Cellular mechanisms of emerging applications of mesenchymal stem cells

Malaysian Journal of Pathology

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 17-32

  Mok, Pooi Ling ^a   Leong, Chooi Fun ^a   Cheong, Soon Keng ^b  

^a UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA MEDICAL CENTER   (Malaysia)

^b UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cell based therapy; Mesenchymal stem cells; Nanoparticle; Regenerative medicine

Indexed keywords

5' NUCLEOTIDASE; B7 ANTIGEN; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CD11B ANTIGEN; CD14 ANTIGEN; CD19 ANTIGEN; CD34 ANTIGEN; CD40 ANTIGEN; CD79A ANTIGEN; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; ENDOGLIN; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; GAMMA INTERFERON; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 2; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 13; JANUS KINASE 2; KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR; NATURAL CYTOTOXICITY TRIGGERING RECEPTOR 2; NATURAL CYTOTOXICITY TRIGGERING RECEPTOR 3; NATURAL KILLER CELL RECEPTOR NKG2D; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR AA; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; SCATTER FACTOR; THY 1 ANTIGEN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ANEMIA; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; AUTOIMMUNITY; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL ADHESION; CELL EXPANSION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL FUSION; CELL ISOLATION; CELL MATURATION; CELL MIGRATION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; EYE DISEASE; GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOMODULATION; LASER; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PURE RED CELL ANEMIA; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; STEM CELL GENE THERAPY; TH17 CELL; TISSUE INJURY;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS;

EID: 84879561288     PISSN: 01268635     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, et al. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature. 2002; 418(6893): 41-9.
2. Riekstina U, Cakstina I, Parfejevs V, et al. Embryonic stem cell marker expression pattern in human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, heart and dermis. Stem Cell Rev. 2009; 5(4): 378-86.
3. Kørbling M, Estrov Z. Adult stem cells for tissue repair-a new therapeutic concept? N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(6): 570-82.
4. Sarkar D, Vemula PK, Zhao W, Gupta A, Karnik R, Karp JM. Engineered mesenchymal stem cells with self-assembled vesicles for systemic cell targeting. Biomaterials. 2010; 31(19): 5266-74.
5. Tamura M, Kawabata A, Ohta N, Uppalapati L, Becker KG, Troyer D. Wharton's Jelly stem cells as agents for cancer therapy. Open Tissue Eng Regen Med J. 2011; 4: 39-47.
6. Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, et al. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008; 3(3): 301-13.
7. Caplan AI. All MSCs are pericytes? Cell Stem Cell. 2008; 3(3): 229-30.
8. stcentury. Trends Mol Med. 2001; 7(6): 259-64.
9. Tomita M, Adachi Y, Yamada H, et al. Bone marrow-derived stem cells can differentiate into retinal cells in injured rat retina. Stem Cells. 2002; 20(4): 279-83.
10. Doering CB. Retroviral modifi cation of mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy of hemophilia. Methods Mol Biol. 2008; 433: 203-12.
11. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, et al. Minimal criteria for defi ning multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy. 2006; 8(4): 315-7.
12. Capelli C, Gotti E, Morigi M, et al. Minimally manipulated whole human umbilical cord is a rich source of clinical-grade human mesenchymal stromal cells expanded in human platelet lysate. Cytotherapy. 2011; 13(7): 786-801.
13. You Q, Cai L, Zheng J, Tong X, Zhang D, Zhang Y. Isolation of human mesenchymal stem cells from third-trimester amniotic fl uid. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008; 103(2): 149-52.
14. Chong PP, Selvaratnam L, Abbas AA, Kamarul T. Human peripheral blood derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate similar characteristics and chondrogenic differentiation potential to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res. 2012; 30(4): 634-42.
15. Jazedje T, Perin PM, Czeresnia CE, et al. Human fallopian tube: a new source of multipotent adult mesenchymal stem cells discarded in surgical procedures. J Transl Med. 2009; 7: 46.
