Invited review: Heat stress effects during late gestation on dry cows and their calves

Journal of Dairy Science

Volumn 96, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 4079-4093

  Tao, S ^a   Dahl, G E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Fetus; Heat stress; Lactation; Late gestation

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASE; FEMALE; FETUS HYPOXIA; GESTATIONAL AGE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HEAT; HEAT INJURY; IMMUNITY; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LACTATION; METABOLISM; NEWBORN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PLACENTA; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; PUERPERIUM; REVIEW; THERMOREGULATION; UDDER;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, NEWBORN; BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASES; FEMALE; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; FETAL HYPOXIA; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEAT STRESS DISORDERS; HOT TEMPERATURE; IMMUNITY; LACTATION; MAMMARY GLANDS, ANIMAL; PLACENTA; POSTPARTUM PERIOD; PREGNANCY;

ANIMALIA; BOS;

EID: 84879302652     PISSN: 00220302     EISSN: 15253198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6278     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Adin G., Gelman A., Solomon R., Flamenbaum I., Nikbachat M., Yosef E., Zenou A., Shamay A., Feuermann Y., Mabjeesh S.J., Miron J. Effects of cooling dry cows under heat load conditions on mammary gland enzymatic activity, intake of food water, and performance during the dry period and after parturition. Livest. Sci 2009, 124:189-195.
2. Asakura H. Fetal and neonatal thermoregulation. J. Nippon Med. Sch 2004, 71:360-370.
3. Auchtung T.L., Dahl G.E. Prolactin mediates photoperiodic immune enhancement: Effects of administration of exogenous prolactin on circulating concentrations, receptor expression, and immune function in steers. Biol. Reprod 2004, 71:1913-1918. a.
4. Auchtung T.L., Rius A.G., Kendall P.E., McFadden T.B., Dahl G.E. Effects of photoperiod during the dry period on prolactin, prolactin receptor, and milk production of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 2005, 88:121-127.
5. Auchtung T.L., Salak-Johnson J.L., Morin D.E., Mallard C.C., Dahl G.E. Effects of photoperiod during the dry period on cellular immune function of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 2004, 87:3683-3689. b.
6. Avendaño-Reyes L., Alvarez-Valenzuela F.D., Correa-Calderón A., Saucedo-Quintero J.S., Robinson P.H., Fadel J.G. Effect of cooling Holstein cows during the dry period on postpartum performance under heat stress conditions. Livest. Sci 2006, 281:2535-2547.
7. Avendaño-Reyes L., Fuquay J.W., Moore R.B., Liu Z., Clark B.L., Vierhout C. Relationship between accumulated heat stress during the dry period, body condition score, and reproduction parameters of Holstein cows in tropical condition. Trop. Anim. Health Prod 2010, 42:265-273.
8. Bachman K.C., Schairer M.L. Bovine studies on optimal lengths of dry period. J. Dairy Sci 2003, 86:3027-3037.
9. Bate L.A., Hacker R.R. Influence of environmental temperature during late gestation and soon after birth on IgG absorption by newborn piglets. Can. J. Anim. Sci 1985, 65:87-93.
10. Bauman D.E. Regulation of nutrient partitioning during lactation: Homeostasis and homeorhesis revisited. Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction 2000, 311-328. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. P.B. Cronjé (Ed.).
11. Bauman D.E., Currie W.B. Partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation: A review of mechanisms involving homeostasis and homeorhesis. J. Dairy Sci 1980, 63:1514-1529.
12. Baumgard L.H., Wheelock J.B., Sanders S.R., Moore C.E., Green H.B., Waldron M.R., Rhoads R.P. Postabsorptive carbohydrate adaptations to heat stress and monensin supplementation in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci 2011, 94:5620-5633.
13. Beardsley G.L., Muller L.D., Garverick H.A., Ludens F.C., Tucker W.L. Initiation of parturition in dairy cows with dexamethasone. II. Response to dexamethasone in combination with estradiol benzoate. J. Dairy Sci 1976, 59:241-247.
