ADSA foundation scholar award: Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: The final frontier?

Journal of Dairy Science

Volumn 82, Issue 11, 1999, Pages 2259-2273

  Drackley, James K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

Dietary fat; Lipid metabolism; Liver; Transition

Indexed keywords

BOS TAURUS;

FATTY ACID;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMAL; CATTLE; FAT INTAKE; FEMALE; LACTATION; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; REVIEW;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; CATTLE; DIETARY FATS; FATTY ACIDS; FATTY ACIDS, NONESTERIFIED; FEMALE; LACTATION; LIPID METABOLISM; PREGNANCY;

EID: 0033227135     PISSN: 00220302     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75474-3     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Adler, J. H. 1970. Theoretical quantitative approach to the mechanism of hypoglycemic ketosis in ruminants. J. Theor. Biol. 28:101-109.
2. Aiello, R. J., T. M. Kenna, and J. H. Herbein. 1984. Hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenic interrelationships in the lactating cow. J. Dairy Sci. 67:1707-1715.
3. Allen, S. K., D. J. Carroll, and B. A. Barton. 1995. The effects of the source of supplemental energy pre- and postpartum on lactation and reproductive performance of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):164. (Abstr.)
4. Armentano, L. E., R. R. Grummer, S. J. Bertics, T. C. Skaar, and S. S. Donkin. 1991. Effects of energy balance on hepatic capacity for oleate and propionate metabolism and triglyceride secretion. J. Dairy Sci. 74:132-139.
5. Bahaa, A. O., M. R. Murphy, D. E. Morin, S. L. Spahr, J. K. Drackley, T. K. El-Neweehy, and A. A. Abd El-Samee. 1997. Induction of ketosis by feed restriction and treatment of ketosis with glucose or propylene glycol. J. Dairy Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):166. (Abstr.)
6. Baird, G. D. 1982. Primary ketosis in the high-producing dairy cow: clinical and subclinical disorders, treatment, prevention, and outlook. J. Dairy Sci. 65:1-10.
7. Baird, G. D., R. J. Heitzman, and K. G. Hibbitt. 1972. Effects of starvation on intermediary metabolism in the lactating cow. A comparison with metabolic changes occurring during bovine ketosis. Biochem. J. 128:1311-1318.
8. Baird, G. D., R. J. Heitzman, I. M. Reid, H. W. Symonds, and M. A. Lomax. 1979. Effects of food deprivation on ketonaemia, ketogenesis and hepatic intermediary metabolism in the non-lactating dairy cow. Biochem. J. 178:35-44.
9. Bauchart, D. 1993. Lipid absorption and transport in ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3864-3881.
10. Bauchart, D., D. Gruffat, and D. Durand. 1996. Lipid absorption and hepatic metabolism in ruminants. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 55:39-47.
11. Bell, A. W. 1995. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2804-2819.
12. Bergman, E. N., R. J. Havel, B. M. Wolfe, and T. Bøhmer. 1971. Quantitative studies of the metabolism of chylomicron triglycerides and cholesterol by liver and extrahepatic tissues of sheep and dogs. J. Clin. Invest. 50:1831-1839.
13. Bertics, S. J., and R. R. Grummer. 1997. The effects of fat and methionine on liver triglyceride of dry cows during feed restriction. J. Dairy Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):252. (Abstr.)
14. Bines, J. A., P. E. Brumby, J. E. Storry, R. J. Fulford, and G. D. Braithwaite. 1978. The effect of protected lipids on nutrient intakes, blood and rumen metabolites and milk secretion in dairy cows during early lactation. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 91:135-150.
15. Blake, W. L., and S. D. Clarke. 1991. Type of dietary fat alters rat liver cell responsiveness to vasopressin. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2:87-90.
16. Brindle, N.P.J., V. A. Zammit, and C. I. Pogson. 1985. Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity by malonyl-CoA in mitochondria from sheep liver, a tissue with low capacity for fatty acid synthesis. Biochem. J. 232:177-182.
