Diagnosis and treatment of small renal masses: The role for molecular biology

Archivos Espanoles de Urologia

Volumn 66, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 505-516

  Kurban, Ghada ^a   Gedye, Craig ^a   Morales, Carlos ^a   Yousef, George M ^a   Almatar, Ashraf ^a   Jewett, Michael A S ^a  

^a PRINCESS MARGARET HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Micro; Molecular biology; Proteomic tumor suppression; Renal cell carcinoma; RNA; Small renal masses

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; MESSENGER RNA;

ANIMAL; BIOPSY; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GENETICS; HUMAN; KIDNEY TUMOR; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BIOPSY; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; PROTEOMICS; RNA, MESSENGER;

EID: 84879186866     PISSN: 00040614     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Ferlay J, Shin H-R, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int. J. Cancer. 2010 Dec. 15;127(12):2893-917.
2. Cooperberg MR, Mallin K, Ritchey J, Villalta JD, Carroll PR, Kane CJ. Decreasing size at diagnosis of stage 1 renal cell carcinoma: analysis from the National Cancer Data Base, 1993 to 2004. The Journal of Urology. 2008 Jun.;179(6):2131-5.
3. Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Steliarova-Foucher E. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2008. Eur. J. Cancer. 2010 Mar.;46(4):765-81.
4. Chow W-H, Devesa SS. Contemporary epidemiology of renal cell cancer. Cancer J. 2008 Sep.;14(5):288-301.
5. Kane CJ, Mallin K, Ritchey J, Cooperberg MR, Carroll PR. Renal cell cancer stage migration: analysis of the National Cancer Data Base. Cancer. 2008 Jul. 1;113(1):78-83.
6. Remzi M, Ozsoy M, Klingler H-C, Susani M, Waldert M, Seitz C, et al. Are small renal tumors harmless? Analysis of histopathological features according to tumors 4 cm or less in diameter. The Journal of Urology. 2006 Sep.;176(3):896-9.
7. Leveridge MJ, Finelli A, Kachura JR, Evans A, Chung H, Shiff DA, et al. Outcomes of small renal mass needle core biopsy, nondiagnostic percutaneous biopsy, and the role of repeat biopsy. European Urology. 2011 Sep.;60(3):578-84.
8. Lee CT, Katz J, Fearn PA, Russo P. Mode of presentation of renal cell carcinoma provides prognostic information. Urol. Oncol. 2002 Jul.;7(4):135-40.
9. Patard JJ, Leray E, Rodriguez A, Rioux-Leclercq N, Guillé F, Lobel B. Correlation between symptom graduation, tumor characteristics and survival in renal cell carcinoma. European Urology. 2003 Aug.;44(2):226-32.
10. Bensalah K, Pantuck AJ, Crepel M, Verhoest G, Mejean A, Valéri A, et al. Prognostic variables to predict cancer-related death in incidental renal tumours. BJU Int. 2008 Nov.;102(10):1376-80.
11. Israel GM, Bosniak MA. Pitfalls in renal mass evaluation and how to avoid them. Radiographics. 2008 Sep.;28(5):1325-38.
12. Warren KS, McFarlane J. The Bosniak classification of renal cystic masses. BJU Int. 2005 May;95(7):939-42.
13. Ljungberg B, Cowan NC, Hanbury DC, Hora M, Kuczyk MA, Merseburger AS, et al. EAU guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: the 2010 update. European Urology. 2010. p. 398-406.
14. Remzi M, Marberger M. Renal tumor biopsies for evaluation of small renal tumors: why, in whom, and how? European Urology. 2009 Feb.;55(2):359-67.
15. Lane BR, Samplaski MK, Herts BR, Zhou M, Novick AC, Campbell SC. Renal mass biopsy-a renaissance? The Journal of Urology. 2008;179(1):20-7.
16. Volpe A, Mattar K, Finelli A, Kachura JR, Evans AJ, Geddie WR, et al. Contemporary results of percutaneous biopsy of 100 small renal masses: a single center experience. The Journal of Urology. 2008 Dec.;180(6):2333-7.
17. Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, Larkin J, Endesfelder D, Gronroos E, et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012. 8;366(10):883-92.
18. Xu X, Hou Y, Yin X, Bao L, Tang A, Song L, et al. Single-cell exome sequencing reveals single-nucleotide mutation characteristics of a kidney tumor. Cell. 2012. 2;148(5):886-95.
19. Shannon BA, Cohen RJ, de Bruto H, Davies RJ. The value of preoperative needle core biopsy for diagnosing benign lesions among small, incidentally detected renal masses. The Journal of Urology. 2008;180(4):1257-61- discussion1261.
20. Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Smith RB, Figlin RA, deKernion JB, Belldegrun A. Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria. The Journal of Urology. 2000;163(4):1090-5-quiz1295.
21. Mason RJ, Abdolell M, Trottier G, Pringle C, Lawen JG, Bell DG, et al. Growth kinetics of renal masses: analysis of a prospective cohort of patients undergoing active surveillance. European Urology. 2011;59(5):863-7.
22. Jewett MAS, Mattar K, Basiuk J, Morash CG, Pautler SE, Siemens DR, et al. Active surveillance of small renal masses: progression patterns of early stage kidney cancer. European Urology. 2011;60(1):39-44.
23. Zigeuner R, Hutterer G, Chromecki T, Imamovic A, Kampel-Kettner K, Rehak P, et al. External validation of the Mayo Clinic stage, size, grade, and necrosis (SSIGN) score for clear-cell renal cell carcinoma in a single European centre applying routine pathology. European Urology. 2010;57(1):102-9.
24. Abou Youssif T, Kassouf W, Steinberg J, Aprikian AG, Laplante MP, Tanguay S. Active surveillance for selected patients with renal masses: updated results with long-term follow-up. Cancer. 2007. 1;110(5):1010-4.
25. Abouassaly R, Lane BR, Novick AC. Active surveillance of renal masses in elderly patients. The Journal of Urology. 2008;180(2):505-8; discussion508-9.
26. Crispen PL, Wong Y-N, Greenberg RE, Chen DYT, Uzzo RG. Predicting growth of solid renal masses under active surveillance. Urol. Oncol. 2008;26(5):555-9.
27. Rosales JC, Haramis G, Moreno J, Badani K, Benson MC, McKiernan J, et al. Active surveillance for renal cortical neoplasms. The Journal of Urology. 2010;183(5):1698-702.
28. Kunkle DA, Egleston BL, Uzzo RG. Excise, ablate or observe: the small renal mass dilemma-a meta-analysis and review. The Journal of Urology. 2008;179(4):1227-33; discussion1233-4.
29. Lane BR, Abouassaly R, Gao T, Weight CJ, Hernandez AV, Larson BT, et al. Active treatment of localized renal tumors may not impact overall survival in patients aged 75 years or older. Cancer. 2010 Jul. 1;116(13):3119-26.
30. Ljungberg B, Cowan N, Hanbury D, Hora M. EAU guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: the 2010 update. European Urology. 2010.
31. Latif F, Tory K, Gnarra J, Yao M, Duh FM, Orcutt ML, et al. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science. 1993 May 28;260(5112):1317-20.
32. Kaelin WG. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein and clear cell renal carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007 Jan. 15;13(2 Pt 2):680s-684s.
33. Gossage L, Eisen T. Alterations in VHL as potential biomarkers in renal-cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010 May;7(5):277-88.
34. Montani M, Heinimann K, Teichman von A, Rudolph T, Perren A, Moch H. VHL-gene deletion in single renal tubular epithelial cells and renal tubular cysts: further evidence for a cyst-dependent progression pathway of clear cell renal carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2010 Jun.;34(6):806-15.
35. Gnarra JR, Tory K, Weng Y, Schmidt L, Wei MH, Li H, et al. Mutations of the VHL tumour suppressor gene in renal carcinoma. Nat. Genet. 1994 May;7(1):85-90.