14. Bell A.W. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J. Anim. Sci 1995, 73:2804-2819.
15. Bell A.W., Ehrhardt R.A. Regulation of placental nutrient transport and implications for fetal growth. Nutr. Res. Rev 2002, 15:211-230.
16. Bell A.W., McBride B.W., Slepetis R., Early R.J., Currie W.B. Chronic heat stress and prenatal development in sheep: I. Conceptus growth and maternal plasma hormones and metabolites. J. Anim. Sci 1989, 67:3289-3299.
17. Bernabucci U., Lacetera N., Baumgard L.H., Rhoads R.P., Ronchi B., Nardone A. Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants. Animal 2010, 4:1167-1183.
18. Bole-Feysot C., Goffin V., Edery M., Binart N., Kelly P.A. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: Actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr. Rev 1998, 19:225-268.
19. Bremmer D.R., Christensen J.O., Grummer R.R., Rasmussen F.E., Wiltbank M.C. Effects of induced parturition and estradiol on feed intake, liver triglyceride concentration, and plasma metabolites of transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 1999, 82:1440-1448.
20. Brown D.E., Harrison P.C., Hinds F.C., Lewis J.A., Wallace M.H. Heat stress effects on fetal development during late gestation in the ewe. J. Anim. Sci 1977, 44:442-446.
21. Capuco A.V., Akers R.M., Smith J.J. Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: Quantification of nucleic acids and histology. J. Dairy Sci 1997, 80:477-487.
22. Capuco A.V., Ellis S.E., Hale S.A., Long E., Erdman R.A., Zhao X., Paape M.J. Lactation persistency: Insights from mammary cell proliferation studies. J. Anim. Sci 2003, 81:18-31.
23. Castro-Alonso A., Castro N., Capote J., Morales-delaNuez A., Moreno-Indias I., Sánchez-Macias D., Herraez P., Argüello A. Short communication: Apoptosis regulates passive immune transfer in newborn kids. J. Dairy Sci 2008, 91:2086-2088.
24. Chen X., Fahy A.L., Green A.S., Anderson M.J., Rhoads R.P., Limesand S.W. β2-Adrenergic receptor desensitization in perirenal adipose tissue in fetuses and lambs with placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction. J. Physiol 2010, 588:3539-3549.
25. Collier R.J., Beede D.K., Thatcher W.W., Israel L.A., Wilcox C.J. Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. J. Dairy Sci 1982, 65:2213-2227. a.
26. Collier R.J., Collier J.L., Rhoads R.P., Baumgard L.H. Invited review: Genes involved in the bovine heat stress response. J. Dairy Sci 2008, 91:445-454.
27. Collier R.J., Dahl G.E., VanBaale M.J. Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci 2006, 89:1244-1253.
28. Collier R.J., Doelger S.G., Head H.H., Thatcher W.W., Wilcox C.J. Effects of heat stress during pregnancy on maternal hormone concentrations, calf birth weight and postpartum milk yield of Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci 1982, 54:309-319. b.
29. Couret D., Jamin A., Kuntz-Simon G., Prunier A., Merlot E. Maternal stress during late gestation has moderate but long-lasting effects on the immune system of the piglets. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol 2009, 131:17-24.
30. Dahl G.E. Effects of short day photoperiod on prolactin signaling in dry cows: A common mechanism among tissues and environments. J. Anim. Sci 2008, 86:10-14.
31. Dahl G.E., Petitclerc D. Management of photoperiod in the dairy herd for improved production and health. J. Anim. Sci 2003, 81(Suppl. 3):11-17.
32. Dahl G.E., Tao S., Thompson I.M. Lactation Biology Symposium: Effects of photoperiod on mammary gland development and lactation. J. Anim. Sci 2012, 90:755-760.
33. de Vrijer B., Regnault T.R.H., Wilkening R.B., Meschia G., Battaglia F.C. Placental uptake and transport of ACP, a neutral nonmetabolizable amino acid, in an ovine model of fetal growth restriction. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 2004, 287:E1114-E1124.
