Vesicular integrity in parkinson's disease

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2013, Pages

  Alter, Shawn P ^a   Lenzi, Gina M ^b   Bernstein, Alison I ^a   Miller, Gary W ^a,b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Dopamine; Parkinson's disease; Transport; Vesicle; VMAT2

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; LEVODOPA; RESERPINE; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER 2; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER;

ARTICLE; CELL MIGRATION; CELL VACUOLE; CYTOPLASM; CYTOSOL; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PARKINSONISM; PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKING; SYNAPSE VESICLE; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BLOOD; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; GENETICS; METABOLISM; REVIEW; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; DRUG EFFECTS;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS; DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS; HUMANS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; PARKINSON DISEASE; SYNAPTIC VESICLES; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORT PROTEINS;

EID: 84879485923     PISSN: 15284042     EISSN: 15346293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0362-3     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Zarow C, Lyness SA, Mortimer JA, Chui HC. Neuronal loss is greater in the locus coeruleus than nucleus basalis and substantia nigra in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(3):337-41. (Pubitemid 36314358)
2. Halliday GM, Li YW, Blumbergs PC, Joh TH, Cotton RG, Howe PR, et al. Neuropathology of immunohistochemically identified brainstem neurons in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 1990;27(4):373-85. doi: 10.1002/ana.410270405. (Pubitemid 20132052)
3. Richman A, Tyhurst JS. An extrapyramidal syndrome with reserpine. Can Med Assoc J. 1955;72(6):457-8.
4. Brodie BB, Shore PA, Silver SL. Potentiating action of chlorpromazine and reserpine. Nature. 1955;175(4469):1133-4.
5. Pletscher A, Shore PA, Brodie BB. Serotonin release as a possible mechanism of reserpine action. Science. 1955;122(3165):374-5.
6. Carlsson A, Lindqvist M, Magnusson T. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature. 1957;180(4596):1200.
7. Ehringer H. Hornykiewicz O [Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behavior in diseases of the extrapyramidal system]. Klin Wochenschr. 1960;38:1236-9.
8. Birkmayer W. Hornykiewicz O [The L-3,4-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-effect in Parkinson-akinesia]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1961;73:787-8.
9. Coughenour HD, Spaulding RS, Thompson CM. The synaptic vesicle proteome: a comparative study in membrane protein identification. Proteomics. 2004;4(10):3141-55. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200300817. (Pubitemid 39372396)
10. Blondeau F, Ritter B, Allaire PD, Wasiak S, Girard M, Hussain NK, et al. Tandem MS analysis of brain clathrin-coated vesicles reveals their critical involvement in synaptic vesicle recycling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(11):3833-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0308186101. (Pubitemid 38381064)
11. Morciano M, Burre J, Corvey C, Karas M, Zimmermann H, Volknandt W. Immunoisolation of 2 synaptic vesicle pools from synaptosomes: a proteomics analysis. J Neurochem. 2005;95(6):1732-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03506. x. (Pubitemid 41804069)
12. Burre J, Beckhaus T, Schagger H, Corvey C, Hofmann S, Karas M, et al. Analysis of the synaptic vesicle proteome using three gel-based protein separation techniques. Proteomics. 2006;6(23):6250-62. doi: 10.1002/pmic. 200600357. (Pubitemid 44935512)
13. Takamori S, Holt M, Stenius K, Lemke EA, Gronborg M, Riedel D, et al. Molecular anatomy of a trafficking organelle. Cell. 2006;127(4):831-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.030. (Pubitemid 44716256)
14. Liu YJ, Edwards RH. The role of vesicular transport proteins in synaptic transmission and neural degeneration. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1997;20:125-56. (Pubitemid 27106378)
15. Edwards RH. The neurotransmitter cycle and quantal size. Neuron. 2007;55(6):835-58. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.001. (Pubitemid 47391194)
16. Chaudhry FA, Edwards RH, Fonnum F. Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters as targets for endogenous and exogenous toxic substances. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;48(1):277-301. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604. 141146. (Pubitemid 351738155)
17. Hannah MJ, Schmidt AA, Huttner WB. Synaptic vesicle biogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1999;15:733-98. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.733. (Pubitemid 32250391)
18. Sudhof TC. The synaptic vesicle cycle. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2004;27:509-47. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131412. (Pubitemid 39050412)
19. Segovia M, Ales E, Montes MA, Bonifas I, Jemal I, Lindau M, et al. Push-and-pull regulation of the fusion pore by synaptotagmin-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(44):19032-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1014070107.
20. Schikorski T, Stevens CF. Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of hippocampal excitatory synapses. J Neurosci. 1997;17(15):5858-67. (Pubitemid 27310500)
21. Murthy VN, Stevens CF. Reversal of synaptic vesicle docking at central synapses. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2(6):503-7. doi: 10.1038/9149. (Pubitemid 30491229)
22. Pyle JL, Kavalali ET, Piedras-Renteria ES, Tsien RW. Rapid reuse of readily releasable pool vesicles at hippocampal synapses. Neuron. 2000;28(1):221-31.