16. Choong PF, Mok PL, Cheong SK, Then KY. Mesenchymal stromal cell-like characteristics of corneal keratocytes. Cytotherapy. 2007; 9(3): 252-8.
17. Pawitan JA. Prospect of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine. Cell Tissue Transplant Ther. 2009; 2: 7-9.
18. Jones E, Churchman SM, English A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in rheumatoid synovium: enumeration and functional assessment in relation to synovial infl ammation level. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69(2): 450-7.
19. Gronthos S. The therapeutic potential of dental pulp cells: more than pulp fi ction? Cytotherapy. 2011; 13(10): 1162-3.
20. Sabapathy V, Ravi S, Srivastava V, Srivastava A, Kumar S. Long-term cultured human term placentaderived mesenchymal stem cells of maternal origin displays plasticity. Stem Cells Int. 2012; 2012: 174328.
21. Augello A, Kurth TB, De Bari C. Mesenchymal stem cells: a perspective from in vitro cultures to in vivo migration and niches. Eur Cell Mater. 2010; 20: 121-33.
22. Raynaud CM, Maleki M, Lis R, et al. Comprehensive characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta and fetal membrane and their response to osteoactivin stimulation. Stem Cells Int. 2012; 2012: 658356.
23. Sabatini F, Petecchia L, Tavian M, Jodon de Villeroché V, Rossi GA, Brouty-Boyé D. Human bronchial fi broblasts exhibit a mesenchymal stem cell phenotype and multilineage differentiating potentialities. Lab Invest. 2005; 85(8): 962-71.
24. Otto WR, Wright NA. Mesenchymal stem cells: from experiment to clinic. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair. 2011; 4: 20.
25. Yu X, Abe R, Hodes RJ. The role of B7-CD28 co-stimulation in tumour rejection. Int Immunol. 1998; 10(6): 791-7.
26. Tse WT, Pendleton JD, Beyer WM, Egalka MC, Guinan EC. Suppression of allogeneic T-cell proliferation by human marrow stromal cells: implications in transplantation. Transplantation. 2003; 75(3): 389-97.
27. Klyushnenkova E, Mosca JD, Zernetkina V, et al. T cell responses to allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells: immunogenicity, tolerance, and suppression. J Biomed Sci. 2005; 12(1): 47-57.
28. Parekkadan B, Milwid JM. Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutics. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2010; 12: 87-117.
29. Sad S, Marcotte R, Mosmann TR. Cytokine-induced differentiation of precursor mouse CD8+ T cells into cytotoxic CD8+ T cells secreting Th1 or Th2 cytokines. Immunity. 1995; 2(3): 271-9.
30. Sato K, Ozaki K, Oh I, et al. Nitric oxide plays a critical role in suppression of T-cell proliferation by mesenchymal stem cells. Blood. 2007; 109(1): 228-34.
31. highFOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Stem Cells. 2008; 26(1): 212-22.
32. Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. IL-17 and Th17 cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009; 27: 485-517.
33. Ghannam S, Pène J, Torcy-Moquet G, Jorgensen C, Yssel H. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit human Th17 cell differentiation and function and induce a T regulatory cell phenotype. J Immunol. 2010; 185(1): 302-12.
34. Guo Z, Zheng C, Chen Z, et al. Fetal BM-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote the expansion of human Th17 cells, but inhibit the production of Th1 cells. Eur J Immunol. 2009; 39(10): 2840-9.
35. Hsu SC, Wang LT, Yao CL, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells promote neutrophil activation by inducing IL-17 production in CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells. Immunobiology. 2013; 218(1): 90-5.
36. Bassi EJ, Aita CA, Câmara NO. Immune regulatory properties of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: where do we stand? World J Stem Cells. 2011; 3(1): 1-8.
37. Traggiai E, Volpi S, Schena F, et al. Bone marrowderived mesenchymal stem cells induce both polyclonal expansion and differentiation of B cells isolated from healthy donors and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Stem Cells. 2008; 26(2): 562-9.
