Pathophysiology of giant cell arteritis;Physiopathologie de l'artérite à cellules géantes

Revue de Medecine Interne

Volumn 34, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 392-402

  Ly, K H ^a   Liozon, E ^a   Fauchais, A L ^a   Vidal, E ^a  

^a DUPUYTREN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Giant cell arteritis; Pathophysiology; T lymphocytes; Vascular remodeling; Vessels smooth muscle cells

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE;

ARTERY MEDIA; ARTERY WALL; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; GIANT CELL; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; GRANULOMA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HYPERPLASIA; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; MACROPHAGE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SHORT SURVEY; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; TH17 CELL; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFECTION; INTERLEUKIN-1BETA; INTERLEUKIN-6;

EID: 84879603852     PISSN: 02488663     EISSN: 17683122     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.02.037     Document Type: Short Survey

References (170)

1. Hunder G.G. Epidemiology of giant-cell arteritis. Cleve Clin J Med 2002, 69:79-82.
2. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Lopez-Diaz M.J., Miranda-Filloy J.A., Gonzalez-Juanatey C., Martin J., et al. Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 61:1454-1461.
3. Liu N.H., LaBree L.D., Feldon S.E., Rao N.A. The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis: a 12-year retrospective study. Ophthalmology 2001, 108:1145-1149.
4. Bielory L., Ogunkoya A., Frohman L.P. Temporal arteritis in blacks. Am J Med 1989, 86:707-708.
5. Chaudhry I.A., Shamsi F.A., Elzaridi E., Arat Y.O., Bosley T.M., Riley F.C. Epidemiology of giant-cell arteritis in an Arab population: a 22-year study. Br J Ophthalmol 2007, 91:715-718.
6. Kobayashi S., Yano T., Matsumoto Y., Numano F., Nakajima N., Yasuda K., et al. Clinical and epidemiologic analysis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis from a nationwide survey in 1998in Japan: the first government-supported nationwide survey. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 49:594-598.
7. Hu Z., Yang Q., Zeng S., Li J., Wu X., Cao L., et al. Giant cell arteritis in China: a prospective investigation. Angiology 2002, 53:457-463.
8. Liozon F. Horton's disease. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1989, 140:122-141.
9. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Barros S., Lopez-Diaz M.J., Garcia-Porrua C., Sanchez-Andrade A., Llorca J. Giant cell arteritis: disease patterns of clinical presentation in a series of 240patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005, 84:269-276.
10. Aiello P.D., Trautmann J.C., McPhee T.J., Kunselman A.R., Hunder G.G. Visual prognosis in giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology 1993, 100:550-555.
11. Liozon E., Herrmann F., Ly K., Robert P.Y., Loustaud V., Soria P., et al. Risk factors for visual loss in giant cell (temporal) arteritis: a prospective study of 174patients. Am J Med 2001, 111:211-217.
12. Myklebust G., Gran J.T. A prospective study of 287patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: clinical and laboratory manifestations at onset of disease and at the time of diagnosis. Br J Rheumatol 1996, 35:1161-1168.
13. Ly K.H., Regent A., Tamby M.C., Mouthon L. Pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis: more than just an inflammatory condition?. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:635-645.
14. Banks P.M., Cohen M.D., Ginsburg W.W., Hunder G.G. Immunohistologic and cytochemical studies of temporal arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1983, 26:1201-1207.
15. Lie J.T. Illustrated histopathologic classification criteria for selected vasculitis syndromes. American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Classification of Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1990, 33:1074-1087.
16. Duhaut P., Bosshard S., Ducroix J.P. Is giant cell arteritis an infectious disease? Biological and epidemiological evidence. Presse Med 2004, 33:1403-1408.
17. Weyand C.M., Goronzy J.J. Medium- and large-vessel vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:160-169.
18. Cid M.C., Hernandez-Rodriguez J., Esteban M.J., Cebrian M., Gho Y.S., Font C., et al. Tissue and serum angiogenic activity is associated with low prevalence of ischemic complications in patients with giant-cell arteritis. Circulation 2002, 106:1664-1671.
19. Schmits R., Kubuschok B., Schuster S., Preuss K.D., Pfreundschuh M. Analysis of the B cell repertoire against autoantigens in patients with giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Immunol 2002, 127:379-385.
20. Baiu D.C., Barger B., Sandor M., Fabry Z., Hart M.N. Autoantibodies to vascular smooth muscle are pathogenic for vasculitis. Am J Pathol 2005, 166:1851-1860.