34. do Amaral B.C., Connor E.E., Tao S., Hayen M.J., Bubolz J.W., Dahl G.E. Heat-stress abatement during the dry period: Does cooling improve transition into lactation?. J. Dairy Sci 2009, 92:5988-5999.
35. do Amaral B.C., Connor E.E., Tao S., Hayen M.J., Bubolz J.W., Dahl G.E. Heat stress abatement during the dry period influences prolactin signaling in lymphocytes. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol 2010, 38:38-45.
36. do Amaral B.C., Connor E.E., Tao S., Hayen M.J., Bubolz J.W., Dahl G.E. Heat stress abatement during the dry period influences metabolic gene expression and improves immune status in the transition period of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 2011, 94:86-96.
37. Drackley J.K. Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: The final frontier?. J. Dairy Sci 1999, 82:2259-2273.
38. Drackley J.K., Overton T.R., Douglas G.N. Adaptations of glucose and long-chain fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci 2001, 84(E. Suppl.):E100-E112.
39. Dreiling C.E., Carman F.S., Brown D.E. Maternal endocrine and fetal metabolic responses to heat stress. J. Dairy Sci 1991, 74:312-327.
40. Early R.J., McBride B.W., Vatnick I., Bell A.W. Chronic heat stress and prenatal development in sheep: II. Placental cellularity and metabolism. J. Anim. Sci 1991, 69:3610-3616.
41. Etherton T.D., Bauman D.E. Biology of somatotropin in growth and lactation of domestic animals. Physiol. Rev 1998, 78:745-761.
42. Faurie A.S., Mitchell D., Laburn H.P. Feto-maternal relationships in goats during heat and cold exposure. Exp. Physiol 2001, 86:199-204.
43. Fuquay J.W. Heat stress as it affects animal production. J. Anim. Sci 1981, 52:164-174.
44. Goff J.P., Horst R.L. Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. J. Dairy Sci 1997, 80:1260-1268.
45. Grummer R.R., Rastani R.R. Why reevaluate dry period length?. J. Dairy Sci 2004, 87(E. Suppl.):E77-E85.
46. Hahn G.L. Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. J. Anim. Sci 1999, 77:10-20.
47. Hay W.W. Placental-fetal glucose exchange and fetal glucose metabolism. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc 2006, 117:321-340.
48. Hayirli A. The role of exogenous insulin in the complex of hepatic lipidosis and ketosis associated with insulin resistance phenomenon in postpartum dairy cattle. Vet. Res. Commun 2006, 30:749-774.
49. Hodgson J.C., Rhind S.M., Flint D.J. Influence of maternal nutrition and stress on gut permeability to immunoglobulin in newborn lambs. Biochem. Soc. Trans 1997, 25:339S.
50. Hough R.L., McCarthy F.D., Kent H.D., Eversole D.E., Wahlberg M.L. Influence of nutritional restriction during late gestation on production measures and passive immunity in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci 1990, 68:2622-2627.
51. Janovick N.A., Drackley J.K. Prepartum dietary management of energy intake affects postpartum intake and lactation performance by primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci 2010, 93:3086-3102.
52. Kadzere C.T., Murphy M.R., Silaninove N., Maltz E. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: A review. Livest. Prod. Sci 2002, 77:59-91.
53. Kahn C.R. Insulin resistance, insulin insensitivity, and insulin unresponsiveness: A necessary distinction. Metabolism 1978, 27:1893-1902.
54. Kim K.H.H., Kim D.-H., Oh Y.-K., Lee S.-S., Lee H.-J., Kim D.-W., Seol Y.-J., Kimura N. Productivity and energy partition of late lactation dairy cows during heat exposure. Anim. Sci. J 2010, 81:58-62.
55. Kregel K.C. Invited review: Heat shock proteins: Modifying factors in physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance. J. Appl. Physiol 2002, 92:2177-2186.
56. Laburn H., Faurie A., Mitchell D. The thermal physiology of the ruminant fetus. Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction 2000, 295-310. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. P.B. Cronjé (Ed.).