38. Rasmusson I, Le Blanc K, Sundberg B, Ringdén O. Mesenchymal stem cells stimulate antibody secretion in human B cells. Scand J Immunol. 2007; 65(4): 336-43.
39. Potter KN, Mockridge CI, Rahman A, et al. Disturbances in peripheral blood B cell subpopulations in autoimmune patients. Lupus. 2002; 11(12): 872-7.
40. Arnulf B, Lecourt S, Soulier J, et al. Phenotypic and functional characterization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived from patients with multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2007; 21(1): 158-63.
41. Raffaghello L, Bianchi G, Bertolotto M, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit neutrophil apoptosis: a model for neutrophil preservation in the bone marrow niche. Stem Cells. 2008; 26(1): 151-62.
42. Spaggiari GM, Capobianco A, Abdelrazik H, Becchetti F, Mingari MC, Moretta L. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit natural killer cell-proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production: role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and prostaglandin E2. Blood. 2008; 111(3): 1327-33.
43. Gonen-Gross T, Goldman-Wohl D, Huppertz B, et al. Inhibitory NK receptor recognition of HLA-G: regulation by contact residues and by cell specifi c expression at the fetal-maternal interface. PLoS One. 2010; 5(1): e8941.
44. Patel R, Bélanger S, Tai LH, Troke AD, Makrigiannis AP. Effect of Ly49 haplotype variance on NK cell function and education. J Immunol. 2010; 185(8): 4783-92.
45. Shi Y, Hu G, Su J, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells: a new strategy for immunosuppression and tissue repair. Cell Res. 2010; 20(5): 510-8.
46. Singer NG, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of infl ammation. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011; 6: 457-78.
47. Horwitz EM, Prockop DJ, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Nat Med. 1999; 5(3): 309-13.
48. Prockop DJ. Targeting gene therapy for osteogenesis imperfecta. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350(22): 2302-4.
49. Mack GS. Cephalon splashes out on mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2011; 29(2): 97.
50. Wong CY, Cheong SK, Mok PL, Leong CF. Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into mesangial cells in post-glomerular injury murine model. Pathology. 2008; 40(1): 52-7.
51. Toma C, Pittenger MF, Cahill KS, Byrne BJ, Kessler PD. Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation. 2002; 105(1): 93-8.
52. Ling L, Ni Y, Wang Q, et al. Transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human fetal lung to hepatocyte-like cells. Cell Biol Int. 2008; 32(9): 1091-8.
53. Phinney DG, Prockop DJ. Concise review: mesenchymal stem / multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair-current views. Stem Cells. 2007; 25(11): 2896-902.
54. Feng H, Wang J. A new mechanism of stem cell differentiation through slow binding / unbinding of regulators to genes. Sci Rep. 2012; 2: 550.
55. Stock P, Brückner S, Ebensing S, Hempel M, Dollinger MM, Christ B. The generation of hepatocytes from mesenchymal stem cells and engraftment into murine liver. Nat Protoc. 2010; 5(4): 617-27.
56. Conwell CC, Huang L. Non-viral gene delivery: stretching is the point. Gene Ther. 2006; 13(5): 377-8.
57. Dalby MJ, Gadegaard N, Tare R, et al. The control of human mesenchymal cell differentiation using nanoscale symmetry and disorder. Nat Mater. 2007; 6(12): 997-1003.
58. Hwang K, Kim JY, Chang W, et al. Chemicals that modulate stem cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105(21): 7467-71.
59. Zhang Y, Khan D, Delling J, Tobiasch E. Mechanisms underlying the osteo-and adipo-differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Scientifi c World Journal. 2012; 2012: 793823.
60. Wang QW, Chen ZL, Piao YJ. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into tenocytes by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 12 gene transfer. J Biosci Bioeng. 2005; 100(4): 418-22.
61. Rosova I. Human mesenchymal stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration after ischemic injury in a murine hindlimb ischemia model [PhD thesis]. Michigan: ProQuest LLC; UMI Number: 3349353; 2008 [cited 2012 Oct 12]. Available from: http://search.proquest. com/docview/304441646.