21. Kemp A., Marner K., Nissen S.H., Heyn J., Kissmeyer-Nielsen F. HLA antigens in cases of giant cell arteritis. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1980, 58:1000-1004.
22. Fietta P., Manganelli P., Zanetti A., Neri T.M. Familial giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: aggregation in 2families. J Rheumatol 2002, 29:1551-1555.
23. Liozon E., Ouattara B., Rhaiem K., Ly K., Bezanahary H., Loustaud V., et al. Familial aggregation in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a comprehensive literature review including 4new families. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009, 27:S89-S94.
24. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Garcia-Porrua C., Hajeer A.H., Dababneh A., Ollier W.E. HLA-DRB1*04may be a marker of severity in giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2000, 59:574-575.
25. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Garcia-Porrua C., Llorca J., Hajeer A.H., Branas F., Dababneh A., et al. Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000, 79:283-292.
26. Rauzy O., Fort M., Nourhashemi F., Alric L., Juchet H., Ecoiffier M., et al. Relation between HLA DRB1alleles and corticosteroid resistance in giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1998, 57:380-382.
27. Weyand C.M., Hicok K.C., Hunder G.G., Goronzy J.J. The HLA-DRB1locus as a genetic component in giant cell arteritis. Mapping of a disease-linked sequence motif to the antigen binding site of the HLA-DR molecule. J Clin Invest 1992, 90:2355-2361.
28. Enjuanes A., Benavente Y., Hernandez-Rodriguez J., Queralt C., Yague J., Jares P., et al. Association of NOS2and potential effect of VEGF, IL6, CCL2and IL1RN polymorphisms and haplotypes on susceptibility to GCA-a simultaneous study of 130potentially functional SNPs in 14candidate genes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012, 51:841-851.
29. Pryshchep O., Ma-Krupa W., Younge B.R., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. Vessel-specific Toll-like receptor profiles in human medium and large arteries. Circulation 2008, 118:1276-1284.
30. Takeda K., Kaisho T., Akira S. Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 2003, 21:335-376.
31. Lee J.L., Naguwa S.M., Cheema G.S., Gershwin M.E. The geo-epidemiology of temporal (giant cell) arteritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008, 35:88-95.
32. Bas-Lando M., Breuer G.S., Berkun Y., Mates M., Sonnenblick M., Nesher G. The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem over a 25-year period: annual and seasonal fluctuations. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007, 25(S1):S15-S17.
33. Nordborg C., Nordborg E., Petursdottir V., LaGuardia J., Mahalingam R., Wellish M., et al. Search for varicella zoster virus in giant cell arteritis. Ann Neurol 1998, 44:413-414.
34. Helweg-Larsen J., Tarp B., Obel N., Baslund B. No evidence of parvovirus B19, Chlamydia pneumoniae or human herpes virus infection in temporal artery biopsies in patients with giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002, 41:445-449.
35. Rodriguez-Pla A., Bosch-Gil J.A., Echevarria-Mayo J.E., Rossello-Urgell J., Solans-Laque R., Huguet-Redecilla P., et al. No detection of parvovirus B19or herpesvirus DNA in giant cell arteritis. J Clin Virol 2004, 31:11-15.
36. Alvarez-Lafuente R., Fernandez-Gutierrez B., Jover J.A., Judez E., Loza E., Clemente D., et al. Human parvovirus B19, varicella zoster virus, and human herpes virus 6in temporal artery biopsy specimens of patients with giant cell arteritis: analysis with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Ann Rheum Dis 2005, 64:780-782.
37. Cooper R.J., D'Arcy S., Kirby M., Al-Buhtori M., Rahman M.J., Proctor L., et al. Infection and temporal arteritis: a PCR-based study to detect pathogens in temporal artery biopsy specimens. J Med Virol 2008, 80:501-505.
38. Fest T., Mougin C., Dupond J.L. Giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med 1996, 124:927-928.
39. Gabriel S.E., Espy M., Erdman D.D., Bjornsson J., Smith T.F., Hunder G.G. The role of parvovirus B19in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis: a preliminary evaluation. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:1255-1258.
40. Cankovic M., Zarbo R.J. Failure to detect human herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus viral genomes in giant cell arteritis biopsy specimens by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006, 15:280-286.
41. Powers J.F., Bedri S., Hussein S., Salomon R.N., Tischler A.S. High prevalence of herpes simplex virus DNA in temporal arteritis biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2005, 123:261-264.
42. Duhaut P., Bosshard S., Calvet A., Pinede L., Demolombe-Rague S., Dumontet C., et al. Giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and viral hypotheses: a multicenter, prospective case-control study. J Rheumatol 1999, 26:361-369.