57. Laburn H.P., Faurie A., Goelst K., Mitchell D. Effects on fetal and maternal body temperatures of exposure of pregnant ewes to heat, cold, and exercise. J. Appl. Physiol 2002, 92:802-808.
58. Laburn H.P., Mitchell D., Goelst K. Fetal and maternal body temperatures measured by radiotelemetry in near-term sheep during thermal stress. J. Appl. Physiol 1992, 72:894-900.
59. Lacetera N., Bernabucci U., Ronchi B., Scalia D., Nardone A. Moderate summer heat stress does not modify immunological parameters of Holstein dairy cows. Int. J. Biometeorol 2002, 46:33-37.
60. Lacetera N., Bernabucci U., Scalia D., Ronchi B., Kuzminsky G., Nardone A. Lymphocyte functions in dairy cows in hot environment. Int. J. Biometeorol 2005, 50:105-110.
61. Lanneau D., de Thonel A., Maurel S., Didelot C., Garrido C. Apoptosis versus cell differentiation: Role of heat shock protein HSP90, HSP70 and HSP27. Prion 2007, 1:53-60.
62. Leos R.A., Anderson M.J., Chen X., Pugmire J., Anderson K.A., Limesand S.W. Chronic exposure to elevated norepinephrine suppresses insulin secretion in fetal sheep with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 2010, 298:E770-E778.
63. Lewis G.S., Thatcher W.W., Bliss E.L., Drost M., Collier R.J. Effects of heat stress during pregnancy on postpartum reproductive changes in Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci 1984, 58:174-186.
64. Limesand S.W., Jensen J., Hutton J.C., Hay W.W. Diminished β-cell replication contributes to reduced β-cell mass in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol 2005, 288:R1297-R1305.
65. Limesand S.W., Regnault T.R., Hay W.W. Characterization of glucose transporter 8 (GLUT8) in the ovine placenta of normal and growth restricted fetuses. Placenta 2004, 25:70-77.
66. Limesand S.W., Rozance P.J., Smith D., Hay W.W. Increased insulin sensitivity and maintenance of glucose utilization rates in fetal sheep with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 2007, 293:E1716-E1725.
67. Limesand S.W., Rozance P.J., Zerbe G.O., Hutton J.C., Hay W.W. Attenuated insulin release and storage in fetal sheep pancreatic islets with intrauterine growth restriction. Endocrinology 2006, 147:1488-1497.
68. Lomborg S.R., Nielsen L.R., Heegaard P.M.H., Jacobsen S. Acute phase protein in cattle after exposure to complex stress. Vet. Res. Commun 2008, 32:575-582.
69. López-Meza J.E., Lara-Zárate L., Ochoa-Zarzosa A. Effects of prolactin on innate immunity of infectious disease. Open Neuroendocrinol. J 2010, 3:175-179.
70. Lough D.S., Beede D.L., Wilcox C.J. Effects of feed intake and thermal stress on mammary blood flow and other physiological measurements in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 1990, 73:325-332.
71. Machado-Neto R., Graves C.N., Curtis S.E. Immunoglobulins in piglets from sows heat-stressed prepartum. J. Anim. Sci 1987, 65:445-455.
72. Mallard B.A., Dekkers J.C., Ireland M.J., Leslie K.E., Sharif S., Lacey Vankampen C., Wagter L., Wilkie B.N. Alteration in immune responsiveness during the peripartum period and its ramification on dairy cow and calf health. J. Dairy Sci 1998, 81:585-595.
73. Marchbank T., Davison G., Oakes J.R., Ghatei M.A., Patterson M., Moyer M.P., Playford R.J. The nutriceutical bovine colostrum truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol 2011, 300:G477-G484.
74. Mayer B., Zolnai A., Frenyó L.V., Jancsik V., Szentirmay Z., Hammarström L., Kacskovics I. Redistribution of the sheep neonatal Fc receptor in the mammary gland around the time of parturition in ewes and its localization in the small intestine of neonatal lambs. Immunology 2002, 107:288-296.