23. Südhof TC. The synaptic vesiclecycle revisited. Neuron. 2000;28(2):317-20. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00109-4.
24. Rizo J, Sudhof TC. The membrane fusion enigma: SNAREs, Sec1/Munc18 proteins, and their accomplices - guilty as charged? Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2012;28:279-308. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155818.
25. Maximov A, Sudhof TC. Autonomous function of synaptotagmin 1 in triggering synchronous release independent of asynchronous release. Neuron. 2005;48(4):547-54. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.006. (Pubitemid 41654677)
26. Pang ZP, Sun J, Rizo J, Maximov A, Sudhof TC. Genetic analysis of synaptotagmin 2 in spontaneous and Ca2 + -triggered neurotransmitter release. EMBO J. 2006;25(10):2039-50. doi: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601103.
27. Barker LA, Dowdall MJ, Whittaker VP. Choline metabolism in the cerebral cortex of guinea pigs. Stable-bound acetylcholine. Biochem J. 1972;130(4):1063-75.
28. Ceccarelli B, Hurlbut WP. Vesicle hypothesis of the release of quanta of acetylcholine. Physiol Rev. 1980;60(2):396-441. (Pubitemid 10091894)
29. Paisan-Ruiz C, Nath P, Washecka N, Gibbs JR, Singleton AB. Comprehensive analysis of LRRK2 in publicly available Parkinson's disease cases and neurologically normal controls. Hum Mutat. 2008;29(4):485-90. doi: 10.1002/humu.20668. (Pubitemid 351536987)
30. Belluzzi E, Greggio E, Piccoli G. Presynaptic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a focus on LRRK2. Biochem Soc Trans. 2012;40(5):1111-6. doi: 10.1042/BST20120124.
31. Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, Ide SE, Dehejia A, Dutra A, et al. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science. 1997;276(5321):2045-7. (Pubitemid 27443610)
32. Kruger R, Kuhn W, Muller T, Woitalla D, Graeber M, Kosel S, et al. Ala30Pro mutation in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Nat Genet. 1998;18(2):106-8. doi: 10.1038/ng0298-106.
33. Singleton AB, Farrer M, Johnson J, Singleton A, Hague S, Kachergus J, et al. Alpha-Synuclein locus triplication causes Parkinson's disease. Science. 2003;302(5646):841. doi: 10.1126/science.1090278. (Pubitemid 37339619)
34. Davidson WS, Jonas A, Clayton DF, George JM. Stabilization of alpha-synuclein secondary structure upon binding to synthetic membranes. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(16):9443-9. (Pubitemid 28183026)
35. • Scott D, Roy S. Alpha-Synuclein inhibits intersynaptic vesicle mobility and maintains recycling-pool homeostasis. J Neurosci. 2012;32(30):10129-35. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.0535-12.2012. Demonstrated that α-synuclein expression inversely correlates with synaptic vesicular trafficking and recycling pool size in hippocampal neurons.
36. • Gaugler MN, Genc O, Bobela W, Mohanna S, Ardah MT, El-Agnaf OM, et al. Nigrostriatal overabundance of alpha-synuclein leads to decreased vesicle density and deficits in dopamine release that correlate with reduced motor activity. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;123(5):653-69. Demonstrated that α-synuclein overexpression inhibits vesicular trafficking in DA terminals, and causes parkinsonian pathology and motor effects in rats.
37. Caughey B, Lansbury PT. Protofibrils, pores, fibrils, and neurodegeneration: separating the responsible protein aggregates from the innocent bystanders. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2003;26:267-98. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.010302.081142. (Pubitemid 37064935)
38. Conway KA, Rochet J-C, Bieganski RM, Lansbury Jr PT. Kinetic stabilization of the alpha-synuclein protofibril by a dopamine-alpha-synuclein adduct. Science. 2001;294(5545):1346.
39. Rochet JC, Outeiro TF, Conway KA, Ding TT, Volles MJ, Lashuel HA, et al. Interactions among alpha-synuclein, dopamine, and biomembranes - some clues for understanding neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. J Mol Neurosci. 2004;23(1-2):23-33. doi: 10.1385/jmn:23:1-2:023. (Pubitemid 41359186)
40. Choi BK, Choi MG, Kim JY, Yang Y, Lai Y, Kweon DH, et al. Large alpha-synuclein oligomers inhibit neuronal SNARE-mediated vesicle docking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1218424110.