43. Wagner A.D., Gerard H.C., Fresemann T., Schmidt W.A., Gromnica-Ihle E., Hudson A.P., et al. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in giant cell vasculitis and correlation with the topographic arrangement of tissue-infiltrating dendritic cells. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:1543-1551.
44. Njau F., Ness T., Wittkop U., Pancratz T., Eickhoff M., Hudson A.P., et al. No correlation between giant cell arteritis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: investigation of 189patients by standard and improved PCR methods. J Clin Microbiol 2009, 47:1899-1901.
45. Haugeberg G., Bie R., Nordbo S.A. Chlamydia pneumoniae not detected in temporal artery biopsies from patients with temporal arteritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2000, 29:127-128.
46. Regan M.J., Wood B.J., Hsieh Y.H., Theodore M.L., Quinn T.C., Hellmann D.B., et al. Temporal arteritis and Chlamydia pneumoniae: failure to detect the organism by polymerase chain reaction in ninety cases and ninety controls. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:1056-1060.
47. Ma-Krupa W., Jeon M.S., Spoerl S., Tedder T.F., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. Activation of arterial wall dendritic cells and breakdown of self-tolerance in giant cell arteritis. J Exp Med 2004, 199:173-183.
48. Blanco P., Palucka A.K., Pascual V., Banchereau J. Dendritic cells and cytokines in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2008, 19:41-52.
49. Deng J., Ma-Krupa W., Gewirtz A.T., Younge B.R., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. Toll-like receptors 4and 5induce distinct types of vasculitis. Circ Res 2009, 104:488-495.
50. Krupa W.M., Dewan M., Jeon M.S., Kurtin P.J., Younge B.R., Goronzy J.J., et al. Trapping of misdirected dendritic cells in the granulomatous lesions of giant cell arteritis. Am J Pathol 2002, 161:1815-1823.
51. Weyand C.M., Schonberger J., Oppitz U., Hunder N.N., Hicok K.C., Goronzy J.J. Distinct vascular lesions in giant cell arteritis share identical T cell clonotypes. J Exp Med 1994, 179:951-960.
52. + T cell expansions using selected TCR V and J gene segments at the onset of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1221-1227.
53. Brack A., Geisler A., Martinez-Taboada V.M., Younge B.R., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. Giant cell vasculitis is a T cell-dependent disease. Mol Med 1997, 3:530-543.
54. Korn T., Bettelli E., Oukka M., Kuchroo V.K., IL-17and Th17cells Annu Rev Immunol 2009, 27:485-517.
55. Samson M., Lakomy D., Audia S., Bonnotte B. T(H)17lymphocytes: induction, phenotype, functions, and implications in human disease and therapy. Rev Med Interne 2011, 32:292-301.
56. Miossec P., Korn T., Kuchroo V.K. Interleukin-17and type 17helper T cells. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:888-898.
57. Deng J., Younge B.R., Olshen R.A., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. Th17and Th1T-cell responses in giant cell arteritis. Circulation 2010, 121:906-915.
58. Samson M., Audia S., Fraszczak J., Trad M., Ornetti P., Lakomy D., et al. Th1and Th17lymphocytes expressing CD161are implicated in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica pathogenesis. Arthritis Rheum 2012, 64:3788-3798.
59. Ciccia F., Alessandro R., Rizzo A., Principe S., Raiata F., Cavazza A., et al. Expression of interleukin-32in the inflamed arteries of patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2011, 63:2097-2104.
60. Roche N.E., Fulbright J.W., Wagner A.D., Hunder G.G., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. Correlation of interleukin-6production and disease activity in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1993, 36:1286-1294.
61. Weyand C.M., Wagner A.D., Bjornsson J., Goronzy J.J. Correlation of the topographical arrangement and the functional pattern of tissue-infiltrating macrophages in giant cell arteritis. J Clin Invest 1996, 98:1642-1649.
62. Rittner H.L., Kaiser M., Brack A., Szweda L.I., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. Tissue-destructive macrophages in giant cell arteritis. Circ Res 1999, 84:1050-1058.
63. Nikkari S.T., Hoyhtya M., Isola J., Nikkari T. Macrophages contain 92-kd gelatinase (MMP-9) at the site of degenerated internal elastic lamina in temporal arteritis. Am J Pathol 1996, 149:1427-1433.
64. Segarra M., Garcia-Martinez A., Sanchez M., Hernandez-Rodriguez J., Lozano E., Grau J.M., et al. Gelatinase expression and proteolytic activity in giant-cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007, 66:1429-1435.