62. Plotnikov EY, Khryapenkova TG, Vasileva AK, et al. Cell-to-cell cross-talk between mesenchymal stem cells and cardiomyocytes in co-culture. J Cell Mol Med. 2008; 12(5A): 1622-31.
63. Cselenyák A, Pankotai E, Horváth EM, Kiss L, Lacza Z. Mesenchymal stem cells rescue cardiomyoblasts from cell death in an in vitro ischemia model via direct cell-to-cell connections. BMC Cell Biol. 2010; 11: 29.
64. Kemp K, Gordon D, Wraith DC, et al. Fusion between human mesenchymal stem cells and rodent cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2011; 37(2): 166-78.
65. Ferrand J, No l D, Lehours P, et al. Human bone marrow-derived stem cells acquire epithelial characteristics through fusion with gastrointestinal epithelial cells. PloS One. 2011; 6(5): e19569.
66. Lee RH, Pulin AA, Seo MJ, et al. Intravenous hMSCs improve myocardial infarction in mice because cells embolized in lung are activated to secrete the anti-infl ammatory protein TSG-6. Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 5(1): 54-63.
67. Zangi L, Margalit R, Reich-Zeliger S, et al. Direct imaging of immune rejection and memory induction by allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells. 2009; 27(11): 2865-74.
68. Uzun G, Subhani D, Amor S. Trophic factors and stem cells for promoting recovery in stroke. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2010; 3(1): 3-12.
69. Park KS, Kim YS, Kim JH, et al. Trophic molecules derived from human mesenchymal stem cells enhance survival, function, and angiogenesis of isolated islets after transplantation. Transplantation. 2010; 89(5): 509-17.
70. Siqueira RC, Voltarelli JC, Messias AM, Jorge R. Possible mechanisms of retinal function recovery with the use of cell therapy with bone marrowderived stem cells. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2010; 73(5): 474-9.
71. Timmers L, Lim SK, Hoefer IE, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium improves cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Stem Cell Res. 2011; 6(3): 206-14.
72. Wang CY, Yang HB, Hsu HS, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium facilitates angiogenesis and fracture healing in diabetic rats. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012; 6(7): 559-69.
73. Oh JY, Kim MK, Shin MS, Wee WR, Lee JH. Cytokine secretion by human mesenchymal stem cells cocultured with damaged corneal epithelial cells. Cytokine. 2009; 46(1): 100-3.
74. Watson SL, Marcal H, Sarris M, Di Girolamo N, Coroneo MT, Wakefi eld D. The effect of mesenchymal stem cell conditioned media on corneal stromal fi broblast wound healing activities. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010; 94(8): 1067-73.
75. Hocking AM, Gibran NS. Mesenchymal stem cells: paracrine signalling and differentiation during cutaneous wound repair. Exp Cell Res. 2010; 316(14): 2213-9.
76. Hassan AUI, Hassan G, Rasool Z. Role of stem cells in treatment of neurological disorder. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2009; 3(2): 227-33.
77. Ghannam S, Bouffi C, Djouad F, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Immunosuppression by mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms and clinical applications. Stem Cells Res Ther. 2010; 1(1): 2.
78. Galindo LT, Filippo TR, Semedo P, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy modulates the infl ammatory response in experimental traumatic brain injury. Neurol Res Int. 2011; 2011: 564089.
79. Trounson A, Thakar RG, Lomax G, Gibbons D. Clinical trials for stem cell therapies. BMC Med. 2011; 9: 52.
80. Ankrum J, Karp JM. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy: two steps forward, one step back. Trends Mol Med. 2010; 16(5): 203-9.
81. Karp JM, Leng Teo GS. Mesenchymal stem cell homing: the devil is in the details. Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 4(3): 206-16.
82. Petrie Aronin CE, Tuan RS. Therapeutic potential of the immunomodulatory activities of adult mesenchymal stem cells. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2010; 90(1): 67-74.
