Mesenchymal stem cells and potential applications in treating ocular disease

Current Eye Research

Volumn 35, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 941-952

  Joe, Aaron W ^a   Gregory Evans, Kevin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Eye disease; Mesenchymal stem cells; Treatment

Indexed keywords

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; EYE DISEASE; GLAUCOMA; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PLASTIC SURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA DEGENERATION; SHORT SURVEY; TISSUE REGENERATION; UVEITIS;

EYE DISEASES; HUMANS; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS;

EID: 77958463592     PISSN: 02713683     EISSN: 14602202     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.516466     Document Type: Short Survey

References (168)

1. Baird PN, Hageman GS, Guymer RH. New era for personalized medicine: The diagnosis and management of agerelated macular degeneration. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2009;37:814-821.
2. Wiggs JL. Genomic promise: personalized medicine for ophthalmology. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:422-423.
3. Lamba DA, Karl MO, Reh TA. Strategies for retinal repair: Cell replacement and regeneration. Prog Brain Res. 2009;175:23-31.
4. Bull ND, Martin KR. Using stem cells to mend the retina in ocular disease. Regen Med. 2009;4:855-864.
5. Parekkadan B, Milwid JM. Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutics. Ann Rev Biomed Eng. 2010;12:87-117.
6. Phinney DG. Biochemical heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cell populations: Clues to their therapeutic efficacy. Cell Cycle. 2007;6:2884-2889.
7. Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res. 1991;9:641-650.
8. Qu-Petersen Z, Deasy B, Jankowski R, et al. Identification of a novel population of muscle stem cells in mice: Potential for muscle regeneration. J Cell Biol. 2002;157:851-864
9. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, et al. Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2002;13:4279-4295.
10. Erices A, Conget P, Minguell JJ. Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br J Haematol. 2000;109:235-242.
11. Caplan AI. All MSCs are pericytes? Cell Stem Cell. 2008;3:229-230.
12. Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, et al. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008;3:301-313.
13. Dellavalle A, Sampaolesi M, Tonlorenzi R, et al. Pericytes of human skeletal muscle are myogenic precursors distinct from satellite cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2007;9:255-267.
14. Farrington-Rock C, Crofts NJ, Doherty MJ, et al. Chondrogenic and adipogenic potential of microvascular pericytes. Circulation. 2004;110:2226-2232.
15. Collett GD, Canfield AE. Angiogenesis and pericytes in the initiation of ectopic calcification. Circ Res. 2005;96:930-938.
16. Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, Madrid JF, et al. Pericytes. Morphofunction, interactions and pathology in a quiescent and activated mesenchymal cell niche. Histol Histopathol. 2009;24:909-969.
17. Bianco P, Robey PG, Simmons PJ. Mesenchymal stem cells: Revisiting history, concepts, and assays. Cell Stem Cell. 2008;2:313-319.
18. Muguruma Y, Yahata T, Miyatake H, et al. Reconstitution of the functional human hematopoietic microenvironment derived from human mesenchymal stem cells in the murine bone marrow compartment. Blood. 2006;107:1878-1887.
19. Gronthos S, Graves SE, Ohta S, et al. The STRO-1+ fraction of adult human bone marrow contains the osteogenic precursors. Blood. 1994;84:4164-4173.
20. Caplan AI. Why are MSCs therapeutic? New data: New insight. J Pathol. 2009;217:318-324.
21. Woodbury D, Emily JS, Darwin JP, et al. Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cell differentiate into neurons. J Neurosci Res. 2000;61:364-370.
22. Deng W, Obrocka M, Fischer I, et al. In vitro differentiation of human marrow stromal cells into early progenotors of neural cells by conditions that increase intracellular cyclic AMP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;282:148-152.
23. Sanchez-Ramos J, Song S, Cardozo-Pelaez F, et al. Adult bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neural cells in vitro. Exp Neurol. 2000;164:247-256.