65. Rodriguez-Pla A., Bosch-Gil J.A., Rossello-Urgell J., Huguet-Redecilla P., Stone J.H., Vilardell-Tarres M. Metalloproteinase-2and -9in giant cell arteritis: involvement in vascular remodeling. Circulation 2005, 112:264-269.
66. Borkowski A., Younge B.R., Szweda L., Mock B., Bjornsson J., Moeller K., et al. Reactive nitrogen intermediates in giant cell arteritis: selective nitration of neocapillaries. Am J Pathol 2002, 161:115-123.
67. Rittner H.L., Hafner V., Klimiuk P.A., Szweda L.I., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. Aldose reductase functions as a detoxification system for lipid peroxidation products in vasculitis. J Clin Invest 1999, 103:1007-1013.
68. Fingerle J., Johnson R., Clowes A.W., Majesky M.W., Reidy M.A. Role of platelets in smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration after vascular injury in rat carotid artery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989, 86:8412-8416.
69. Ferns G.A., Raines E.W., Sprugel K.H., Motani A.S., Reidy M.A., Ross R. Inhibition of neointimal smooth muscle accumulation after angioplasty by an antibody to PDGF. Science 1991, 253:1129-1132.
70. Kaiser M., Weyand C.M., Bjornsson J., Goronzy J.J. Platelet-derived growth factor, intimal hyperplasia, and ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:623-633.
71. Kaiser M., Younge B., Bjornsson J., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M. Formation of new vasa vasorum in vasculitis. Production of angiogenic cytokines by multinucleated giant cells. Am J Pathol 1999, 155:765-774.
72. Owens G.K., Kumar M.S., Wamhoff B.R. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol Rev 2004, 84:767-801.
73. Clowes A.W., Clowes M.M., Au Y.P., Reidy M.A., Belin D. Smooth muscle cells express urokinase during mitogenesis and tissue-type plasminogen activator during migration in injured rat carotid artery. Circ Res 1990, 67:61-67.
74. Shi Y., O'Brien J.E., Fard A., Mannion J.D., Wang D., Zalewski A. Adventitial myofibroblasts contribute to neointimal formation in injured porcine coronary arteries. Circulation 1996, 94:1655-1664.
75. Li G., Chen S.J., Oparil S., Chen Y.F., Thompson J.A. Direct in vivo evidence demonstrating neointimal migration of adventitial fibroblasts after balloon injury of rat carotid arteries. Circulation 2000, 101:1362-1365.
76. Xu F., Ji J., Li L., Chen R., Hu W.C. Adventitial fibroblasts are activated in the early stages of atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007, 352:681-688.
77. Wilcox J.N., Waksman R., King S.B., Scott N.A. The role of the adventitia in the arterial response to angioplasty: the effect of intravascular radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996, 36:789-796.
78. Shi Y., O'Brien J.E., Fard A., Zalewski A. Transforming growth factor-beta 1expression and myofibroblast formation during arterial repair. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996, 16:1298-1305.
79. Folkow B., Svanborg A. Physiology of cardiovascular aging. Physiol Rev 1993, 73:725-764.
80. Cid M.C., Cebrian M., Font C., Coll-Vinent B., Hernandez-Rodriguez J., Esparza J., et al. Cell adhesion molecules in the development of inflammatory infiltrates in giant cell arteritis: inflammation-induced angiogenesis as the preferential site of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:184-194.
81. Han J.W., Shimada K., Ma-Krupa W., Johnson T.L., Nerem R.M., Goronzy J.J., et al. Vessel wall-embedded dendritic cells induce T-cell autoreactivity and initiate vascular inflammation. Circ Res 2008, 102:546-553.
82. Lavignac C., Jauberteau-Marchan M.O., Liozon E., Vidal E., Catanzano G., Liozon F. Immunohistochemical study of lesions in Horton's temporal arteritis before and during corticotherapy. Rev Med Interne 1996, 17:814-820.
83. Chatelain D., Duhaut P., Schmidt J., Loire R., Bosshard S., Guernou M., et al. Pathological features of temporal arteries in patients with giant cell arteritis presenting with permanent visual loss. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:84-88.
84. Liozon E., Roblot P., Paire D., Loustaud V., Liozon F., Vidal E., et al. Anticardiolipin antibody levels predict flares and relapses in patients with giant-cell (temporal) arteritis. A longitudinal study of 58biopsy-proven cases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000, 39:1089-1094.