17. Brumby, P. E., J. E. Storry, J. A. Bines, and R. J. Fulford. 1978. Utilization of energy for maintenance and production in dairy cows given protected tallow during early lactation. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 91:151-159.
18. Cadórniga-Valiño, C., R. R. Grummer, L. E. Armentano, S. S. Donkin, and S. J. Bertics. 1997. Effects of fatty acids and hormones on fatty acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in bovine hepatocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 80:646-656.
19. Chilliard, Y. 1993. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs, and rodents: a review. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3897-3931.
20. Choi, B.-R., and D. L. Palmquist. 1996. High fat diets increase plasma cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide, and decrease plasma insulin and feed intake in lactating cows. J. Nutr. 126:2913-2919.
21. Dax, E. M., J. S. Partilla, M. A. Piñeyro, and R. I. Gregerman. 1990. Altered glucagon- and catecholamine hormone-sensitive adenylyl cyclase responsiveness in rat liver membranes induced by manipulation of dietary fatty acid intake. Endocrinology 127:2236-2240.
22. de Boer, G., A. Trenkle, and J. W. Young. 1985. Glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, and some blood metabolites during energy restriction ketonemia of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 68:326-337.
23. Douglas, G. N., J. K. Drackley, T. R. Overton, and H. G. Bateman. 1998. Lipid metabolism and production by Holstein cows fed control or high fat diets at restricted or ad libitum intakes during the dry period. J. Dairy Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):295. (Abstr.)
24. Drackley, J. K., D. C. Beitz, M. J. Richard, and J. W. Young. 1992. Metabolic changes in dairy cows with ketonemia in response to feed restriction and dietary 1,3-butanediol. J. Dairy Sci. 75:1622-1634.
25. Drackley, J. K., D. C. Beitz, and J. W. Young. 1991. Regulation of in vitro palmitate oxidation in liver from dairy cows during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 74:1884-1892.
26. Drackley, J. K., D. C. Beitz, and J. W. Young. 1991. Regulation of in vitro metabolism of palmitate by carnitine and propionate in liver from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3014-3024.
27. Drackley, J. K., and J. P. Elliott. 1993. Milk composition, ruminal characteristics, and nutrient utilization in dairy cows fed partially hydrogenated tallow. J. Dairy Sci. 76:183-196.
28. Drackley, J. K., J. J. Veenhuizen, M. J. Richard, and J. W. Young. 1991. Metabolic changes in blood and liver of dairy cows during either feed restriction or administration of 1,3-butanediol. J. Dairy Sci. 74:4254-4264.
29. Durand, D., M. Martinaud, D. Gruffat, L. Leplaix-Charlat, J. C. Robert, Y. Chilliard, and D. Bauchart. 1994. Plasma and hepatic lipids and lipoproteins in the underfed high-yielding dairy cow during early lactation. Ann. Zootech. (Paris) 43:465. (Abstr.)
30. Dyk, P. B., R. S. Emery, J. L. Liesman, H. F. Bucholtz, and M. J. VandeHaar. 1995. Prepartum non-esterified fatty acids in plasma are higher in cows developing periparturient health problems. J. Dairy Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):264. (Abstr.)
31. Elliott, J. P., J. K. Drackley, D. J. Schauff, and E. H. Jaster. 1993. Diets containing high oil corn and tallow for dairy cows during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 76:775-789.
32. Emery, R. S., J. S. Liesman, and T. H. Herdt. 1992. Metabolism of long chain fatty acids by ruminant liver. J. Nutr. 122:832-837.
33. Faulkner, A., and H. T. Pollock. 1990. Effects of glucagon and α- and β-agonists on glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in isolated ovine hepatocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1052:229-234.
34. Ford, E.J.H. 1959. Metabolic changes in cattle near the time of parturition. I. Hepatic fat and alkaline phosphatase activity of liver homogenates. J. Comp. Pathol. 69:20-28.