24. Suzuki H, Taguchi T, Tanaka H, et al. Neurospheres induced from bone marrow stromal cells are multipotent for differentiation into neuron, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte phenotypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;322:918-922.
25. Phinney DG, Prockop DJ. Concise review: Mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: The state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair-Current views. Stem Cells. 2007;25:2896-2902.
26. Wislet-Gendebien S, Hans G, Leprince P, et al. Plasticity of cultured mesenchymal stem cells: Switch from nestinpositive to excitable neuron-like phenotype. Stem Cells. 2005;23:392-402.
27. Cho KJ, Trzaska KA, Greco SJ, et al. Neurons derived from human mesenchymal stem cells show synaptic transmission and can be inducedto produce the neurotransmitter substance P by interleukin-1?. Stem Cells. 2005;23:383-391.
28. Labouyrie E, Dubus P, Groppi A, et al. Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in human bone marrow. Am J Pathol. 1999;154:405-415.
29. Lin N, Hu K, Chen S, et al. Nerve growth factor-mediated paracrine regulation of hepatic stellate cells by multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Life Sci. 2009;85:291-295.
30. Parr AM, Tator CH, Keating A. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the repair of central nervous system injury. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2007;40:609-619.
31. Dasari VR, Spomar DG, Cady C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from rat bone marrow downregulate caspase-3-mediated apoptotic pathway after spinal cord injury in rats. Neurochem Res. 2007;32:2080-2093.
32. Karussis D, Kassis I, Kurkalli BG, et al. Immunomodulation and neuroprotection with mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells (MSCs): A proposed treatment for multiple sclerosis and other neuroimmunological/neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci. 2008;265:131-135.
33. Slavin S, Kurkalli BG, Karussis D. The potential use of adult stem cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative disorders. Clin Neurol Neurosur. 2008;110:943-946.
34. Torrente Y, Polli E. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Transplant. 2008;17:1103-1113.
35. Andrews EM, Tsai SY, Johnson SC, et al. Human adult bone marrow-derived somatic cell therapy results in functional recovery and axonal plasticity following stroke in the rat. Exp Neurol. 2008;211:588-592.
36. Zou Z, Zhang Y, Hao L, et al. More insight into mesenchymal stem cells and their effects inside the body. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2010;10:215-230.
37. Chen J, Zhang ZG, Li Y, Intravenous administration of human bone marrow stromal cells induces angiogenesis in the ischemic boundary zone after stroke in rats. Circ Res. 2003;92:692-699.
38. Liao W, Xie J, Zhong J. Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in a rat model of stroke. Transplantation. 2009;87:350-359.
39. Crosby LM, Waters CM. Epithelial repair mechanisms in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2010;298:L715-L731.
40. Uccelli A, Moretta L, Pistoia V. Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8: 726-736.
41. Jiang XX, Zhang Y, Liu B, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood. 2005;105:4120-4126.
42. Spaggiari GM, Capobianco A, Becchetti S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-natural killer cell interactions: Evidence that activated NK cells are capable of killing MSCs, whereas MSCs can inhibit IL-2-induced NK-cell proliferation. Blood. 2006;107:1484.
43. Nauta AJ, Fibbe WE. Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal cells. Blood. 2007;110:3499.
44. Oh JY, Kim MK, Shin MS, et al. The anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic role of mesenchymal stem cells in corneal wound healing following chemical injury. Stem Cells. 2008;26:1047.
45. Ding Y, Xu D, Feng G, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells prevent the rejection of fully allogenic islet grafts by the immunosuppressive activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and-9. Diabetes. 2009;58:1797.
46. Brusko TM. Mesenchymal stem cells: A potential border patrol for transplanted islets? Diabetes. 2009;58:1728.
47. Ghannam S, Bouffi C, Djouad F, et al. Immunosuppression by mesenchymal stem cells: Mechanisms and clinical applications. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2010;1:2.
48. Barry FP, Murphy JM, English K, et al. Immunogenicity of adult mesenchymal stem cells: Lessons from the fetal allograft. Stem Cells Dev. 2005;14:252-265.