85. Duhaut P., Berruyer M., Pinede L., Demolombe-Rague S., Loire R., Seydoux D., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and giant cell arteritis: a prospective, multicenter case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:701-709.
86. Manna R., Latteri M., Cristiano G., Todaro L., Scuderi F., Gasbarrini G. Anticardiolipin antibodies in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a study of 40cases. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:208-210.
87. Cid M.C., Cervera R., Font J., Lopez-Soto A., Pallares L., Navarro M., et al. Late thrombotic events in patients with temporal arteritis and anticardiolipin antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1990, 8:359-363.
88. Liozon F., Jauberteau-Marchan M.O., Boutros-Toni F., Barrier J.H., Dupond J.L., Roblot P., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and Horton disease. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1995, 146:541-547.
89. Liozon E., Roussel V., Roblot P., Liozon F., Preud'Homme J.L., Loustaud V., et al. Absence of anti-beta2glycoprotein I antibodies in giant cell arteritis: a study of 45biopsy-proven cases. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:1129-1131.
90. Navarro M., Cervera R., Font J., Reverter J.C., Monteagudo J., Escolar G., et al. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases: prevalence and clinical significance. Lupus 1997, 6:521-526.
91. Servettaz A., Guilpain P., Tamas N., Kaveri S.V., Camoin L., Mouthon L. Natural anti-endothelial cell antibodies. Autoimmun Rev 2008, 7:426-430.
92. Domiciano D.S., Carvalho J.F., Shoenfeld Y. Pathogenic role of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Lupus 2009, 18:1233-1238.
93. Guilpain P., Mouthon L. Antiendothelial cells autoantibodies in vasculitis-associated systemic diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008, 35:59-65.
94. Regent A., Dib H., Ly K.H., Agard C., Tamby M.C., Tamas N., et al. Identification of target antigens of anti-endothelial cell and anti-vascular smooth muscle cell antibodies in patients with giant cell arteritis: a proteomic approach. Arthritis Res Ther 2011, 13:R107.
95. Wick G., Knoflach M., Xu Q. Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2004, 22:361-403.
96. Rajaiah R., Moudgil K.D. Heat-shock proteins can promote as well as regulate autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2009, 8:388-393.
97. Ohashi K., Burkart V., Flohe S., Kolb H. Cutting edge: heat shock protein 60is a putative endogenous ligand of the toll-like receptor-4complex. J Immunol 2000, 164:558-561.
98. Asea A., Rehli M., Kabingu E., Boch J.A., Bare O., Auron P.E., et al. Novel signal transduction pathway utilized by extracellular HSP70: role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2and TLR4. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:15028-15034.
99. Baerlecken N.T., Linnemann A., Gross W.L., Moosig F., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Gonzalez-Gay M.A., et al. Association of ferritin autoantibodies with giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 2012, 71:943-947.
100. Hernandez-Rodriguez J., Segarra M., Vilardell C., Sanchez M., Garcia-Martinez A., Esteban M.J., et al. Tissue production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IL-6) correlates with the intensity of the systemic inflammatory response and with corticosteroid requirements in giant-cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004, 43:294-301.
101. Hernandez-Rodriguez J., Segarra M., Vilardell C., Sanchez M., Garcia-Martinez A., Esteban M.J., et al. Elevated production of interleukin-6is associated with a lower incidence of disease-related ischemic events in patients with giant-cell arteritis: angiogenic activity of interleukin-6as a potential protective mechanism. Circulation 2003, 107:2428-2434.
102. Cid M.C., Font C., Oristrell J., de la Sierra A., Coll-Vinent B., Lopez-Soto A., et al. Association between strong inflammatory response and low risk of developing visual loss and other cranial ischemic complications in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:26-32.
103. Seitz M., Reichenbach S., Bonel H.M., Adler S., Wermelinger F., Villiger P.M. Rapid induction of remission in large vessel vasculitis by IL-6blockade. A case series. Swiss Med Wkly 2011, 141:w13156.
104. Beyer C., Axmann R., Sahinbegovic E., Distler J.H., Manger B., Schett G., et al. Anti-interleukin 6receptor therapy as rescue treatment for giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011, 70:1874-1875.
105. Unizony S., Arias-Urdaneta L., Miloslavsky E., Arvikar S., Khosroshahi A., Keroack B., et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of large-vessel vasculitis (giant cell arteritis, takayasu arteritis) and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Care Res 2012, 64:1720-1729.
106. Pountain G., Hazleman B., Cawston T.E. Circulating levels of IL-1beta, IL-6and soluble IL-2receptor in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:797-798.