41. Volles MJ, Lee SJ, Rochet JC, Shtilerman MD, Ding TT, Kessler JC, et al. Vesicle permeabilization by protofibrillar alpha-synuclein: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Biochemistry. 2001;40(26):7812-9. doi: 10.1021/bi0102398. (Pubitemid 32622972)
42. Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS. Leaky catecholamine stores: undue waste or a stress response coping mechanism? Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004;1018(1):224-30. doi: 10.1196/annals.1296.027. (Pubitemid 38951411)
43. Uhl GR. Hypothesis: the role of dopaminergic transporters in selective vulnerability of cells in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 1998;43(5):555-60. doi: 10.1002/ana.410430503. (Pubitemid 28225546)
44. Miller GW, Gainetdinov RR, Levey AI, Caron MG. Dopamine transporters and neuronal injury. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1999;20(10):424-9. (Pubitemid 29450365)
45. Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS. Catecholamine metabolism: a contemporary view with implications for physiology and medicine. Pharmacol Rev. 2004;56(3):331-49. doi: 10.1124/pr.56.3.1. (Pubitemid 39096594)
46. Burke WJ, Li SW, Chung HD, Ruggiero DA, Kristal BS, Johnson EM, et al. Neurotoxicity of MAO metabolites of catecholamine neurotransmitters: role in neurodegenerative diseases. NeuroToxicol. 2004;25(1-2):101-15. (Pubitemid 38044173)
47. Rees JN, Florang VR, Eckert LL, Doorn JA. Protein reactivity of 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a toxic dopamine metabolite, is dependent on both the aldehyde and the catechol. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009;22(7):1256-63. doi: 10.1021/tx9000557.
48. Wey MC, Fernandez E, Martinez PA, Sullivan P, Goldstein DS, Strong R. Neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction in mice lacking cytosolic and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases: implications for Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31522. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031522.
49. Goldstein DS, Sullivan P, Holmes C, Kopin IJ, Basile MJ, Mash DC. Catechols in post-mortem brain of patients with Parkinson disease. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(5):703-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03246.x.
50. Graham DG, Tiffany SM, Bell WR, Gutknecht WF. Autoxidation versus covalent binding of quinones as mechanism of toxicity of dopamine, 6-Hydroxydopamine, and related compounds toward C1300-Neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Mol Pharmacol. 1978;14(4):644-53. (Pubitemid 8402470)
51. Zahid M, Saeed M, Yang L, Beseler C, Rogan E, Cavalieri EL. Formation of dopamine quinone-DNA adducts and their potential role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. IUBMB Life. 2011;63(12):1087-93. doi: 10.1002/iub.538.
52. Sulzer D, Zecca L. Intraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: a review. Neurotox Res. 1999;1(3):181-95. doi: 10.1007/bf03033289.
53. Sulzer D, Bogulavsky J, Larsen KE, Behr G, Karatekin E, Kleinman MH, et al. Neuromelanin biosynthesis is driven by excess cytosolic catecholamines not accumulated by synaptic vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(22):11869- 74. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.22.11869.
54. Hastings TG, Lewis DA, Zigmond MJ. Role of oxidation in the neurotoxic effects of intrastriatal dopamine injections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(5):1956-61. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.5.1956. (Pubitemid 26079862)
55. Benshachar D, Zuk R, Glinka Y. Dopamine neurotoxicity - inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. J Neurochem. 1995;64(2):718-23.
56. Asanuma M, Miyazaki I, Ogawa N. Dopamine- or L-DOPA-induced neurotoxicity: the role of dopamine quinone formation and tyrosinase in a model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res. 2003;5(3):165-76.
57. Chen L, Ding Y, Cagniard B, Van Laar AD, Mortimer A, Chi W, et al. Unregulated cytosolic dopamine causes neurodegeneration associated with oxidative stress in mice. J Neurosci. 2008;28(2):425-33. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3602-07.2008.
58. Mosharov EV, Larsen KE, Kanter E, Phillips KA, Wilson K, Schmitz Y, et al. Interplay between cytosolic dopamine, calcium, and α-Synuclein causes selective death of substantia nigra neurons. Neuron. 2009;62(2):218-29. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.033.
59. Takahashi N, Miner LL, Sora I, Ujike H, Revay RS, Kostic V, et al. VMAT2 knockout mice: heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward, enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(18):9938-43.
60. Wang YM, Gainetdinov RR, Fumagalli F, Xu F, Jones SR, Bock CB, et al. Knockout of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 gene results in neonatal death and supersensitivity to cocaine and amphetamine. Neuron. 1997;19(6):1285-96. (Pubitemid 28030547)
61. Gainetdinov RR, Fumagalli F, Wang YM, Jones SR, Levey AI, Miller GW, et al. Increased MPTP neurotoxicity in vesicular monoamine transporter 2 heterozygote knockout mice. J Neurochem. 1998;70(5):1973-8. (Pubitemid 28207819)
62. Colebrooke RE, Humby T, Lynch PJ, McGowan DP, Xia J, Emson PC. Age-related decline in striatal dopamine content and motor performance occurs in the absence of nigral cell loss in a genetic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci. 2006;24(9):2622-30. (Pubitemid 44726774)
63. Caudle WM, Richardson JR, Wang MZ, Taylor TN, Guillot TS, McCormack AL, et al. Reduced vesicular storage of dopamine causes progressive nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. J Neurosci. 2007;27(30):8138-48. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0319- 07.2007. (Pubitemid 47173329)
64. Taylor TN, Caudle WM, Shepherd KR, Noorian A, Jackson CR, Iuvone PM, et al. Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease revealed in an animal model with reduced monoamine storage capacity. J Neurosci. 2009;29(25):8103-13. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.1495-09.2009.