49. Toubai T, Paczesny S, Shono Y, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment and prevention of graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2009;4:252-259.
50. Osawah H, Maruyama K,Streilein JW. CD95 ligand expression on corneal epithelium and endothelium influences the fates of orthotopic and heterotopic corneal allografts in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:1908-1915.
51. Kwidzinskie E, Bunse J, Kovac AD, et al. Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase is expressed in the CNS and down-regulates autoimmune inflammation. FASEB J. 2005;19:1347-1349.
52. Krampera M, Cosmi L, Angeli R, et al. Role for interferon-gamma in the immunomodulatory activity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2006;24:386-398.
53. Waterman RS, Tomchuck SL, Henkle SL, et al. A new mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) paradigm: Polarization into a pro-inflammatory MSC1 or an immunosuppressive MSC2 phenotype. PLoS One. 2010;5:e10088.
54. Ren G, Su J, Zhang L, et al. Species variation in the mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression. Stem Cells. 2009;27:1954-1962.
55. Allison M. Genzyme backs Osiris, despite Prochymal flop. Nat Biotechnol. 2009;27:966-967.
56. Zhang LS, Liu QF, Huang K, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of steroid-resistant chronic graft-versus-host disease. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2009;48:542-546.
57. Le Blanc K, Frassoni F, Ball L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of steroid-resistant, severe, acute graft-versushost disease: A phase II study. Lancet. 2008;371:1579-1586.
58. Bartholomew A, Sturgeon C, Siatskas M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and prolong skin graft survival in vivo. Exp Hematol. 2002;30:42-48.
59. Casiraghi F, Azzollini N, Cassis P, et al. Pretransplant infusion of mesenchymal stem cells prolongs the survival of a semiallogeneic heart transplant through the generation of regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2008;181:3933-3946.
60. Sudres M, Norol F, Trenado A, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro but fail to prevent graft-versus-host disease in mice. J Immunol. 2006;176:7761-7767.
61. Polchert D, Sobinsky J, Douglas G, et al. IFN-gamma activation of mesenchymal stem cells for treatment and prevention of graft versus host disease. Eur J Immunol. 2008;38:1745-1755.
62. Le Blanc K, Rasmusson I, Sundberg B, et al. Treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells. Lancet. 2004;363:1439-1441.
63. Wolf D, Wolf AM. Mesenchymal stem cells as cellular immunosuppressants. Lancet. 2008;371:1553-1554.
64. Liechty KW, MacKenzie TC, Shaaban AF, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells engraft and demonstrate sitespecific differentiation after in utero transplantation in sheep. Nat Med. 2000;6:1282-1286.
65. Devine SM, Cobbs C, Jennings M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells distribute to a wide range of tissues following systemic infusion into nonhuman primates. Blood. 2003;101:2999-3001.
66. Aerts F. Mesenchymal stem cell engineering and transplantation. In: Nolta JA (Ed.). Genetic Engineering of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006; pp. 1-44.
67. Chopp M, Li Y. Treatment of neural injury with marrow stromal cells. Lancet Neurol. 2002;1:92-100.
68. Dezawa M, Kanno H, Hoshino M, et al. Specific induction of neuronal cells from bone marrow stromal cells and application for autologoustransplantation. J Clin Invest. 2004;113:1701-1710.
69. Akiyama Y, Radtke C, Honmou O, et al. Remyelination of the spinal cord following intravenous delivery of bone marrow cells. Glia. 2002;39:229-236.
70. Hofstetter CP, Schwarz EJ, Hess D, et al. Marrow stromal cells form guiding strands in the injured spinal cord and promote recovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:2199-2204.
71. Wang S, Lu B, Girman S, et al. Non-invasive stem cell therapy in a rat model for retinal degeneration and vascular pathology. PLoS One. 2010;5:e9200.