83. Mok PL, Cheong SK, Leong CF, Chua KH, Ainoon O. Delivery of erythropoietin in a murine model by nucleofected human adult marrow stromal cells using MIDGE construct. Tissue Cell. 2012; 44(4): 249-56.
84. Arcasoy MO. The non-haematopoietic biological effects of erythropoietin. Br J Haematol. 2008; 141(1): 14-31.
85. Lombardero M, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW. Erythropoietin: a hormone with multiple functions. Pathobiology. 2011; 78(1): 41-53.
86. Yin ZS, Zhang H, Bo W, Gao W. Erythropoietin promotes functional recovery and enhances nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury in rats. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010; 31(3): 509-15.
87. Gonzalez FF, McQuillen P, Mu D, et al. Erythropoietin enhances long-term neuroprotection and neurogenesis in neonatal stroke. Dev Neurosci. 2007; 29(4-5): 321-30.
88. Ghezzi P, Brines M. Erythropoietin as an antiapoptotic, tissue-protective cytokine. Cell Death Differ. 2004; 11 Suppl 1: S37-44.
89. Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Prange H, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2009; 40(12): e647-56.
90. Baskin S, Lasker N. Erythropoietin-associated hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323(14): 999-1000.
91. Loo M, Beguin Y. The effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on platelet counts is strongly modulated by the adequacy of iron supply. Blood. 1999; 93(10): 3286-93.
92. Lieutaud T, Andrews PJ, Rhodes JK, Williamson R. Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of human recombinant erythropoietin in blood and brain when administered immediately after lateral fluid percussion brain injury and its pharmacodynamic effects on IL-1 beta and MIP-2 in rats. J Neurotrauma. 2008; 25(10): 1179-85.
93. Esneault E, Pacary E, Eddi D, et al. Combined therapeutic strategy using erythropoietin and mesenchymal stem cells potentiates neurogenesis after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2008; 28(9): 1552-63.
94. Copland IB, Jolicoeur EM, Gilis MA, et al. Coupling erythropoietin secretion to mesenchymal stromal cells enhances their regenerative properties. Cardiovasc Res. 2008; 79(3): 405-15.
95. Danielyan L, Schäfer R, von Ameln-Mayerhofer A, et al. Therapeutic effi cacy of intranasally delivered mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson disease. Rejuvenation Res. 2011; 14(1): 3-16.
96. Willyard C. Tinkering in the womb: the future of fetal surgery. Nat Med. 2008; 14(11): 1176-7.
97. Shaw SW, David AL, De Coppi P. Clinical applications of prenatal and postnatal therapy using stem cells retrieved from amniotic fl uid. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 23(2): 109-16.
98. Guillot PY, Abass O, Bassett JH, et al. Intrauterine transplantation of human fetal mesenchymal stem cells from fi rst-trimester blood repairs bone and reduces fractures in osteogenesis imperfecta mice. Blood. 2008; 111(3): 1717-25.
99. Tiblad E, Westgren M. Fetal stem cell transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008; 22(1): 189-201.
100. Shaw SW, Bollini S, Nader KA, et al. Autologous transplantation of amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells into sheep fetuses. Cell Transplant. 2011; 20(7): 1015-31.
101. Flake AW. Fixing bones before birth. Blood. 2008; 111(3): 978-9.
102. Arnhold S, Glüer S, Hartmann K, et al. Amnioticfl uid stem cells: growth dynamics and differentiation potential after a CD-117-based selection procedure. Stem Cells Int. 2011; 2011: 715341.
103. Khakoo AY, Pati S, Anderson SA, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells exert potent antitumorigenic effects in a model of Kaposi's sarcoma. J Exp Med. 2006; 203(5): 1235-47.
104. Nakamura K, Ito Y, Kawano Y, et al. Antitumor effect of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells in a rat glioma model. Gene Ther. 2004; 11(14): 1155-64.
105. Kidd S, Caldwell L, Dietrich M, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells alone or expressing interferonsuppress pancreatic tumors in vivo, an effect countered by anti-inflammatory treatment. Cytotherapy. 2010; 12(5): 615-25.
