Hay-Schmidt A, Mikkelsen J, Shekhar A (2005) Modulation of anxiety circuits by serotonergic systems. Stress 8:233-246.
90. Lucassen PJ, Meerlo P, Naylor AS, van Dam AM, Dayer AG, Fuchs E, Oomen CA, Czeh B (2010a) Regulation of adult neurogenesis by stress, sleep disruption, exercise and inflammation: Implications for depression and antidepressant action. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20:1-17.
91. Lucassen PJ, Stumpel MW, Wang Q, Aronica E (2010b) Decreased numbers of progenitor cells but no response to antidepressant drugs in the hippocampus of elderly depressed patients. Neuropharmacology 58:940-949.
92. Lyons DM, Buckmaster PS, Lee AG, Wu C, Mitra R, Duffey LM, Buckmaster CL, Her S, Patel PD, Schatzberg AF (2010) Stress coping stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis in adult monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:14823-14827.
93. Madsen TM, Treschow A, Bengzon J, Bolwig TG, Lindvall O, Tingstrom A (2000) Increased neurogenesis in a model of electroconvulsive therapy. Biol Psychiatry 47:1043-1049.
94. Malberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS (2000) Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 20:9104-9110.
95. Marlatt MW, Lucassen PJ (2010) Neurogenesis and Alzheimer's disease: biology and pathophysiology in mice and men. Curr Alzheimer Res 7:113-125.
96. Maya Vetencourt JF, Sale A, Viegi A, Baroncelli L, De Pasquale R, O'Leary OF, Castren E, Maffei L (2008) The antidepressant fluoxetine restores plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Science 320:385-388.
97. Meshi D, Drew MR, Saxe M, Ansorge MS, David D, Santarelli L, Malapani C, Moore H, Hen R (2006) Hippocampal neurogenesis is not required for behavioral effects of environmental enrichment. Nat Neurosci 9:729-731.
98. Ming GL, Song H (2005) Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 28:223-250.
99. Ming GL, Song H (2011) Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain: significant answers and significant questions. Neuron 70:687-702.
100. Mirescu C, Peters JD, Gould E (2004) Early life experience alters response of adult neurogenesis to stress. Nat Neurosci 7:841-846.
101. Moghaddam B, Bolinao ML, Stein-Behrens B, Sapolsky R (1994) Glucocorticoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate. Brain Res 655:251-254.
102. Morris SA, Eaves DW, Smith AR, Nixon K (2010) Alcohol inhibition of neurogenesis: a mechanism of hippocampal neurodegeneration in an adolescent alcohol abuse model. Hippocampus 20:596-607.
103. Moser MB, Moser EI (1998) Functional differentiation in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 8: 608-619.
104. Moser MB, Moser EI, Forrest E, Andersen P, Morris RG (1995) Spatial learning with a minislab in the dorsal hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:9697-9701.
105. Namba T, Mochizuki H, Onodera M, Mizuno Y, Namiki H, Seki T (2005) The fate of neural progenitor cells expressing astrocytic and radial glial markers in the postnatal rat dentate gyrus. Eur J Neurosci 22:1928-1941.
106. Namestkova K, Simonova Z, Sykova E (2005) Decreased proliferation in the adult rat hippocampus after exposure to the Morris water maze and its reversal by fluoxetine. Behav Brain Res 163:26-32.
107. Nibuya M, Morinobu S, Duman RS (1995) Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J Neurosci 15: 7539-7547.
108. Nilsson M, Perfilieva E, Johansson U, Orwar O, Eriksson PS (1999) Enriched environment increases neurogenesis in the adult rat dentate gyrus and improves spatial memory. J Neurobiol 39:569-578.
109. O'Keefe J, Nadel L (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
110. Overstreet DH, Pucilowski O, Retton MC, Delagrange P, Guardiola-Lemaitre B (1998) Effects of melatonin receptor ligands on swim test immobility. NeuroReport 9:249-253.
111. Paizanis E, Hamon M, Lanfumey L (2007) Hippocampal neurogenesis, depressive disorders, and antidepressant therapy. Neural Plast 2007:73754.
112. Papp M, Gruca P, Boyer PA, Mocaer E (2003) Effect of agomelatine in the chronic mild stress model of depression in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:694-703.
113. Pariante CM, Lightman SL (2008) The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci 31:464-468.
114. Perera TD, Coplan JD, Lisanby SH, Lipira CM, Arif M, Carpio C, Spitzer G, Santarelli L, Scharf B, Hen R, Rosoklija G, Sackeim HA, Dwork AJ (2007) Antidepressant-induced neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult nonhuman primates. J Neurosci 27:4894-4901.