72. Kopen GC, Prockop DJ, Phinney DG. Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:10711-10716.
73. Meyerrose TE, De Ugarte DA, Hofling AA, et al. In vivo distribution of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in novel xeno transplantation models. Stem Cells. 2007;25:220-227.
74. Hatch HM, Zheng D, Jorgensen ML, et al. SDF-1alpha/ CXCR4: A mechanism for hepatic oval cell activation and bone marrow stem cell recruitment to the injured liver of rats. Cloning Stem Cells. 2002;4:339-351.
75. Sordi V, Malosio ML, Marchesi F, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells express a restricted set of functionally active chemokine receptors capable of promoting migration to pancreatic islets. Blood. 2005;106:419-427.
76. Shi M, Li J, Liao L, et al. Regulation of CXCR4 expression in human mesenchymal stem cells by cytokine treatment: Role in homing efficiency in NOD/SCID mice. Haematologica. 2007;92:897-904.
77. Javazon EH, Beggs KJ, Flake AW. Mesenchymal stem cells: Paradoxes of passaging. Exp Hematol. 2004;32:414-425.
78. Robey PG. Stem cells near the century mark. J Clin Invest. 2000;105:1489-1491.
79. Kondo M, Wagers AJ, Manz MG, et al. Biology of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors: Implications for clinical application. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21: 759-806.
80. Wakitani S, Saito T, Caplan AI. Myogenic cells derived from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exposed to 5-azacytidine. Muscle Nerve. 1995;18:1417-1426.
81. Owen M, Friedenstein AJ. Stromal stem cells: Marrowderived osteogenic precursors. Ciba Found Symp. 1988;136:42-60.
82. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999;284:143-147.
83. Ortiz LA, Gambelli F, McBride C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell engraftment in lung is enhanced in response to bleomycin exposure and ameliorates its fibrotic effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:8407-8411.
84. Nakagawa H, Akita S, Fukui M, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells successfully improve skin-substitute wound healing. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:29-36.
85. Morigi M, Imberti B, Zoja C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells are renotropic, helping to repair the kidney and improve function in acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:1794-1804.
86. Sarugaser R, Hanoun L, Keating A, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells self-renew and differentiate according to a deterministic hierarchy. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6498.
87. Rodeheffer MS, Birsoy K, Friedman JM. Identification of white adipocyte progenitor cells in vivo. Cell. 2008;135:240-249.
88. Tang W, Zeve D, Suh JM, et al. White fat progenitor cells reside in the adipose vasculature. Science. 2008;322:583-586.
89. Joe AW, Yi L, Even Y, et al. Depot-specific differences in adipogenic progenitor abundance and proliferative response to high-fat diet. Stem Cells. 2009;27:2563-2570.
90. Joe AW, Yi L, Natarajan A, et al. Muscle injury activates resident fibro/adipogenic progenitors that facilitate myogenesis. Nat Cell Biol. 2010;12:153-163.
91. Uezumi A, Fukada S, Yamamoto N, et al. Mesenchymal progenitors distinct from satellite cells contribute to ectopic fat cell formation in skeletal muscle. Nat Cell Biol. 2010;12:143-152.
92. Dominici M. Le Blanc K, Mueller I, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy. 2006;8:315-317.
93. Kern S, Eichler H, Stoeve J, et al. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. Stem Cells. 2006;24: 1294-1301.
94. Chang YJ, Shih DT, Tseng CP, et al. Disparate mesenchyme-lineage tendencies in mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow and umbilical cord blood. Stem Cells. 2006;24:679-685.
95. Puetzer JL, Petitte JN, Loboa EG. Comparative review of growth factors for induction of three-dimensional in vitro chondrogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010;16:435-444.
96. Hildner F, Wolbank S, Redl H, et al. How chondrogenic are human umbilical cord matrix cells? A comparison to adipose-derived stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2010;4:242-245.
97. Niemeyer P, Fechner K, Milz S, et al. Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue for bone regeneration in a critical size defect of the sheep tibia and the influence of platelet-rich plasma. Biomaterials 2010;31:3572-3579.