107. Dinarello C.A. Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1family. Annu Rev Immunol 2009, 27:519-550.
108. Horai R., Asano M., Sudo K., Kanuka H., Suzuki M., Nishihara M., et al. Production of mice deficient in genes for interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1alpha/beta, and IL-1receptor antagonist shows that IL-1beta is crucial in turpentine-induced fever development and glucocorticoid secretion. J Exp Med 1998, 187:1463-1475.
109. Fantuzzi G., Ku G., Harding M.W., Livingston D.J., Sipe J.D., Kuida K., et al. Response to local inflammation of IL-1beta-converting enzyme-deficient mice. J Immunol 1997, 158:1818-1824.
110. Zheng H., Fletcher D., Kozak W., Jiang M., Hofmann K.J., Conn C.A., et al. Resistance to fever induction and impaired acute-phase response in interleukin-1beta-deficient mice. Immunity 1995, 3:9-19.
111. Shepherd J., Little M.C., Nicklin M.J. Psoriasis-like cutaneous inflammation in mice lacking interleukin-1receptor antagonist. J Invest Dermatol 2004, 122:665-669.
112. Horai R., Saijo S., Tanioka H., Nakae S., Sudo K., Okahara A., et al. Development of chronic inflammatory arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis in interleukin 1receptor antagonist-deficient mice. J Exp Med 2000, 191:313-320.
113. Nicklin M.J., Hughes D.E., Barton J.L., Ure J.M., Duff G.W. Arterial inflammation in mice lacking the interleukin 1receptor antagonist gene. J Exp Med 2000, 191:303-312.
114. Shepherd J., Nicklin M.J. Elastic-vessel arteritis in interleukin-1receptor antagonist-deficient mice involves effector Th1cells and requires interleukin-1receptor. Circulation 2005, 111:3135-3140.
115. Fernandez-Fernandez F.J., Ameneiros-Lago E., Sesma P. Might tocilizumab be useful in patients with giant-cell arteritis and normal ESR?. Swiss Med Wkly 2012, 142:0.
116. Goldbach-Mansky R. Blocking interleukin-1in rheumatic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1182:111-123.
117. Goldbach-Mansky R. Immunology in clinic review series; focus on autoinflammatory diseases: update on monogenic autoinflammatory diseases: the role of interleukin (IL)-1and an emerging role for cytokines beyond IL-1. Clin Exp Immunol 2012, 167:391-404.
118. Aksentijevich I., Masters S.L., Ferguson P.J., Dancey P., Frenkel J., van Royen-Kerkhoff A., et al. An autoinflammatory disease with deficiency of the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:2426-2437.
119. Hansen J.A., Healey L.A., Wilske K.R. Association between giant cell (temporal) arteritis and HLA-Cw3. Hum Immunol 1985, 13:193-198.
120. Cid M.C., Ercilla G., Vilaseca J., Sanmarti R., Villalta J., Ingelmo M., et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica: a syndrome associated with HLA-DR4antigen. Arthritis Rheum 1988, 31:678-682.
121. Salvarani C., Macchioni P., Zizzi F., Mantovani W., Rossi F., Castri C., et al. Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in northern Italy. Arthritis Rheum 1991, 34:351-356.
122. Bignon J.D., Barrier J., Soulillou J.P., Martin P., Grolleau J.Y. HLA DR4and giant cell arteritis. Tissue Antigens 1984, 24:60-62.
123. Richardson J.E., Gladman D.D., Fam A., Keystone E.C. HLA-DR4in giant cell arteritis: association with polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1987, 30:1293-1297.
124. Weyand C.M., Hunder N.N., Hicok K.C., Hunder G.G., Goronzy J.J. HLA-DRB1alleles in polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:514-520.
125. Combe B., Sany J., Le Quellec A., Clot J., Eliaou J.F. Distribution of HLA-DRB1alleles of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in a Mediterranean population. J Rheumatol 1998, 25:94-98.
126. Jacobsen S., Baslund B., Madsen H.O., Tvede N., Svejgaard A., Garred P. Mannose-binding lectin variant alleles and HLA-DR4alleles are associated with giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2002, 29:2148-2153.
127. Dababneh A., Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Garcia-Porrua C., Hajeer A., Thomson W., Ollier W. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica can be differentiated by distinct patterns of HLA classII association. J Rheumatol 1998, 25:2140-2145.
128. Martinez-Taboda V.M., Bartolome M.J., Lopez-Hoyos M., Blanco R., Mata C., Calvo J., et al. HLA-DRB1allele distribution in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: influence on clinical subgroups and prognosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004, 34:454-464.
129. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Di Giovine F.S., Silvestri T., Amoli M.M., Garcia-Porrua C., Thomson W., et al. Lack of association between IL-1cluster and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms and giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002, 20:431.
130. Mattey D.L., Hajeer A.H., Dababneh A., Thomson W., Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Garcia-Porrua C., et al. Association of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica with different tumor necrosis factor microsatellite polymorphisms. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:1749-1755.
131. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Hajeer A.H., Dababneh A., Garcia-Porrua C., Mattey D.L., Amoli M.M., et al. IL-6promoter polymorphism at position -174modulates the phenotypic expression of polymyalgia rheumatica in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002, 20:179-184.
132. Salvarani C., Casali B., Farnetti E., Pipitone N., Nicoli D., Macchioni P., et al. Interleukin-6promoter polymorphism at position -174in giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:2173-2177.
133. Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Castaneda S., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Morado I.C., Gomez-Vaquero C., Mari-Alfonso B., et al. Role of the rs6822844gene polymorphism at the IL2-IL21region in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2011, 29(S1):S12-S16.
134. Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Castaneda S., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Morado I.C., Mari-Alfonso B., Gomez-Vaquero C., et al. Influence of IL2RA rs2104286polymorphism in the risk of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2010, 37:2331-2333.
135. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Hajeer A.H., Dababneh A., Garcia-Porrua C., Amoli M.M., Llorca J., et al. Interferon-gamma gene microsatellite polymorphisms in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis and isolated polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004, 22(S6):S18-S20.
136. Amoli M.M., Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Zeggini E., Salway F., Garcia-Porrua C., Ollier W.E. Epistatic interactions between HLA-DRB1and interleukin 4, but not interferon-gamma, increase susceptibility to giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2004, 31:2413-2417.
137. Boiardi L., Casali B., Farnetti E., Pipitone N., Nicoli D., Macchioni P., et al. Interleukin-10promoter polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:4011-4017.
138. Rueda B., Roibas B., Martin J., Gonzalez-Gay M.A. Influence of interleukin 10promoter polymorphisms in susceptibility to giant cell arteritis in Northwestern Spain. J Rheumatol 2007, 34:1535-1539.
139. Alvarez-Rodriguez L., Lopez-Hoyos M., Carrasco-Marin E., Mata C., Calvo-Alen J., Aurrecoechea E., et al. Analysis of the rs20541 (R130Q) polymorphism in the IL-13gene in patients with elderly-associated chronic inflammatory diseases. Rheumatol Clin 2012, 8:321-327.
140. Palomino-Morales R.J., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Torres O., Morado I.C., Castaneda S., Miranda-Filloy J.A., et al. Association between IL-18gene polymorphisms and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010, 12:R51.
141. Amoli M.M., Garcia-Porrua C., Ollier W.E., Gonzalez-Gay M.A. Lack of association between macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene polymorphism and giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:74-76.
142. Carmona F.D., Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Castaneda S., Miranda-Filloy J.A., Morado I.C., Narvaez J., et al. Role of the CCR5/Delta32CCR5polymorphism in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Hum Immunol 2011, 72:458-461.
143. Boiardi L., Casali B., Nicoli D., Farnetti E., Chen Q., Macchioni P., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:2160-2164.
144. Rueda B., Lopez-Nevot M.A., Lopez-Diaz M.J., Garcia-Porrua C., Martin J., Gonzalez-Gay M.A. A functional variant of vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:1737-1741.
145. Amoli M.M., Garcia-Porrua C., Llorca J., Ollier W.E., Gonzalez-Gay M.A. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase haplotype associations in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:2019-2022.
146. Salvarani C., Casali B., Nicoli D., Farnetti E., Macchioni P., Catanoso M.G., et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:3219-3223.
147. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Oliver J., Sanchez E., Garcia-Porrua C., Paco L., Lopez-Nevot M.A., et al. Association of a functional inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter variant with susceptibility to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:2178-2182.
148. Rodriguez-Pla A., Beaty T.H., Savino P.J., Eagle R.C., Seo P., Soloski M.J. Association of a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase9with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:1849-1853.
149. Palomino-Morales R., Torres O., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Morado I.C., Castaneda S., Callejas-Rubio J.L., et al. Association between toll-like receptor 4gene polymorphism and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2009, 36:1501-1506.
150. Alvarez-Rodriguez L., Lopez-Hoyos M., Beares I., Munoz Cacho P., Mata C., Calvo-Alen J., et al. Lack of association between Toll-like receptor 4gene polymorphisms and giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011, 50:1562-1568.