65. • Ulusoy A, Björklund T, Buck K, Kirik D. Dysregulated dopamine storage increases the vulnerability to α-synuclein in nigral neurons. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;47(3):367-77. Utilized lentiviralα-synuclein delivery to demonstrate synergistic toxicity of α-synuclein and cytosolic dopamine in VMAT2 hypomorphic mice.
66. Guillot TS, Richardson JR, Wang MZ, Li YJ, Taylor TN, Ciliax BJ, et al. PACAP38 increases vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) expression and attenuates methamphetamine toxicity. Neuropeptides. 2008;42(4):423-34. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.04.003.
67. Guillot T, Miller G. Protective actions of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in monoaminergic neurons. Mol Neurobiol. 2009;39(2):149-70. doi: 10.1007/s12035-009-8059-y.
68. Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I. Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science. 1983;219(4587):979-80. (Pubitemid 13189531)
69. Glover V, Gibb C, Sandler M. Monoamine oxidase B(MAO-B) is the major catalyst for 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) oxidation in human brain and other tissues. Neurosci Lett. 1986;64(2):216-20. (Pubitemid 16053333)
70. Javitch JA, D'Amato RJ, Strittmatter SM, Snyder SH. Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin, N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 -tetrahydropyridine: uptake of the metabolite N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine by dopamine neurons explains selective toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985;82(7):2173-7. (Pubitemid 15056491)
71. Langston JW, Irwin I, Langston EB, Forno LS. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+): identification of a metabolite of MPTP, a toxin selective to the substantia nigra. Neurosci Lett. 1984;48(1):87-92. (Pubitemid 14084283)
72. Ransom BR, Kunis DM, Irwin I, Langston JW. Astrocytes convert the parkinsonism inducing neurotoxin, MPTP, to its active metabolite, MPP+. Neurosci Lett. 1987;75(3):323-8. (Pubitemid 17042867)
73. Liu Y, Peter D, Roghani A, Schuldiner S, Prive GG, Eisenberg D, et al. A cDNA that suppresses MPP + toxicity encodes a vesicular amine transporter. Cell. 1992;70(4):539-51.
74. Erickson JD, Eiden LE. Functional identification and molecular cloning of a human brain vesicle monoamine transporter. J Neurochem. 1993;61(6):2314-7. (Pubitemid 23354095)
75. Erickson JD, Eiden LE, Hoffman BJ. Expression cloning of a reserpine-sensitive vesicular monoamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(22):10993-7.
76. Miller GW, Erickson JD, Perez JT, Penland SN, Mash DC, Rye DB, et al. Immunochemical analysis of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) protein in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol. 1999;156(1):138-48. doi: 10.1006/exnr.1998. 7008. (Pubitemid 29152991)
77. Smith Y, et al. Parkinson's disease therapeutics: new developments and challenges since the introduction of levodopa. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(1):213-46. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.212.
78. Bertler A, Carlsson A, Nilsson J, Rosengren E. Effect of reserpine on the metabolism of catecholamies. Acta Physiologica Scand. 1957;42:22-3.
79. Burn JH, Rand MJ. The action of sympathomimetic amines in animals treated with reserpine. J Physiol. 1958;144(2):314-36.
80. Melega WP, Williams AE, Schmitz DA, DiStefano EW, Cho AK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of the actions of D-amphetamine and D-methamphetamine on the dopamine terminal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;274(1):90-6.
81. Sulzer D. How addictive drugs disrupt presynaptic dopamine neurotransmission. Neuron. 2011;69(4):628-49.
82. Wagner GC, Ricaurte GA, Seiden LS, Schuster CR, Miller RJ, Westley J. Long-lasting depletions of striatal dopamine and loss of dopamine uptake sites following repeated administration of methamphetamine. Brain Res. 1980;181(1):151-60. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(80)91265-2. (Pubitemid 10159505)
83. Larsen KE, Fon EA, Hastings TG, Edwards RH, Sulzer D. Methamphetamine-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons involves autophagy and upregulation of dopamine synthesis. J Neurosci. 2002;22(20):8951-60. (Pubitemid 35379065)
84. Yamamoto BK, Moszczynska A, Gudelsky GA. Amphetamine toxicities. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010;1187(1):101-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05141.x.