36. Herman JG, Latif F, Weng Y, Lerman MI, Zbar B, Liu S, et al. Silencing of the VHL tumor-suppressor gene by DNA methylation in renal carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994 Oct. 11;91(21):9700-4.
37. Clifford SC, Prowse AH, Affara NA, Buys CH, Maher ER. Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene and allelic losses at chromosome arm 3p in primary renal cell carcinoma: evidence for a VHL-independent pathway in clear cell renal tumourigenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1998 Jul.;22(3):200-9.
38. Banks RE, Tirukonda P, Taylor C, Hornigold N, Astuti D, Cohen D, et al. Genetic and epigenetic analysis of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene alterations and relationship with clinical variables in sporadic renal cancer. Cancer Res. 2006 Feb. 15;66(4):2000-11.
39. Giménez-Bachs JM, Salinas-Sánchez AS, Sánchez- Sánchez F, Lorenzo-Romero JG, Donate-Moreno MJ, Pastor-Navarro H, et al. VHL protein alterations in sporadic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2007 Dec.;19(10):784-9.
40. Kim JH, Jung CW, Cho YH, Lee J, Lee S-H, Kim HY, et al. Somatic VHL alteration and its impact on prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol. Rep. 2005 May;13(5):859-64.
41. Kondo K, Yao M, Yoshida M, Kishida T, Shuin T, Miura T, et al. Comprehensive mutational analysis of the VHL gene in sporadic renal cell carcinoma: relationship to clinicopathological parameters. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002 May;34(1):58-68.
42. Nickerson ML, Jaeger E, Shi Y, Durocher JA, Mahurkar S, Zaridze D, et al. Improved identification of von Hippel-Lindau gene alterations in clear cell renal tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008 Aug. 1;14(15):4726-34.
43. Yao M, Yoshida M, Kishida T, Nakaigawa N, Baba M, Kobayashi K, et al. VHL tumor suppressor gene alterations associated with good prognosis in sporadic clear-cell renal carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002 Oct. 16;94(20):1569-75.
44. Brauch H, Weirich G, Brieger J, Glavac D, Rödl H, Eichinger M, et al. VHL alterations in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma: association with advanced tumor stage and a novel hot spot mutation. Cancer Res. 2000 Apr. 1;60(7):1942-8.
45. Ma X, Yang K, Lindblad P, Egevad L, Hemminki K. VHL gene alterations in renal cell carcinoma patients: novel hotspot or founder mutations and linkage disequilibrium. Oncogene. 2001 Aug. 30;20(38):5393-400.
46. Patard JJ, Fergelot P, Karakiewicz PI, Klatte T, Trinh Q-D, Rioux-Leclercq N, et al. Low CAIX expression and absence of VHL gene mutation are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor survival of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer. 2008 Jul. 15;123(2):395-400.
47. Patard J-J, Rioux-Leclercq N, Masson D, Zerrouki S, Jouan F, Collet N, et al. Absence of VHL gene alteration and high VEGF expression are associated with tumour aggressiveness and poor survival of renal-cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer. 2009 Oct. 20;101(8):1417-24.
48. Smits KM, Schouten LJ, van Dijk BAC, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa CA, Wouters KAD, Oosterwijk E, et al. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in the von hippel-lindau gene: the influence on renal cancer prognosis. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008 Feb. 1;14(3):782-7.
49. Rini BI, Jaeger E, Weinberg V, Sein N, Chew K, Fong K, et al. Clinical response to therapy targeted at vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: impact of patient characteristics and Von Hippel-Lindau gene status. BJU Int. 2006 Oct.;98(4):756-62.
50. Gad S, Sultan-Amar V, Meric J, Izzedine H. Somatic von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene analysis and clinical outcome under antiangiogenic treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: preliminary results. Targeted Oncology. 2007; 2: 3-6.