98. Ivanova-Todorova E, Bochev I, Mourdjeva M, et al. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells are more potent suppressors of dendritic cells differentiation compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Immunol Lett. 2009;126:37-42.
99. Yoo KH, Jang IK, Lee MW, et al. Comparison of immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult human tissues. Cell Immunol. 2009;259:150-156.
100. Rubio D, Garcia-Castro J, Martín MC, et al. Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Res. 2005;65:3035-3039.
101. Miura M, Miura Y, Padilla-Nash HM, et al. Accumulated chromosomal instability in murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells leads to malignant transformation. Stem Cells. 2006;24:1095-1103.
102. Houghton J, Stoicov C, Nomura S, et al. Gastric cancer originating from bone marrow-derived cells. Science. 2004;306:1568-1571.
103. Tolar J, Nauta AJ, Osborn MJ, et al. Sarcoma derived from cultured mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2007;25:371-379.
104. Bernardo ME, Zaffaroni N, Novara F, et al. Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells do not undergo transformation after long-term in vitro culture and do not exhibit telomere maintenance mechanisms. Cancer Res. 2007;67:9142-9149.
105. Ferrero I, Mazzini L, Rustichelli D, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from healthy donors and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Cell Transplant. 2008;17:255-266.
106. Mazzini L, Ferrero I, Luparello V, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A Phase I clinical trial. Exp Neurol. 2010;223:229-237.
107. Tomita M, Adachi Y, Yamada H, et al. Bone marrow-derived stem cells can differentiate into retinal cells in injured rat retina. Stem Cells. 2002;20:279-283.
108. Kicic A, Shen WY, Wilson AS, et al. Differentiation of marrow stromal cells into photoreceptors in the rat eye. J Neurosci. 2003;23:7742-7749.
109. Tomita M, Mori T, Maruyama K, et al. A comparison of neural differentiation and retinal transplantation with bone marrow-derived cells and retinal progenitor cells. Stem Cells. 2006;24:2270-2278.
110. Gong L, Wu Q, Song B, et al. Differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into the subretinal space of sodium iodate-injected rats. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2008;36:666-671.
111. Castanheira P, Torquetti L, Nehemy MB, et al. Retinal incorporation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells intravitreally injected in the injured retina of rats. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008;71:644-650.
112. Zhang ZQ, Dong FT. In vitro differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells into photoreceptors. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2008;44:540-544.
113. Vossmerbaeumer U, Ohnesorge S, Kuehl S, et al. Retinal pigment epithelial phenotype induced in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy. 2009;11:177-188.
114. Arnhold S, Heiduschka P, Klein H, et al. Adenovirally transduced bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into pigment epithelial cells and induce rescue effects in RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:4121-4129.
115. Yu S, Tanabe T, Dezawa M, et al. Effects of bone marrow stromal cell injection in an experimental glaucoma model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;344:1071-1079.
116. Azizi SA, Stokes D, Augelli BJ, et al. Engraftment and migration of human bone marrow stromal cells implanted in the brains of albino rats-Similarities to astrocyte grafts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:3908-3913.
117. Li N, Li XR, Yuan JQ. Effects of bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into vitreous cavity of rat injured by ischemia/reperfusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247:503-514.
118. Inoue Y, Iriyama A, Ueno S, et al. Subretinal transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells delays retinal degeneration in the RCS rat model of retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res. 2007;85:234-241.
119. Zwart I, Hill AJ, Al-Allaf F, et al. Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stromal cells are neuroprotective and promote regeneration in a rat optic tract model. Exp Neurol. 2009;216:439-448.
120. Johnson TV, Bull ND, Hunt DP, et al. Neuroprotective effects of intravitreal mesenchymalstem cell transplantation in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:2051-2059.