35. Gagliostro, G., and Y. Chilliard. 1991. Duodenal rapeseed oil infusion in early and midlactation cows. 2. Voluntary intake, milk production, and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:499-509.
36. Gagliostro, G., and Y. Chilliard. 1991. Duodenal rapeseed oil infusion in early and midlactation cows. 4. In vivo and in vitro adipose tissue lipolytic responses. J. Dairy Sci. 74:1830-1843.
37. Goff, J. P., and R. L. Horst. 1997. Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1260-1268.
38. Goff, J. P., M. E. Kehrli, Jr., and R. L. Horst. 1989. Periparturient hypocalcemia in cows: prevention using intramuscular parathyroid hormone. J. Dairy Sci. 72:1182-1187.
39. Grant, R. J., and J. L. Albright. 1995. Feeding behavior and management factors during the transition period in dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2791-2803.
40. Grum, D. E. 1994. Hepatic lipid metabolism and peroxisomal β-oxidation in dairy cows. Ph.D. diss., Univ. Illinois, Urbana.
41. Grum, D. E., J. K. Drackley, L. R. Hansen, and J. D. Cremin, Jr. 1996. Production, digestion, and hepatic lipid metabolism of dairy cows fed increased energy from fat or concentrate. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1836-1849.
42. Grum, D. E., J. K. Drackley, R. S. Younker, D. W. LaCount, and J. J. Veenhuizen. 1996. Nutrition during the dry period and hepatic lipid metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1850-1864.
43. Grum, D. E., L. R. Hansen, and J. K. Drackley. 1994. Peroxisomal β-oxidation of fatty acids in bovine and rat liver. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 109B:281-292.
44. Grummer, R. R. 1993. Etiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3882-3896.
45. Grummer, R. R. 1995. Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow. J. Anim Sci. 73:2820-2833.
46. Grummer, R. R., and D. J. Carroll. 1991. Effects of dietary fat on metabolic disorders and reproductive performance of dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 69:3838-3852.
47. Herdt, T. H. 1988. Fatty liver in dairy cows. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Prac. 4:269-287.
48. Herdt, T. H., J. S. Liesman, B. J. Gerloff, and R. S. Emery. 1983. Reduction of serum triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein concentrations in cows with hepatic lipidosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44:293-296.
49. Herdt, T. H., T. Wensing, H. P. Haagsman, L.M.G. van Golde, and H. J. Breukink. 1988. Hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis during a period of fatty liver development in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 66:1997-2013.
50. Holtenius, P., and K. Holtenius. 1996. New aspects of ketone bodies in energy metabolism of dairy cows: a review. J. Vet. Med. A 43:579-587.
51. Holtenius, P., G. Olsson, M. Emanuelson, and H. Wiktorsson. 1996. Effects of different energy levels, concentrate/forage ratios and lipid supplementation to the diet on the adaptation of the energy metabolism at calving in dairy cows. J. Vet. Med. A 43:427-435.
52. Hunter, J., A. Kassam, C. J. Winrow, R. A. Rachubinski, and J. P. Capone. 1996. Crosstalk between the thyroid hormone and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in regulating peroxisome proliferator-responsive genes. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 116:213-221.
53. Isseman, I., and S. Green. 1990. Activation of a number of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 347:645-650.
54. Jesse, B. W., R. S. Emery, and J. W. Thomas. 1986. Control of bovine hepatic fatty acid oxidation. J. Dairy Sci. 69:2290-2297.
55. Jesse, B. W., R. S. Emery, and J. W. Thomas. 1986. Aspects of the regulation of long-chain fatty acid oxidation in bovine liver J. Dairy Sci. 69:2298-2303.
56. Johnson, R. W., S. Arkins, R. Dantzer, and K. W. Kelley. 1997. Hormones, lymphohemopoietic cytokines and the neuroimmune axis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 116A:183-201.
57. Jordan, E. R., and R. H. Fourdraine. 1993. Characterization of the management practices of the top milk producing herds in the country. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3247-3256.