106. Yen BL, Yen ML. Mesenchymal stem cells and cancer-for better or for worse? J Cancer Mol. 2008; 4(1): 5-9.
107. Hong H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Cai W. Non-invasive cell tracking in cancer and cancer therapy. Curr Top Med Chem. 2010; 10(12): 1237-48.
108. Tang C, Russell PJ, Martiniello-Wilks R, Rasko JE, Khatri A. Concise review: nanoparticles and cellular carriers-allies in cancer imaging and cellular gene therapy? Stem Cells 2010; 28(9): 1686-702.
109. El-Sadik AO, El-Ansary A, Sabry SM. Nanoparticlelabeled stem cells: a novel therapeutic vehicle. Clin Pharmacol. 2010; 2: 9-16.
110. Palona I. Stem cell based regenerative medicine: is Russia taking the lead? A case study from St. Petersburg. Int J Bus Manage. 2010; 5(2): 3-11.
111. Son KR, Chung SY, Kim HC, et al. MRI of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells in hepatic failure model. World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16(44): 5611-5.
112. Reagen MR, Kaplan DL. Concise review: Mesenchymal stem cell tumor-homing: detection methods in disease model systems. Stem Cells. 2011; 29(6): 920-7.
113. Loebinger MR, Kyrtatos PG, Turmaine M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of mesenchymal stem cells homing to pulmonary metastases using biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles. Cancer Res. 2009; 69(23): 8862-7.
114. Brown SD, Nativo P, Smith JA, et al. Gold nanoparticles for the improved anticancer drug delivery of the active component of oxaliplatin. J Am Chem Soc. 2010; 132(13): 4678-84.
115. Chen ZG. Small-molecule delivery by nanoparticles for anticancer therapy. Trends Mol Med. 2010; 16(12): 594-602.
116. Ricles LM, Nam SY, Sokolov K, Emelianov SY, Suggs LJ. Function of mesenchymal stem cells following loading of gold nanotracers. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011; 6: 407-16.
117. Roger M, Clavreul A, Venier-Julienne MC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells as cellular vehicles for delivery of nanoparticles to brain tumors. Biomaterials. 2010; 31(32): 8393-401.
118. Kneževi NŽ, Slowing II, Lin VSY. Tuning the release of anticancer drugs from magnetic iron oxide / mesoporous silica core / shell nanoparticles. ChemPlusChem. 2012; 77(1): 48-55.
119. van der Zee J. Heating the patient: a promising approach? Ann Oncol. 2002; 13(8): 1173-84.
120. Johannsen M, Gneveckow U, Taymoorian K, et al. Thermal therapy of prostate cancer using magnetic nanoparticles. Actas Urol Esp. 2007; 31(6): 660-7.
121. Kirui DK, Rey DA, Batt CA. Gold hybrid nanoparticles for targeted phototherapy and cancer imaging. Nanotechnology. 2010; 21(10): 105105.
122. Vardarajan V, Gu L, Kanneganti A, Mohanty SK, Koymen AR. Photothermal therapy of cancer cells using magnetic carbon nanoparticles. In: Jansen ED, Thomas RJ, editors. Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXII; 2011 Jan 22; San Francisco, CA: SPIE Proceedings 7897; 2011. doi:10.1117/12.875971; Available from http:// dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.875971.
123. Hong C, Lee J, Zheng H, Hong SS, Lee C. Porous silicon nanoparticles for cancer photothermotherapy. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011; 6(1): 321.
124. Li M, Yu J, Li Y, et al. CXCR4 positive bone mesenchymal stem cells migrate to human endothelial cell stimulated by ox-LDL via SDF-1 /CXCR4 signaling axis. Exp Mol Pathol. 2010; 88(2): 250-5.
125. Li Y, Yu J, Li M, Qu Z, Ruan Q. Mouse mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow differentiate into smooth muscle cells by induction of plaque-derived smooth muscle cells. Life Sci. 2011; 88(3-4): 130-40.