75. Merlot E., Couret D., Otten W. Prenatal stress, fetal imprinting and immunity. Brain Behav. Immun 2008, 22:42-51.
76. Moore R.B., Fuquay J.W., Drapala W.J. Effects of late gestation heat stress on postpartum milk production and reproduction in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci 1992, 75:1877-1882.
77. Morrison J.L. Sheep models of intrauterine growth restriction: Fetal adaptations and consequences. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol 2008, 35:730-743.
78. Nardone A., Lacetera N., Bernabucci U., Ronchi B. Composition of colostrum from dairy heifers exposed to high air temperatures during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period. J. Dairy Sci 1997, 80:838-844.
79. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 2001, NRC, Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 7th rev.
80. Orbach H., Shoenfeld Y. Hyperprolactinemia and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun. Rev 2007, 6:537-542.
81. Petersen H.H., Nielsen J.P., Heegaard P.M.H. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Vet. Res 2004, 35:163-187.
82. Quigley J.D., Drewry J.J. Nutrient and immunity transfer from cow to calf pre- and postcalving. J. Dairy Sci 1998, 81:2779-2790.
83. 2 diffusion and placental expression of PIGF, VEGF and their receptors in a placental insufficiency model of fetal growth restriction. J. Physiol 2003, 550:641-656.
84. Regnault T.R.H., Friedman J.E., Wilkening R.B., Anthony R.V., Hay W.W. Fetoplacental transport and utilization of amino acids in IUGR-A review. Placenta 2005, 26(Suppl. A):S52-S62.
85. Reynolds L.P., Caton J.S., Redmer D.A., Grazul-Bilska A.T., Vonnahme K.A., Borowicz P.P., Luther J.S., Wallace J.M., Wu G., Spencer T.E. Evidence for altered placental blood flow and vascularity in compromised pregnancies. J. Physiol 2006, 572:51-58.
86. Rhoads M.L., Kim J.W., Collier R.J., Crooker B.A., Boisclair Y.R., Baumgard L.H., Rhoads R.P. Effects of heat stress and nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: II. Aspects of hepatic growth hormone responsiveness. J. Dairy Sci 2010, 93:170-179.
87. Sangild P.T. Uptake of colostral immunoglobulins by the compromised newborn farm animals. Acta Vet. Scand. Suppl 2003, 98:105-122.
88. Schmitt D., Garverick H.A., Mather E.C., Sikes J.D., Day B.N., Erb R.E. Induction of parturition in dairy cattle with dexamethasone and estradiol benzoate. J. Anim. Sci 1975, 40:261-268.
89. Schröder H.J., Power G.G. Engine and radiator: Fetal and placental interactions for heat dissipation. Exp. Physiol 1997, 82:403-414.
90. Silva L.F.P., VandeHaar M.J., Whitlock B.K., Radcliff R.P., Tucker H.A. Short communication: Relationship between body growth and mammary development in dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci 2002, 85:2600-2602.
91. Sorensen M.T., Nørgaard J.V., Theil P.K., Vestergaard M., Sejrsen K. Cell turnover and activity in mammary tissue during lactation and dry period in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 2006, 89:4632-4639.
92. Stott G.H. Immunoglobulin absorption in calf neonates with special considerations of stress. J. Dairy Sci 1980, 63:681-688.
93. Tao S., Bubolz J.W., do Amaral B.C., Thompson I.M., Hayen M.J., Johnson S.E., Dahl G.E. Effect of heat stress during the dry period on mammary gland development. J. Dairy Sci 2011, 94:5976-5986.
94. Tao S., Connor E.E., Bubolz J.W., Thompson I.M., do Amaral B.C., Hayen M.J., Dahl G.E. Short communication: Effect of heat stress during the dry period on gene expression of mammary tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Dairy Sci 2013, 96:378-383.
95. Tao S., Monteiro A.P., Thompson I.M., Hayen M.J., Dahl G.E. Effect of late-gestation maternal heat stress on growth and immune function of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci 2012, 95:7128-7136. a.