58. Kim, K.-H. 1997. Regulation of mammalian acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 17:77-99.
59. Knapp, J. R., and R. L. Baldwin, Jr. 1990. Regulation of ketogenesis in dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 68(Suppl. 1):522. (Abstr.)
60. Komaragiri, M.V.S., D. P. Casper, and R. A. Erdman. 1998. Factors affecting body tissue mobilization in early lactation dairy cows. 2. Effect of dietary fat on mobilization of body fat and protein. J. Dairy Sci. 81:169-175.
61. Kroetz, D. L., P. Yook, P. Costet, P. Bianchi, and T. Pineau. 1998. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α controls the hepatic CYP4A induction activated response to starvation and diabetes. J. Biol. Chem. 273:31581-31589.
62. Kronfeld, D. S. 1976. The potential importance of the proportions of glucogenic, lipogenic and aminogenic nutrients in regard to the health and productivity of dairy cows. Adv. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 7:5-26.
63. Kronfeld, D. S. 1982. Major metabolic determinants of milk volume, mammary efficiency, and spontaneous ketosis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 65:2204-2212.
64. Kumamoto, T., and T. Ide. 1998. Comparative effects of α- and γ-linolenic acids on rat liver fatty acid oxidation. Lipids 33:647-654.
65. Lambert, M. S., M. A. Avella, K. M. Botham, and P. A. Mayes. 1998. Comparison of short- and long-term effects of different dietary fats on hepatic uptake and metabolism of chylomicron remnants in rats. Br. J. Nutr. 79:203-211.
66. Lean, I. J., M. L. Bruss, H. F. Troutt, J. C. Galland, T. B. Farver, J. Rostami, C. A. Holmberg, and L. D. Weaver. 1994. Bovine ketosis and somatotrophin: risk factors for ketosis and effects of ketosis on health and production. Res. Vet. Sci. 57:200-209.
67. Lemberger, T., R. Saladin, M. Vázquez, F. Assimacopoulos, B. Staels, B. Desvergne, W. Wahli, and J. Auwerx. 1996. Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α gene is stimulated by stress and follows a diurnal rhythm. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1764-1769.
68. Lemberger, T., B. Staels, R. Saladin, B. Desvergne, J. Auwerx, and W. Wahli. 1994. Regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α gene by glucocorticoids. J. Biol. Chem. 269:24527-24530.
69. Leplaix-Charlet, L., D. Durand, and D. Bauchart. 1996. Effects of diets containing tallow and soybean oil with and without cholesterol on hepatic metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins in the preruminant calf. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1826-1835.
70. Lomax, M. A., I. A. Donaldson, and C. I. Pogson. 1983. The control of fatty acid metabolism in liver cells from fed and starved sheep. Biochem. J. 214:553-560.
71. Malewiak, M. I., R. Rozen, X. Le Liepvre, and S. Griglio. 1988. Oleate metabolism and endogenous triacylglycerol hydrolysis in isolated hepatocytes from rats fed a high-fat diet. Diabetes Metab. 14:270-276.
72. Mallard, B. A., J. C. Dekkers, M. J. Ireland, K. E. Leslie, S. Sharif, C. Lacey Vankampen, L. Wagter, and B. N. Wilkie. 1998. Alteration in immune responsiveness during the peripartum period and its ramification on dairy cow and calf health. J. Dairy Sci. 81:585-595.
73. McNamara, J. P. 1994. Lipid metabolism in adipose tissue during lactation: a model of a metabolic control system. J. Nutr. 124:1383S-1391S.
74. Minor, D. J., S. L. Trower, B. D. Strang, R. D. Shaver, and R. R. Grummer. 1998. Effects of nonfiber carbohydrate and niacin on periparturient metabolic status and lactation of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:189-200.
75. National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
76. Ney, D. M., J. B. Lasekan, T. Spennetta, M. Grahn, and E. Shrago. 1989. Effect of dietary fat on individual long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters in rat liver and skeletal muscle. Lipids 24:233-235.