126. Agrawal D. NIH funds study to determine role of stem cells in coronary artery repair [Internet]. Adult Stem Cell Res Network. [cited 2012 Oct 24]. Available from: http://www.ascrnetwork.com/ component/content/article/89-january-2012/2733-nih-funds-study-to-determine-role-of-stem-cellsin-coronary-artery-repair.html.
127. Kharlamov A. Nanoplasmonic atherodestruction with silica-gold nanoshells as the novel tool for angioplasty. Paper presented at: Scientifi c Sessions (Abstract P53). Basic Cardiovascular Sciences; 2010 Jul 19-22; California, USA.
128. Plasmonic photothermal and stem cell therapy of atherosclerosis versus stenting (NANOM PCI) [Internet]. USA: National Institute of Health; ClinicalTrials. gov Identifi er: NCT01436123 [cited 2012 Oct 15]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01436123?show_ desc=Y.
129. Cruz M, Dissaranan C, Cotleur A, Kiedrowski M, Penn M, Damaser M. Pelvic organ distribution of mesenchymal stem cells injected intravenously after simulated childbirth injury in female rats. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2012; 2012: 612946.
130. Lowenstein L, Rosenblatt PL, Dietz HP, Bitzer J, Kenton K. New advances in urogynecology. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2012; 2012: 453059.
131. Lin G, Wang G, Banie L, et al. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence with adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Cytotherapy. 2010; 12(1): 88-95.
132. Wu JH, Xia SJ. Stem cell-based therapy for erectile dysfunction. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011; 124(22): 3810-5.
133. Hardigan T, Webb RC, Nunes KP. Gene and stem cell therapy in erectile dysfunction. In: Nunes K, editor. Erectile dysfunction-disease-associated mechanisms and novel insights into therapy. InTech; 2012. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/ books/erectile-dysfunction-disease-associatedmechanisms-and-novel-insightsinto-therapy/geneand-stem-cell-therapy-in-erectile-dysfunction
134. Bivalacqua TJ, Deng W, Kendirci M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells alone or ex vivo gene modifi ed with endothelial nitric oxide synthase reverse age-associated erectile dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007; 292(3): H1278-90.
135. Qiu X, Sun C, Yu W, et al. Combined strategy of mesenchymal stem cells injection with VEGF gene therapy for the treatment of diabetes-associated erectile dysfunction. J Androl. 2012; 33(1): 37-44.
136. Garcia MM, Fandel TM, Lin G, et al. Treatment of erectile dysfunction in the obese type 2 diabetic ZDF rat with adipose tissue-derived stem cells. J Sex Med. 2010; 7(1 Pt 1): 89-98.
137. Albersen M, Fandel TM, Lin G, et al. Injections of adipose tissue-derived stem cells and stem cell lysate improve recovery of erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury. J Sex Med. 2010; 7(10): 3331-40.
138. Sun X, Jiang H, Yang H. In vitro culture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats and differentiation into retinal neural-like cells. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2007; 27(5): 598-600.
139. Choong PF, Mok PL, Cheong SK, Leong CF, Then KY. Generating neuron-like cells from bone marrowderived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in vitro. Cytotherapy. 2007; 9(2): 170-83.
140. Gong L, Wu Q, Song B, Lu B, Zhang Y. Differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into the subretinal space of sodium iodate-injected rats. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2008; 36(7): 666-71.
141. Castanheira P, Torquetti L, Nehemy MB, Goes AM. Retinal incorporation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells intravitreally injected in the injured retina of rats. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008; 71(5): 644-50.
142. Tao YX, Xu HW, Zheng QY, FitzGibbon T. Noggin induces human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into neural and photoreceptor cells. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48(5): 444-52.
143. Yu S, Tanabe T, Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Yoshimura N. Effects of bone marrow stromal cell injection in an experimental glaucoma model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006; 344(4): 1071-9.