121. Hou HY, Liang HL, Wang YS, et al. A Therapeutic strategy for choroidal neovascularization based on recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells to the sites of lesions. Mol Ther. 2010 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print]
122. González MA, Gonzalez-Rey E, Rico L, et al. Treatment of experimental arthritis by inducing immune tolerance with human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1006-1019.
123. Parekkadan B, Tilles AW, Yarmush ML. Bone marrowderived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate autoimmune enteropathy independently of regulatory T cells. Stem Cells. 2008; 26:1913.
124. Fiorina P, Jurewicz M, Augello A, et al. Immunomodulatory function of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in experimental autoimmune type 1 diabetes. J Immunol. 2009;183:993.
125. Zhang J, Brodie C, Li Y, et al. Bone marrow stromal cell therapy reduces proNGF and p75 expression in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci. 2009;279:30-38.
126. Vercelli A, Mereuta OM, Garbossa D, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation extends survival, improves motor performance and decreases neuroinflammation in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis. 2008;31:395-405.
127. Marmont AM, Gualandi F, Piaggio G, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for refractory Behçet's disease with severe CNS involvement. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;37:1061-1063.
128. Erokhin VV, Vasil'eva IA, Konopliannikov AG, et al. Systemic transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells of the bone marrow in the treatment of patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk. 2008;10:3-6.
129. Pease ME, McKinnon SJ, Quigley HA, et al. Obstructed axonal transport of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:764-774.
130. Murphy JA, Clarke DB. Target-derived neurotrophins may influence the survival of adult retinal ganglion cells when local neurotrophic support is disrupted: Implications for glaucoma. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67: 1208-1212.
131. Yu S, Tanabe T, Dezawa M, et al. Effects of bone marrow stromal cell injection in an experimental glaucoma model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;344:1071-1079.
132. Osborne NN. Recent clinical findings with memantine should not mean that the idea of neuroprotection in glaucoma is abandoned. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009;87: 450-454.
133. McIntosh Ambrose W, Schein O, Elisseeff J. A tale of two tissues: Stem cells in cartilage and corneal tissue engineering. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2010;5:37-48.
134. De Miguel MP, Alio JL, Arnalich-Montiel F, et al. cornea and ocular surface treatment. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2010;5:195-204.
135. Ma Y, Xu Y, Xiao Z, et al. Reconstruction of chemically burned rat corneal surface by bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2006;24:315-321.
136. Oh JY, Kim MK, Shin MS, et al. The anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic role of mesenchymal stem cells in corneal wound healing following chemical injury. Stem Cells. 2008;26:1047-1055.
137. Oh JY, Kim MK, Shin MS, et al. Cytokine secretion by human mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with damaged corneal epithelial cells. Cytokine. 2009;46:100-103.
138. Oh JY, Kim MK, Ko JH, et al. Rat allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells did not prolong the survival of corneal xenograft in a pig-to-rat model. Vet Ophthalmol. 2009;12:35-40.
139. Zoukhri D. Mechanisms involved in injury and repair of the murine lacrimal gland: Role of programmed cell death and mesenchymal stem cells. Ocul Surf. 2010;8:60-69.
140. Zoukhri D, Fix A, Alroy J, et al. Mechanisms of murine lacrimal gland repair after experimentally induced inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:4399-4406.
141. Sacchetti B, Funari A, Michienzi S, et al. Self-renewing osteoprogenitors in bone marrow sinusoids can organize a hematopoietic microenvironment. Cell. 2007;131: 324-336.
142. Kuo CK, Tuan RS. Tissue engineering with mesenchymal stem cells. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2003;22:51-56.
143. Chen F, Tuan R. Adult stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering and regeneration. Curr Rhematol Rev. 2008;4:149-154.
144. Mizuno H. Adipose-derived stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration: Ten years of research and a literature review. J Nippon Med Sch. 2009;76:56-66.
145. Lee JY, Qu-Petersen Z, Cao B, et al. Clonal isolation of muscle-derived cells capable of enhancing muscle regeneration and bone healing. J Cell Biol. 2000;150:1085-1100.