85. LaVoie MJ, Hastings TG. Dopamine quinone formation and protein modification associated with the striatal neurotoxicity of methamphetamine: evidence against a role for extracellular dopamine. J Neurosci. 1999;19(4):1484-91. (Pubitemid 29088929)
86. Villemagne V, Yuan J, Wong DF, Dannals RF, Hatzidimitriou G, Mathews WB, et al. Brain dopamine neurotoxicity in baboons treated with doses of methamphetamine comparable with those recreationally abused by humans: evidence from C-11 WIN-35,428 positron emission tomography studies and direct in vitro determinations. J Neurosci. 1998;18(1):419-27. (Pubitemid 28046799)
87. McCann UD, Wong DF, Yokoi F, Villemagne V, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA. Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: evidence from positron emission tomography studies with C-11 WIN-35,428. J Neurosci. 1998;18(20):8417-22. (Pubitemid 28465016)
88. Callaghan RC, Cunningham JK, Sykes J, Kish SJ. Increased risk of Parkinson's disease in individuals hospitalized with conditions related to the use of methamphetamine or other amphetamine-type drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;120(1-3):35-40. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.013.
89. Guillot TS, Shepherd KR, Richardson JR, Wang MZ, Li YJ, Emson PC, et al. Reduced vesicular storage of dopamine exacerbates methamphetamine-induced neurodegeneration and astrogliosis. J Neurochem. 2008;106(5):2205-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05568.x.
90. Ascherio A, Chen H, Weisskopf MG, O'Reilly E, McCullough ML, Calle EE, et al. Pesticide exposure and risk for Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2006;60:197-203. doi: 10.1002/ana.20904. (Pubitemid 44182394)
91. Elbaz A, Clavel J, Rathouz PJ, Moisan F, Galanaud J-P, Delemotte B, et al. Professional exposure to pesticides and Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2009;66:494-504. doi: 10.1002/ana.21717.
92. Priyadarshi A, Khuder SA, Schaub EA, Priyadarshi SS. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2001;86:122-7. doi: 10.1006/enrs.2001.4264. (Pubitemid 32656305)
93. Priyadarshi A, Khuder SA, Schaub EA, Shrivastava S. A meta-analysis of Parkinson's disease and exposure to pesticides. Neurotoxicology. 2000;21:435-40.
94. Semchuk KM, Love EJ, Lee RG. Parkinson's disease and exposure to rural environmental factors: a population based case-control study. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991;18:279-86.
95. Semchuk KM, Love EJ, Lee RG. Parkinson's disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals. Neurology. 1992;42:1328-35.
96. Steenland K, Hein MJ, Cassinelli RT, Prince MM, Nilsen NB, Whelan EA, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls and neurodegenerative disease mortality in an occupational cohort. Epidemiology. 2006;17:8-13. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000190707. 51536.2b.
97. Tanner CM. Parkinson's disease: environmental etiologic factors. Curr Opin Neurol. 1990;3.
98. Ritz B, Costello S. Geographic model and biomarker-derived measures of pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1076:378-87. doi: 10.1196/annals.1371.074. (Pubitemid 44955272)
99. Gatto NM, Cockburn M, Bronstein J, Manthripragada AD, Ritz B. Well-water consumption and Parkinson's disease in rural California. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(12):1912-8. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900852.
100. Caudle WM, Guillot TS, Lazo CR, Miller GW. Industrial toxicants and Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology. 2012;33:178-88. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012. 01.010.
101. Hatcher JM, Miller GW, Pennell KD. Parkinson's disease and pesticides: a toxicological perspective. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2008;29:322-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.03.007.
102. Corrigan F, Wienburg C, Daniel S, Mann D. Organochlorine insecticides in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 2000;59:229-34. (Pubitemid 30116510)
103. Corrigan FM, Murray L, Wyatt CL, Shore RF. Diorthosubstituted polychlorinated biphenyls in caudate nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol. 1998;150:339-42. doi: 10.1006/exnr.1998.6776. (Pubitemid 28231967)
104. Fleming L, Mann JB, Bean J, Briggle T, Sanchez-Ramos JR. Parkinson's disease and brain levels of organochlorine pesticides. Ann Neurol. 1994;36:100-3. doi: 10.1002/ana.410360119. (Pubitemid 24205831)
105. Hatcher-Martin JM, Gearing M, Steenland K, Levey AI, Miller GW, Pennell KD. Association between polychlorinated biphenyls and Parkinson's disease neuropathology. Neurotoxicology. 2012;33:1298-304. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.08. 002.
106. Weisskopf MG, Knekt P, O'Reilly EJ, Lyytinen J, Reunanen A, Laden F, et al. Persistent organochlorine pesticides in serum and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2010;74:1055-61. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d76a93.