115. Pham K, McEwen BS, Ledoux JE, Nader K (2005) Fear learning transiently impairs hippocampal cell proliferation. Neuroscience 130:17-24.
116. Pittenger C, Duman RS (2008) Stress, depression, and neuroplasticity: a convergence of mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:88-109.
117. Pollak DD, Monje FJ, Zuckerman L, Denny CA, Drew MR, Kandel ER (2008) An animal model of a behavioral intervention for depression. Neuron 60:149-161.
118. Ramirez-Amaya V, Marrone DF, Gage FH, Worley PF, Barnes CA (2006) Integration of new neurons into functional neural networks. J Neurosci 26:12237-12241.
119. Ramirez-Rodriguez G, Klempin F, Babu H, Benitez-King G, Kempermann G (2009) Melatonin modulates cell survival of new neurons in the hippocampus of adult mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:2180-2191.
120. Reif A, Fritzen S, Finger M, Strobel A, Lauer M, Schmitt A, Lesch KP (2006) Neural stem cell proliferation is decreased in schizophrenia, but not in depression. Mol Psychiatry 11:514-522.
121. Reif A, Schmitt A, Fritzen S, Lesch KP (2007) Neurogenesis and schizophrenia: dividing neurons in a divided mind? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257:290-299.
122. Revest JM, Dupret D, Koehl M, Funk-Reiter C, Grosjean N, Piazza PV, Abrous DN (2009) Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is involved in anxiety-related behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 14: 959-967.
123. Ridder S, Chourbaji S, Hellweg R, Urani A, Zacher C, Schmid W, Zink M, Hortnagl H, Flor H, Henn FA, Schutz G, Gass P (2005) Mice with genetically altered glucocorticoid receptor expression show altered sensitivity for stress-induced depressive reactions. J Neurosci 25:6243-6250.
124. Sahay A, Hen R (2007) Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression. Nat Neurosci 10: 1110-1115.
125. Sahay A, Scobie KN, Hill AS, O'Carroll CM, Kheirbek MA, Burghardt NS, Fenton AA, Dranovsky A, Hen R (2011) Increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sufficient to improve pattern separation. Nature 472:466-470.
126. Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C, Surget A, Battaglia F, Dulawa S, Weisstaub N, Lee J, Duman R, Arancio O, Belzung C, Hen R (2003) Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 301:805-809.
127. Saveanu RV, Nemeroff CB (2012) Etiology of depression: genetic and environmental factors. Psychiatr Clin North Am 35:51-71.
128. Saxe MD, Battaglia F, Wang JW, Malleret G, David DJ, Monckton JE, Garcia AD, Sofroniew MV, Kandel ER, Santarelli L, Hen R, Drew MR (2006) Ablation of hippocampal neurogenesis impairs contextual fear conditioning and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:17501-17506.
129. Schloesser RJ, Lehmann M, Martinowich K, Manji HK, Herkenham M (2010) Environmental enrichment requires adult neurogenesis to facilitate the recovery from psychosocial stress. Mol Psychiatry 15:1152-1163.
130. Schmitt A, Weber S, Jatzko A, Braus DF, Henn FA (2004) Hippocampal volume and cell proliferation after acute and chronic clozapine or haloperidol treatment. J Neural Transm 111:91-100.
131. Scholzen T, Gerdes J (2000) The Ki-67 protein: from the known and the unknown. J Cell Physiol 182:311-322.
132. Segal M, Richter-Levin G, Maggio N (2010) Stress-induced dynamic routing of hippocampal connectivity: a hypothesis. Hippocampus 20:1332-1338.
133. Seki T, Arai Y (1995) Age-related production of new granule cells in the adult dentate gyrus. NeuroReport 6:2479-2482.
134. Sheline YI (1996) Hippocampal atrophy in major depression: a result of depression-induced neurotoxicity? Mol Psychiatry 1:298-299.
135. Smith ME (2005) Bilateral hippocampal volume reduction in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of structural MRI studies. Hippocampus 15:798-807.
136. Snyder JS, Cameron HA (2012) Could adult hippocampal neurogenesis be relevant for human behavior? Behav Brain Res 227:384-390.
137. Snyder JS, Soumier A, Brewer M, Pickel J, Cameron HA (2011) Adult hippocampal neurogenesis buffers stress responses and depressive behaviour. Nature 476:458-461.
138. Spritzer MD, Galea LA (2007) Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, but not estradiol, enhance survival of new hippocampal neurons in adult male rats. Dev Neurobiol 67:1321-1333.