96. Tao S., Thompson I.M., Monteiro A.P.A., Hayen M.J., Young L.J., Dahl G.E. Effect of cooling heat-stressed dairy cows during the dry period on insulin response. J. Dairy Sci 2012, 95:5035-5046. b.
97. Tarazón-Herrera M., Huber J.T., Santos J., Mena H., Nusso L., Nussio C. Effects of bovine somatotropin and evaporative cooling plus shade on lactation performance of cows during summer heat stress. J. Dairy Sci 1999, 82:2352-2357.
98. Thompson I.M., Dahl G.E. Dry period seasonal effects on the subsequent lactation. Prof. Anim. Sci 2012, 28:628-631.
99. Thompson I.M., Tao S., Branen J., Ealy A.D., Dahl G.E. Environmental regulation of pregnancy-specific protein B concentrations during late pregnancy in dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci 2013, 91:168-173.
100. Thompson I.M., Tao S., Jeong K.C., Thatcher W.W., Dahl G.E. Effect of cooling during the dry period on neutrophil gene expression after Streptococcus uberis infection. J. Anim. Sci 2012, 90(Suppl. 3):188. (Abstr.).
101. Thorn S.R., Regnault T.R.H., Brown L.D., Rozance P.J., Keng J., Roper M., Wilkening R.B., Hay W.W., Friedman J.E. Intrauterine growth restriction increases fetal hepatic gluconeogenic capacity and reduces messenger ribonucleic acid translation initiation and nutrient sensing in fetal liver and skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 2009, 150:3021-3030.
102. Tucker H.A. Hormones, mammary growth, and lactation: A 41-year perspective. J. Dairy Sci 2000, 83:874-884.
103. Tudor G.D. The effect of pre- and post-natal nutrition on the growth of beef cattle. 1. The effect of nutrition and parity of the dam on calf birth weight. Aust. J. Agric. Res 1972, 23:389-395.
104. Urdaz J.H., Overton M.W., Moore D.A., Santos J.E.P. Technical note: Effects of adding shade and fans to a feedbunk sprinkler system for preparturient cows on health and performance. J. Dairy Sci 2006, 89:2000-2006.
105. USDA-NASS (United States Department of Agriculture-National Agricultural Statistics Service). 2011. Florida livestock, dairy and poultry summary 2010. USDA-NASS, Washington, DC.
106. Vermorel M., Dardillat C., Vernet J., Saido, Demigne C. Energy metabolism and thermoregulation in the newborn calf. Ann. Rech. Vet 1983, 14:382-389.
107. Vernon R.G., Pond G.M. Adaptations of maternal adipose tissue to lactation. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 1997, 2:231-241.
108. Wall E.H., Auchtung T.L., Dahl G.E., Ellis S.E., McFadden T.B. Exposure to short day photoperiod during the dry period enhances mammary growth in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 2005, 88:1994-2003.
109. West J.W. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci 2003, 86:2131-2144.
110. Wheelock J.B., Rhoads R.P., VanBaale M.J., Sanders S.R., Baumgard L.H. Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci 2010, 93:644-655.
111. Wolfenson D., Flamenbaum I., Berman A. Dry period heat stress relief effects on prepartum progesterone, calf birth weight, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci 1988, 71:809-818.
112. Wu G., Bazer F.W., Wallace J.M., Spencer T.E. Board-Invited Review: Intrauterine growth retardation: Implications for the animal sciences. J. Anim. Sci 2006, 84:2316-2337.
113. Yasuda M., Jenne C.N., Kennedy L.J., Reynolds J.D. The sheep and cattle Peyer's patch as a site of B-cell development. Vet. Res 2006, 37:401-415.
114. Yates D.T., Green A.S., Limesand S.W. Catecholamines mediate multiple fetal adaptations during placental insufficiency that contribute to intrauterine growth restriction: Lessons from hyperthermic sheep. J. Pregnancy 2011, 2011:740408.