107. Miller GW, Kirby M, Levey AI, Bloomquist J. Heptachlor alters expression and function of dopamine transporters. Neurotoxicology. 1999;20:631-7. (Pubitemid 29420363)
108. Bemis JC, Seegal RF. PCB-induced inhibition of the vesicular monoamine transporter predicts reductions in synaptosomal dopamine content. Toxicol Sci. 2004;80:288-95. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfh153. (Pubitemid 39136383)
109. Caudle WM, Richardson JR, Delea KC, Guillot TS, Wang M, Pennell KD, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyl-induced reduction of dopamine transporter expression as a precursor to Parkinson's disease-associated dopamine toxicity. Toxicol Sci. 2006;92:490-9. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl018. (Pubitemid 44018965)
110. Caudle WM, Richardson JR, Wang M, Miller GW. Perinatal heptachlor exposure increases expression of presynaptic dopaminergic markers in mouse striatum. Neurotoxicology. 2005;26:721-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2004.09.003. (Pubitemid 41175904)
111. Fonnum F, Mariussen E, Reistad T. Molecular mechanisms involved in the toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 2006;69(1-2):21-35. doi: 10.1080/15287390500259020. (Pubitemid 41715156)
112. Hatcher JM, Di Monte DA, Richardson JR, Guillot TS, McCormack AL, Jones DP, et al. Dieldrin exposure induces oxidative damage in the mouse nigrostriatal dopamine system. Exp Neurol. 2007;204:619-30. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.12. 020. (Pubitemid 46509499)
113. Kitazawa M, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A. Dieldrin-induced oxidative stress and neurochemical changes contribute to apoptotic cell death in dopaminergic cells. Free Radical Biol Med. 2001;31:1473-85. (Pubitemid 33145318)
114. Lee DW, Opanashuk LA. Polychlorinated biphenyl mixture aroclor 1254-induced oxidative stress plays a role in dopaminergic cell injury. Neurotoxicology. 2004;25:925-39. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2004.05.005. (Pubitemid 39335585)
115. Richardson JR, Caudle WM, Wang M, Dean ED, Pennell KD, Miller GW. Developmental exposure to the pesticide dieldrin alters the dopamine system and increases neurotoxicity in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. FASEB J. 2006;20:1695-7. doi: 10.1096/fj.06-5864fje. (Pubitemid 44943775)
116. Richardson JR, Miller GW. Acute exposure to aroclor 1016 or 1260 differentially affects dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 levels. Toxicol Lett. 2004;148:29-40. (Pubitemid 38264520)
117. Sanchez-Ramos J, Facca A, Basit A, Song S. Toxicity of dieldrin for dopaminergic neurons in mesencephalic cultures. Exp Neurol. 1998;150:263-71. doi: 10.1006/exnr.1997.6770. (Pubitemid 28231958)
118. Seegal R, Brosch K, Bush B. Polychlorinated biphenyls produces regional alterations of dopamine metabolism in rat brain. Toxicol Lett. 1986;30:197-202. (Pubitemid 16105084)
119. Seegal R, Bush B, Shain W. Lightly chlorinated ortho-substituted PCB congeners decrease dopamine in nonhuman primate brain and in tissue culture. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1990;106:136-44.
120. Seegal RF. The neurotoxicological consequences of developmental exposure to PCBs. Toxicol Sci. 2000;57:1-3.
121. Seegal RF, Okoniewski R, Brosch K, Bemis JC. Polychlorinated biphenyls alter extraneuronal but not tissue dopamine concentrations in adult rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:1113-7. (Pubitemid 35363736)
122. Bradner JM, Suragh TA, Wilson WW, Lazo CR, Stout KA, Kim HM, et al. Exposure to the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE-71 damages the nigrostriatal dopamine system: role of dopamine handling in neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol. 2013;241:138-47. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.12.013.
123. Mariussen E, Morch Andersen J, Fonnum F. The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on the uptake of dopamine and other neurotransmitters into rat brain synaptic vesicles. Toxicol Appl Pharmaco. 1999;161(3):274-82 doi: 10.1006/taap.1999.8806. (Pubitemid 30041800)
124. Mariussen E, Fonnum F. The effect of brominated flame retardants on neurotransmitter uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and vesicles. Neurochem Int. 2003;43(4-5):533-42. (Pubitemid 36561309)
125. Mariussen E. Neurotoxic effects of perfluoroalkylated compounds: mechanisms of action and environmental relevance. Arch Toxicol. 2012;86(9):1349-67. doi: 10.1007/s00204-012-0822-6.
126. • Rilstone JJ, Alkhater RA, Minassian BA. Brain dopamine-serotonin vesicular transport disease and its treatment. N Engl J Med. 2013. A case report highlighting a recessive mutation in a coding region of the VMAT2 gene causing infantile-onset parkinsonism in a consanguineous pedigree.
127. Glatt CE, DeYoung JA, Delgado S, Service SK, Giacomini KM, Edwards RH, et al. Screening a large reference sample to identify very low frequency sequence variants: comparisons between 2 genes. Nat Genet. 2001;27(4):435-8. doi: 10.1038/86948. (Pubitemid 32268427)
128. Burman J, Tran CH, Glatt C, Freimer NB, Edwards RH. The effect of rare human sequence variants on the function of vesicular monoamine transporter 2. Pharmacogenetics. 2004;14(9):587-94. doi: 10.1097/00008571-200409000-00003. (Pubitemid 39281813)
129. Lin ZC, Zhao Y, Chung CY, Zhou YH, Xiong NA, Glatt CE, et al. High regulatability favors genetic selection in SLC18A2, a vesicular monoamine transporter essential for life. FASEB J. 2010;24(7):2191-200. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-140368.