77. Ottemann-Abbamonte, C. J., J. K. Drackley, A. D. Beaulieu, T. R. Overton, G. N. Douglas, and D. L. Palmquist. 1998. Effect of acetate on palmitate oxidation in bovine and rat skeletal muscle tissue. FASEB J. 12:A835. (Abstr.)
78. Ottemann-Abbamonte, C. J., T. R. Overton, A. D. Beaulieu, and J. K. Drackley. 1999. Effects of catecholamines on palmitate metabolism in ovine hepatocytes. J. Dairy Sci 82(Suppl. 1):101. (Abstr.)
79. Overton, T. R., J. K. Drackley, C. J. Ottemann-Abbamonte, A. D. Beaulieu, L. S. Emmert, and J. H. Clark. 1999. Substrate utilization for hepatic gluconeogenesis is altered by increased glucose demand in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1940-1951.
80. Palmquist, D. L. 1994. The role of dietary fats in efficiency of ruminants. J. Nutr. 124:1377S-1382S.
81. Palmquist, D. L., and H. R. Conrad. 1978. High fat rations for dairy cows. Effects on feed intake, milk and fat production, and plasma metabolites. J. Dairy Sci. 61:890-901.
82. Palmquist, D. L., and W. P. Weiss. 1994. Blood and hydrolyzed feather meals as sources of undegradable protein in high fat diets for cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 77:1630-1643.
83. Pullen, D. L., D. L. Palmquist, and R. S. Emery. 1989. Effect on days of lactation and methionine hydroxy analog on incorporation of plasma fatty acids in to plasma triglycerides. J. Dairy Sci. 72:49-58.
84. Rajala-Schultz, P. J., Y. T. Gröhn, and C. E. McCulloch. 1999. Effects of milk fever, ketosis, and lameness on milk yield in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82:288-294.
85. Rehage, J. 1996. Investigations about the risk of liver failure in dairy cows with fatty liver in the model of cows with left abomasal displacement. Habil.-Thesis, Hannover School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
86. Reid, J.C.W., and D. R. Husbands. 1985. Oxidative metabolism of long-chain fatty acids in mitochondria from sheep and rat liver. Evidence that sheep conserve linoleate by limiting its oxidation. Biochem. J. 225:233-237.
87. Reynolds, C. K., G. B. Huntington, H. F. Tyrrell, and P. J. Reynolds. 1988. Net portal-drained visceral and hepatic metabolism of glucose, L-lactate, and nitrogenous compounds in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 71:1803-1812.
88. Reynolds, C. K., G. B. Huntington, H. F. Tyrrell, and P. J. Reynolds. 1988. Net metabolism of volatile fatty acids, D-β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids, and blood gasses by portal-drained viscera and liver of lactating Holstein Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2395-2405.
89. Roberts, C. J., I. M. Reid, G. J. Rowlands, and A. Patterson. 1981. A fat mobilisation syndrome in dairy cows in early lactation. Vet. Rec. 108:7-9.
90. Ruppert, L. D. 1995. Effects of tallow in diets based on corn silage or alfalfa haylage for lactating dairy cows. M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.
91. Saarinen, P., and J. C. Shaw. 1950. Studies on ketosis in dairy cattle. XIII. Lipids and ascorbic acid in the liver and adrenals of cows with spontaneous and fasting ketosis. J. Dairy Sci. 33:515-525.
92. Salfer, J. A., J. G. Linn, D. E. Otterby, W. P. Hansen, and D. G. Johnson. 1995. Early lactation responses of Holstein cows fed a rumen-inert fat prepartum, postpartum, or both. J. Dairy Sci. 78:368-377.
93. Schauff, D. J., J. P. Elliott, J. H. Clark, and J. K. Drackley. 1992. Effects of feeding lactating dairy cows diets containing whole soybeans and tallow. J. Dairy Sci. 75:1923-1935.
94. Schoonjans, K., B. Staels, and J. Auwerx. 1996. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) and their effects on lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1302:93-109.