151. Rueda B., Miranda-Filloy J.A., Martin J., Gonzalez-Gay M.A. Association of CD24gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2008, 35:850-854.
152. Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Castaneda S., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Morado I.C., Mari-Alfonso B., Gomez-Vaquero C., et al. Influence of CD40rs1883832polymorphism in susceptibility to and clinical manifestations of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2010, 37:2076-2080.
153. Serrano A., Carmona F.D., Miranda-Filloy J.A., Castaneda S., Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Morado I.C., et al. Autoimmune disease-associated CD226gene variants are not involved in giant cell arteritis susceptibility in the Spanish population. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012, 30(S1):S29-S33.
154. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Oliver J., Orozco G., Garcia-Porrua C., Lopez-Nevot M.A., Martin J. Lack of association of a functional single nucleotide polymorphism of PTPN22, encoding lymphoid protein phosphatase, with susceptibility to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:1510-1512.
155. Martin J., Perez-Armengol C., Miranda-Filloy J.A., Vilchez J.R., Lopez-Nevot M.A., Garcia-Porrua C., et al. Lack of association of a functional -94ins/delATTG NFKB1promoter polymorphism with susceptibility and clinical expression of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis in northwest Spain. J Rheumatol 2006, 33:285-288.
156. Palomino-Morales R., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Morado I.C., Castaneda S., Ortego-Centeno N., Miranda-Filloy J.A., et al. Lack of association between STAT4gene polymorphism and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2009, 36:1021-1025.
157. Carmona F.D., Serrano A., Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Callejas J.L., Simeon C.P., Carreira P., et al. Evaluation of a shared autoimmune disease-associated polymorphism of TRAF6in systemic sclerosis and giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2012, 39:1275-1279.
158. Torres O., Palomino-Morales R., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Castaneda S., Morado I.C., Miranda-Filloy J.A., et al. Lack of association between TRAF1/C5gene polymorphisms and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2010, 37:131-135.
159. Torres O., Palomino-Morales R., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Castaneda S., Morado I.C., Miranda-Filloy J.A., et al. Lack of association between IRF5gene polymorphisms and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2010, 37:136-140.
160. Torres O., Palomino-Morales R., Castaneda S., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Morado I.C., Miranda-Filloy J.A., et al. Role of BANK1gene polymorphisms in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 2010, 37(7):1502-1504.
161. Torres O., Palomino-Morales R., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Gamallo C., Morado I.C., Miranda-Filloy J.A., et al. Lack of association between hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha gene polymorphisms and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010, 28(S1):40-45.
162. Torres O., Palomino-Morales R., Vazquez-Rodriguez T., Castaneda S., Morado I.C., Miranda-Filloy J.A., et al. Lack of association between IFNGR1gene polymorphisms and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010, 28(S1):31-34.
163. Carmona F.D., Serrano A., Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Castaneda S., Miranda-Filloy J.A., Morado I.C., et al. A nonsynonymous functional variant of the ITGAM gene is not involved in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2011, 38:2598-2601.
164. Morgan A.W., Robinson J.I., Barrett J.H., Martin J., Walker A., Babbage S.J., et al. Association of FCGR2A and FCGR2A-FCGR3A haplotypes with susceptibility to giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2006, 8:R109.
165. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Rueda B., Vilchez J.R., Lopez-Nevot M.A., Robledo G., Ruiz M.P., et al. Contribution of MHC class I region to genetic susceptibility for giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007, 46:431-434.
166. Salvarani C., Casali B., Farnetti E., Pipitone N., Nicoli D., Macchioni P.L., et al. -463G/A myeloperoxidase promoter polymorphism in giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008, 67:485-488.
167. Palomino-Morales R., Vazquez-Rodriguez T.R., Miranda-Filloy J.A., Martin J., Gonzalez-Gay M.A. C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis from Northwestern Spain. J Rheumatol 2009, 36:341-346.
168. Gonzalez-Gay M.A., Hajeer A.H., Dababneh A., Garcia-Porrua C., Amoli M.M., Thomson W., et al. Corticotropin releasing hormone promoter polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002, 20:133-138.
169. Salvarani C., Farnetti E., Casali B., Nicoli D., Wenlan L., Bajocchi G., et al. Detection of parvovirus B19DNA by polymerase chain reaction in giant cell arteritis: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:3099-3101.
170. Kennedy P.G., Grinfeld E., Esiri M.M. Absence of detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in temporal artery biopsies obtained from patients with giant cell arteritis. J Neurol Sci 2003, 215:27-29.