130. Lill CM, Roehr JT, McQueen MB, Kavvoura FK, Bagade S, Schjeide BM, et al. Comprehensive research synopsis and systematic meta-analyses in Parkinson's disease genetics: the PDGene database. PLoS Genetics. 2012;8(3):e1002548. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002548.
131. Glatt CE, Wahner AD, White DJ, Ruiz-Linares A, Ritz B. Gain-of-function haplotypes in the vesicular monoamine transporter promoter are protective for Parkinson disease in women. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15(2):299-305. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddi445. (Pubitemid 43125983)
132. • Brighina L, Riva C, Bertola F, Saracchi E, Fermi S, Goldwurm S, et al. Analysis of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 polymorphisms in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.020. Identified 2 SNPs in the VMAT2 promoter that are associated with risk of PD.
133. Bohnen NI, Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Wernette KA, Kilbourn MR, Minoshima S, et al. Positron emission tomography of monoaminergic vesicular binding in aging and Parkinson disease. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. 2006;26(9):1198-212. doi: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600276. (Pubitemid 44268182)
134. Frey KA, Koeppe RA, Kilbourn MR, VanderBorght TM, Albin RL, Gilman S, et al. Presynaptic monoaminergic vesicles in Parkinson's disease and normal aging. Ann Neurol. 1996;40(6):873-84. doi: 10.1002/ana.410400609. (Pubitemid 27044605)
135. Albin RL, Nichols TE, Frey KA. Brain imaging to assess the effects of dopamine agonists on progression of Parkinson disease. JAMA. 2002;288(3):311-2. author reply 2-3.
136. Hauser RA, Koller WC, Hubble JP, Malapira T, Busenbark K, Olanow CW. Time course of loss of clinical benefit following withdrawal of levodopa/carbidopa and bromocriptine in early Parkinson' s disease. Mov Disord. 2000;15(3):485-9. (Pubitemid 30333220)
137. Kish SJ, Zhong XH, Hornykiewicz O, Haycock JW. Striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase in aging: disparity between postmortem and positron emission tomography studies? Ann Neurol. 1995;38(2):260-4. doi: 10.1002/ana.410380220.
138. Tedroff J, Ekesbo A, Rydin E, Langstrom B, Hagberg G. Regulation of dopaminergic activity in early Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(3):359-65. (Pubitemid 29416273)
139. Damier P, Hirsch EC, Agid Y, Graybiel AM. The substantia nigra of the human brain: II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 1999;122(8):1437-48. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.8.1437. (Pubitemid 29374122)
140. Lee CS, Samii A, Sossi V, Ruth TJ, Schulzer M, Holden JE, et al. In vivo positron emission tomographic evidence for compensatory changes in presynaptic dopaminergic nerve terminals in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2000;47(4):493-503. doi: 10.1002/1531-8249(200004)47:4<493::aid-ana13>3.0. co;2-4. (Pubitemid 30194606)
141. Kilbourn MR, Frey KA, Vander Borght T, Sherman PS. Effects of dopaminergic drug treatments on in vivo radioligand binding to brain vesicular monoamine transporters. Nucl Med Biol. 1996;23(4):467-71. (Pubitemid 26233217)
142. Okamura N, Villemagne VL, Drago J, Pejoska S, Dhamija RK, Mulligan RS, et al. In vivo Measurement of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 density in Parkinson Disease with F-18-AV-133. J Nucl Med. 2010;51(2):223-8. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.109.070094.
143. Chao KT, Tsao HH, Weng YH, Hsiao IT, Hsieh CJ, Wey SP, et al. Quantitative analysis of binding sites for 9-fluoropropyl-(+)- dihydrotetrabenazine (18F AV-133) in a MPTP-lesioned PD mouse model. Synapse. 2012;66(9):823-31. doi: 10.1002/syn.21572.
144. Velseboer DC, de Haan RJ, Wieling W, Goldstein DS, de Bie RM. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(10):724-9. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.04.016.
145. Jain S, Goldstein DS. Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson disease: from pathophysiology to pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;46(3):572-80. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.025.
146. Orimo S, Ozawa E, Nakade S, Sugimoto T, Mizusawa H. I-123- metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67(2):189-94. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.67.2.189. (Pubitemid 29326950)
147. Li S-T, Dendi R, Holmes C, Goldstein DS. Progressive loss of cardiac sympathetic innervation in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2002;52(2):220-3. doi: 10.1002/ana.10236. (Pubitemid 34810603)
148. Orimo S, Suzuki M, Inaba A, Mizusawa H. 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy for differentiating Parkinson's disease from other neurodegenerative parkinsonism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(5):494-500. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.01.009.
149. Tijero B, Gomez-Esteban JC, Llorens V, Lezcano E, Gonzalez-Fernandez MC, de Pancorbo MM, et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation precedes nigrostriatal loss in the E46K mutation of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA). Clin Autonomic Res. 2010;20(4):267-9. doi: 10.1007/s10286-010-0068-4.