139. Spritzer MD, Ibler E, Inglis W, Curtis MG (2011) Testosterone and social isolation influence adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of male rats. Neuroscience 195:180-190.
140. Squire LR, Knowlton B, Musen G (1993) The structure and organization of memory. Annu Rev Psychol 44:453-495.
141. Squire LR, Ojemann JG, Miezin FM, Petersen SE, Videen TO, Raichle ME (1992) Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: a functional anatomical study of memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:1837-1841.
142. Steen RG, Mull C, McClure R, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA (2006) Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br J Psychiatry 188:510-518.
143. Stockmeier CA, Mahajan GJ, Konick LC, Overholser JC, Jurjus GJ, Meltzer HY, Uylings HB, Friedman L, Rajkowska G (2004) Cellular changes in the postmortem hippocampus in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 56:640-650.
144. Swanson LW, Cowan WM (1977) An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat. J Comp Neurol 172:49-84.
145. Tanapat P, Hastings NB, Reeves AJ, Gould E (1999) Estrogen stimulates a transient increase in the number of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the adult female rat. J Neurosci 19: 5792-5801.
146. Tata DA, Anderson BJ (2010) The effects of chronic glucocorticoid exposure on dendritic length, synapse numbers and glial volume in animal models: implications for hippocampal volume reductions in depression. Physiol Behav 99:186-193.
147. Tata DA, Marciano VA, Anderson BJ (2006) Synapse loss from chronically elevated glucocorticoids: relationship to neuropil volume and cell number in hippocampal area CA3. J Comp Neurol 498:363-374.
148. Taupin P (2010) A dual activity of ROS and oxidative stress on adult neurogenesis and Alzheimer's disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 10:16-21.
149. Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A (2012) Childhood maltreatment is associated with reduced volume in the hippocampal subfields CA3, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:E563-E572.
150. Thomas RM, Hotsenpiller G, Peterson DA (2007) Acute psychosocial stress reduces cell survival in adult hippocampal neurogenesis without altering proliferation. J Neurosci 27:2734-2743.
151. van Groen T, Wyss JM (1990) Extrinsic projections from area CA1 of the rat hippocampus: olfactory, cortical, subcortical, and bilateral hippocampal formation projections. J Comp Neurol 302:515-528.
152. van Os J, Kenis G, Rutten BP (2010) The environment and schizophrenia. Nature 468:203-212.
153. van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH (1999) Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:13427-13431.
154. van Praag H, Shubert T, Zhao C, Gage FH (2005) Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. J Neurosci 25:8680-8685.
155. van Praag HM (2004) Can stress cause depression? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28:891-907.
156. Veena J, Srikumar BN, Raju TR, Shankaranarayana Rao BS (2009) Exposure to enriched environment restores the survival and differentiation of new born cells in the hippocampus and ameliorates depressive symptoms in chronically stressed rats. Neurosci Lett 455:178-182.
157. Videbech P, Ravnkilde B (2004) Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Am J Psychiatry 161:1957-1966.
158. von Bohlen and Halbach O (2011) Immunohistological markers for proliferative events, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res 345:1-19.
159. Wahlberg KE, Wynne LC, Oja H, Keskitalo P, Pykalainen L, Lahti I, Moring J, Naarala M, Sorri A, Seitamaa M, Laksy K, Kolassa J, Tienari P (1997) Gene-environment interaction in vulnerability to schizophrenia: findings from the finnish adoptive family study of Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 154:355-362.
160. Wakade CG, Mahadik SP, Waller JL, Chiu FC (2002) Atypical neuroleptics stimulate neurogenesis in adult rat brain. J Neurosci Res 69:72-79.
161. Wang HD, Dunnavant FD, Jarman T, Deutch AY (2004) Effects of antipsychotic drugs on neurogenesis in the forebrain of the adult rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1230-1238.
162. Watson DR, Bai F, Barrett SL, Turkington A, Rushe TM, Mulholland CC, Cooper SJ (2012) Structural changes in the hippocampus and amygdala at first episode of psychosis. Brain Imaging Behav 6:49-60.
163. West MJ, Gundersen HJ (1990) Unbiased stereological estimation of the number of neurons in the human hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 296:1-22.
164. Zhang CL, Zou Y, He W, Gage FH, Evans RM (2008) A role for adult TLX-positive neural stem cells in learning and behaviour. Nature 451:1004-1007.
165. Zigova T, Pencea V, Wiegand SJ, Luskin MB (1998) Intraventricular administration of BDNF increases the number of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. Mol Cell Neurosci 11:234-245.