95. Seal, C. J., and C. K. Reynolds. 1993. Nutritional implications of gastrointestinal and liver metabolism in ruminants. Nutr. Res. Rev. 6:185-208.
96. Sharma, H. R., J. R. Ingalls, and J. A. McKirdy. 1978. Replacing barley with protected tallow in ration of lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 61:574-583.
97. Singh, I. 1997. Biochemistry of peroxisomes in health and disease. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 167:1-29.
98. Skaar, T. C., R. R. Grummer, M. R. Dentine, and R. H. Stauffacher. 1989. Seasonal effects of prepartum and postpartum fat and niacin feeding on lactation performance and lipid metabolism. J. Dairy Sci. 72:2028-2038.
99. Smith, K. L., D. A. Todhunter, and P. S. Schoenberger. 1985. Environmental mastitis: cause, prevalence, prevention. J. Dairy Sci. 68:1531-1553.
100. Staples, C. R., W. W. Thatcher, and J. H. Clark. 1990. Relationship between ovarian activity and energy status during the early postpartum period of high producing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73:938-947.
101. Strang, B. D., S. J. Bertics, R. R. Grummer, and L. E. Armentano. 1998. Effect of long-chain fatty acids on triglyceride accumulation, gluconeogenesis, and ureagenesis in bovine hepatocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 81:728-739.
102. Strang, B. D., S. J. Bertics, R. R. Grummer, and L. E. Armentano. 1998. Relationship of triglyceride accumulation to insulin clearance and hormonal responsiveness in bovine hepatocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 81:740-747.
103. Van Den Top, A. M., M.J.H. Geelen, T. Wensing, G. H. Wentink, A. T. Van't Klooster, and A. C. Beynen. 1996. Higher postpartum hepatic triacylglycerol concentrations in dairy cows with free rather than restricted access to feed during the dry period are associated with lower activities of hepatic glycerolphosphate acyltransferase. J. Nutr. 126:76-85.
104. Van Den Top, A. M., T. Wensing, M.J.H. Geelen, G. H. Wentink, A. T. Van't Klooster, and A. C. Beynen. 1995. Time trends of plasma lipids and enzymes synthesizing hepatic triacylglycerol during postpartum development of fatty liver in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2208-2220.
105. Veenhuizen, J. J., J. K. Drackley, M. J. Richard, T. P. Sanderson, L. D. Miller, and J. W. Young. 1991. Metabolic changes in blood and liver during development and early treatment of experimental fatty liver and ketosis in cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74:4238-4253.
106. Wallace, R. L., G. C. McCoy, T. R. Overton, and J. H. Clark. 1996. Effect of adverse health events on dry matter consumption, milk production, and body weight loss of dairy cows during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 79(Suppl. 1): 205. (Abstr.)
107. Webster's Third New International Dictionary. 1993. Merriam-Webster Inc., Springfield, MA.
108. West, H. J. 1990. Effect on liver function of acetonaemia and the fat cow syndrome in cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 48:221-227.
109. Xu, L., M. Ash, S. Abdel-aleem, J. E. Lowe, and M. Badr. 1995. Hyperinsulinemia inhibits hepatic peroxisomal β-oxidation in rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 27:76-78.
110. Yang, E. K., A. Radominska, B. S. Winder, and A. J. Dannenberg. 1993. Dietary lipids coinduce xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1168:52-58.
111. Zamet, C. N., V. F. Colebrander, C. J. Callahan, B. F. Chew, R. E. Erb, and N. J. Moeller. 1979. Variables associated with peripartum traits in dairy cows. I. Effect of dietary forages and disorders on voluntary intake of feed, body weight and milk yield. Theriogenology 11:229-244.
112. Zammit, V. A. 1990. Ketogenesis in the liver of ruminants -adaptations to a challenge. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 115:155-162.
113. Zammit, V. A. 1996. Role of insulin in hepatic fatty acid partitioning: emerging concepts. Biochem. J. 314:1-14.