150. Wong KK, Raffel DM, Koeppe RA, Frey KA, Bohnen NI, Gilman S. Pattern of cardiac sympathetic denervation in idiopathic Parkinson Disease studied with 11C Hydroxyephedrine PET. Radiology. 2012. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12112723.
151. Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Sewell L, Park MY, Sharabi Y. Sympathetic noradrenergic before striatal dopaminergic denervation: relevance to Braak staging of synucleinopathy. Clin Autonomic Res. 2012;22(1):57-61. doi: 10.1007/s10286-011-0136-4.
152. Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Kopin IJ, Sharabi Y. Intra-neuronal vesicular uptake of catecholamines is decreased in patients with Lewy body diseases. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(8):3320-30. doi: 10.1172/JCI.45803.
153. Eisenhofer G, Hovevey-Sion D, Kopin IJ, Miletich R, Kirk KL, Finn R, et al. Neuronal uptake and metabolism of 2- and 6-fluorodopamine: false neurotransmitters for positron emission tomographic imaging of sympathetically innervated tissues. J Pharmacol ExpTherapeut. 1989;248(1):419-27. (Pubitemid 19063522)
154. Lotharius J, Brundin P. Impaired dopamine storage resulting from alpha-synuclein mutations may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2002;11(20):2395-407. doi: 10.1093/hmg/11.20.2395. (Pubitemid 35174703)
155. Pletscher A. Platelets as models: use and limitations. Experientia. 1988;44(2):152-5. doi: 10.1007/bf01952200. (Pubitemid 18074251)
156. Paul SM, Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Ballenger JC, Goodwin FK. Depressed patients have decreased binding of tritiated imipramine to platelet serotonin transporter. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38(12):1315-7. (Pubitemid 12252545)
157. Weizman R, Carmi M, Tyano S, Rehavi M. Reduced 3H-imipramine binding but unaltered 3H-serotonin uptake in platelets of adolescent enuretics. Psychiatry Res. 1986;19(1):37-42. (Pubitemid 16021812)
158. Weizman R, Carmi M, Tyano S, Apter A, Rehavi M. High affinity [3H]imipramine binding and serotonin uptake to platelets of adolescent females suffering from anorexia nervosa. Life Sci. 1986;38(13):1235-42. (Pubitemid 16055762)
159. Weizman A, Carmi M, Hermesh H, Shahar A, Apter A, Tyano S, et al. High-affinity imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in platelets of eight adolescent and ten adult obsessive-compulsive patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(3):335-9. (Pubitemid 16034093)
160. Yubero-Lahoz S, Robledo P, Farre M, de la Torre R. Platelet SERT as a peripheral biomarker of serotonergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Curr Med Chem. 2013.
161. Zalsman G, Aslanov-Farbstein D, Rehavi M, Roz N, Vermeiren R, Laor N, et al. Platelet vesicular monoamine transporter 2 density in the disruptive behavior disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(4):341-4. doi: 10.1089/cap.2010.0148.
162. Zalsman G, Rehavi M, Roz N, Laor N, Weizman A, Toren P. Altered affinity of the platelet vesicular monoamine transporter 2 to dihydrotetrabenazine in children with major depression. J Neural Transm. 2011;118(9):1383-7. doi: 10.1007/s00702-011-0643-4.
163. Schwartz K, Iancu I, Stryjer R, Chelben J, Kotler M, Weizman A, et al. Reduced platelet vesicular monoamine transporter density in smoking schizophrenia patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15(5):557-61. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.02.005. (Pubitemid 41219627)
164. Schwartz K, Weizman A, Rehavi M. Decreased platelet vesicular monoamine transporter density in habitual smokers. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15(2):235-8. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.11.001. (Pubitemid 40193432)
165. Toren P, Rehavi M, Luski A, Roz N, Laor N, Lask M, et al. Decreased platelet vesicular monoamine transporter density in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15(2):159-62. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.07.002. (Pubitemid 40193421)
166. Zucker M, Aviv A, Shelef A, Weizman A, Rehavi M. Elevated platelet vesicular monoamine transporter density in untreated patients diagnosed with major depression. Psychiatry Res. 2002;112(3):251-6. (Pubitemid 35351726)
167. Zucker M, Valevski A, Weizman A, Rehavi M. Increased platelet vesicular monoamine transporter density in adult schizophrenia patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;12(4):343-7. (Pubitemid 34753106)
168. Zucker M, Weizman A, Harel D, Rehavi M. Changes in vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) and synaptophysin in rat Substantia nigra and prefrontal cortex induced by psychotropic drugs. Neuropsychobiology. 2001;44(4):187-91. (Pubitemid 33036030)
169. Zucker M, Weizman A, Rehavi M. Characterization of high-affinity [3H]TBZOH binding to the human platelet vesicular monoamine transporter. Life Sci. 2001;69(19):2311-7. (Pubitemid 32907574)
170. Sala G, Brighina L, Saracchi E, Fermi S, Riva C, Carrozza V, et al. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 mRNA levels are reduced in platelets from patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm. 2010;117(9):1093-8. doi: 10.1007/s00702-010-0446-z.