146. Zheng B, Cao B, Crisan M, et al. Prospective identification of myogenic endothelial cells in human skeletal muscle. Nat Biotechnol. 2007;25:1025-1034.
147. Nesti LJ, Jackson WM, Shanti RM, et al. Differentiation potential of multipotent progenitor cells derived from war-traumatized muscle tissue. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:2390-2398.
148. Patel M, Betz MW, Geibel E, et al. Cyclic acetal hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for orbital bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010;16:55-65.
149. Peng H, Wright V, Usas A, et al. Synergistic enhancement of bone formation and healing by stem cell-expressed VEGF and bone morphogenetic protein-4. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:751-759.
150. Wright V, Peng H, Usas A, et al. BMP4-expressing musclederived stem cells differentiate into osteogenic lineage and improve bone healing in immunocompetent mice. Mol Ther. 2002;6:169-178.
151. Peng H, Usas A, Olshanski A, et al. VEGF improves, whereas sFlt1 inhibits, BMP2-induced bone formation and bone healing through modulation of angiogenesis. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:2017-2027.
152. Montarras D, Morgan J, Collins C, et al. Direct isolation of satellite cells for skeletal muscle regeneration. Science. 2005;309:2064-2067.
153. Kuang S, Kuroda K, Le Grand F, et al. Asymmetric self-renewal and commitment of satellite stem cells in muscle. Cell. 2007;129:999-1010.
154. Scheef EA, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Attenuation of proliferation and migration of retinal pericytes in the absence of thrombospondin-1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009;296:C724-C734.
155. Li Y, Huard J. Differentiation of muscle-derived cells into myofibroblasts in injured skeletal muscle. Am J Pathol. 2002;161:895-907.
156. Quintero AJ, Wright VJ, Fu FH, et al. Stem cells for the treatment of skeletal muscle injury. Clin Sports Med. 2009;28:1-11.
157. Cowin AJ, Holmes TM, Brosnan P, et al. Expression of TGFbeta and its receptors in murine fetal and adult dermal wounds. Eur J Dermatol. 2001;11:424-431.
158. Li Y, Foster W, Deasy BM, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces the differentiation of myogenic cells into fibrotic cells in injured skeletal muscle: A key event in muscle fibrogenesis. Am J Pathol. 2004;164: 1007-1019.
159. Lu L, Saulis AS, Liu WR, et al. The temporal effects of anti-TGF-beta1, 2, and 3 monoclonal antibody on wound healing and hypertrophic scar formation. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201:391-397.
160. Rodeheffer MS, Birsoy K, Friedman JM. Identification of white adipocyte progenitor cells in vivo. Cell. 2008;135:240-249.
161. Tang W, Zeve D, Suh JM, et al. White fat progenitor cells reside in the adipose vasculature. Science. 2008;322:583-586.
162. Perros P, Krassas GE. Graves orbitopathy: A perspective. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:312-318.
163. Stenn K, Parimoo S, Zheng Y, et al. Bioengineering the hair follicle. Organogenesis. 2007;3:6-13.
164. Nakagawa H, Akita S, Fukui M, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells successfully improve skin-substitute wound healing. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:29-36.
165. Borue X, Lee S, Grove J, et al. Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to epithelial engraftment during wound healing. Am J Pathol. 2004;165:1767-1772.
166. Chen L, Tredget EE, Wu PY, et al. Paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells recruit macrophages and endothelial lineage cells and enhance wound healing. PLoS One. 2008;3:e1886.
167. Conget P, Rodriguez F, Kramer S, et al. Replenishment of type VII collagen and re-epithelialization of chronically ulcerated skin after intradermal administration of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in two patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Cytotherapy. 2010;12:429-431.
168. Walter MN, Wright KT, Fuller HR, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium accelerates skin wound healing: An in vitro study of fibroblast and keratinocyte scratch assays. Exp Cell Res. 2010;316:1271-1281.