144. Hill AJ, Zwart I, Tam HH, et al. Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells do not differentiate into neural cell types or integrate into the retina after intravitreal grafting in neonatal rats. Stem Cells Dev. 2009; 18(3): 399-409.
145. Li N, Li XR, Yuan JQ. Effects of bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into vitreous cavity of rat injured by ischemia / reperfusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009; 247(4): 503-14.
146. Joe AW, Gregory-Evans K. Mesenchymal stem cells and potential applications in treating ocular disease. Curr Eye Res. 2010; 35(11): 941-52.
147. Lund RD, Wang S, Lu B, et al. Cells isolated from umbilical cord tissue rescue photoreceptors and visual functions in a rodent model of retinal disease. Stem Cells. 2007; 25(3): 602-11.
148. Zhang Y, Wang W. Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on lightdamaged retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; 51(7): 3742-8.
149. Wang S, Lu B, Girman S, et al. Non-invasive stem cell therapy in a rat model for retinal degeneration and vascular pathology. PloS One. 2010; 5(2): e9200.
150. Lendeckel S, Jödicke A, Christophis P, et al. Autologous stem cells (adipose) and fi brin glue used to treat widespread traumatic calvarial defects: case report. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2004; 32(6): 370-3.
151. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, et al. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cellbased therapies. Tissue Eng. 2001; 7(2): 211-28.
152. Tobita M, Orbay H, Mizuno H. Adipose-derived stem cells: current fi ndings and future perspectives. Discov Med. 2011. 11(57): 160-70.
153. Hanson SE, Gutowski KA, Hematti P. Clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells in soft tissue augmentation. Aesthet Surg J. 2010; 30(6): 838-42.
154. Yoshimura K, Asano Y, Aoi N, et al. Progenitorenriched adipose tissue transplantation as rescue for breast implant complications. Breast J. 2010; 16(2): 169-75.
155. Park BS, Jang KA, Sung JH, et al. Adipose-derived stem cells and their secretory factors as a promising therapy for skin aging. Dermatol Surg. 2008. 34(10): 1323-6.
156. Kim WS, Park SH, Ahn SJ, et al. Whitening effect of adipose-derived stem cells: a critical role of TGF-T1. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008; 31(4): 606-10.
157. Trüeb RM. Oxidative stress in ageing of hair. Int J Trichology. 2009; 1(1): 6-14.
158. Drummond-Barbosa D. Stem cells, their niches and the systemic environment: an aging network. Genetics. 2008; 180(4): 1787-97.
159. Park BS, Kim WS, Choi JS, et al. Hair growth stimulated by conditioned medium of adiposederived stem cells is enhanced by hypoxia: evidence of increased growth factor secretion. Biomed Res. 2010; 31(1): 27-34.
160. Yoo BY, Shin YH, Yoon HH, Seo YK, Park JK. Application of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and umbilical cord in human hair multiplication. J Dermatol Sci. 2010; 60(2): 74-83.
161. Hooduijn MJ, Gorjup E, Genever PG. Comparative characterization of hair follicle dermal stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev. 2006; 15(1): 49-60.
162. Stenn K, Parimoo S, Zheng Y, Barrows T, Boucher M, Washenik K. Bioengineering the hair follicle. Organogenesis. 2007; 3(1): 6-13.
163. Tolar J, Nauta AJ, Osborn MJ, et al. Sarcoma derived from cultured mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2007; 25(2): 371-9.
164. Volarevic V, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Stojkovic M. Concise review: mesenchymal stem cell treatment of the complications of diabetes mellitus. Stem Cells. 2011; 29(1): 5-10.
165. Kollar K, Cook MM, Atkinson K, Brooke G. Molecular mechanisms involved in mesenchymal stem cell migration to the site of acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cell Biol. 2009; 2009: 904682.
166. Perrot P, Rousseau J, Bouffaut AL, et al. Safety concern between autologous fat graft, mesenchymal stem cell and osteosarcoma recurrence. PloS One. 2010; 5(6): e10999.
167. Wong RS. Mesenchymal stem cells: angels or demons? J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011; 2011: 459510.