51. Choueiri TK, Vaziri SAJ, Jaeger E, Elson P, Wood L, Bhalla IP, et al. von Hippel-Lindau gene status and response to vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The Journal of Urology. 2008 Sep.;180(3):860-5-discussion865-6.
52. Rechsteiner MP, Teichman von A, Nowicka A, Sulser T, Schraml P, Moch H. VHL Gene Mutations and Their Effects on Hypoxia Inducible Factor HIF : Identification of Potential Driver and Passenger Mutations. Cancer Res. 2011 Aug. 11;71(16):5500-11.
53. Moore LE, Nickerson ML, Brennan P, Toro JR, Jaeger E, Rinsky J, et al. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) inactivation in sporadic clear cell renal cancer: associations with germline VHL polymorphisms and etiologic risk factors. PLoS Genet. 2011 Oct.;7(10):e1002312.
54. Kurban G, Gallie BL, Leveridge M, Evans A, Rushlow D, Matevski D, et al. Needle core biopsies provide ample material for genomic and proteomic studies of kidney cancer: observations on DNA, RNA, protein extractions and VHL mutation detection. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2012 Jan. 15;208(1):22-31.
55. Thoma CR, Toso A, Gutbrodt KL, Reggi SP, Frew IJ, Schraml P, et al. VHL loss causes spindle misorientation and chromosome instability. Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Jul. 20;11(8):994-1001.
56. Poland KS, Azim M, Folsom M, Goldfarb R, Naeem R, Korch C, et al. A constitutional balanced t(3;8)(p14;q24.1) translocation results in disruption of the TRC8 gene and predisposition to clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2007 Sep.;46(9):805-12.
57. Sanjmyatav J, Schubert J, Junker K. Comparative study of renal cell carcinoma by CGH, multicolor-FISH and conventional cytogenic banding analysis. Oncol. Rep. 2005 Nov.;14(5):1183-7.
58. Klatte T, Rao PN, de Martino M, LaRochelle J, Shuch B, Zomorodian N, et al. Cytogenetic profile predicts prognosis of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009 Feb. 10;27(5):746-53.
59. Matsuda D, Khoo SK, Massie A, Iwamura M, Chen J, Petillo D, et al. Identification of copy number alterations and its association with pathological features in clear cell and papillary RCC. Cancer Lett. 2008 Dec. 18;272(2):260-7.
60. Chen M, Ye Y, Yang H, Tamboli P, Matin S, Tannir NM, et al. Genome-wide profiling of chromosomal alterations in renal cell carcinoma using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Int. J. Cancer. 2009 Nov. 15;125(10):2342-8.
61. Alimov A, Sundelin B, Bergerheim U, Pavlenko M, Pisa P, Zetterberg A, et al. Molecular cytogenetic characterization shows higher genetic homogeneity in conventional renal cell carcinoma compared to other kidney cancers. Int J Oncol. 2004 Oct.;25(4):955-60.
62. Beroukhim R, Brunet J-P, Di Napoli A, Mertz KD, Seeley A, Pires MM, et al. Patterns of gene expression and copy-number alterations in von-hippel lindau disease-associated and sporadic clear cell carcinoma of the kidney. Cancer Res. 2009 Jun. 1;69(11):4674-81.
63. Kondo K, Yao M, Kobayashi K, Ota S, Yoshida M, Kaneko S, et al. PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 mutations in human primary renal-cell carcinomas and renal carcinoma cell lines. Int. J. Cancer. 2001 Jan. 15;91(2):219-24.
64. Moch H, Presti JC, Sauter G, Buchholz N, Jordan P, Mihatsch MJ, et al. Genetic aberrations detected by comparative genomic hybridization are associated with clinical outcome in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1996 Jan. 1;56(1):27-30.
65. Brunelli M, Eccher A, Gobbo S, Ficarra V, Novara G, Cossu-Rocca P, et al. Loss of chromosome 9p is an independent prognostic factor in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mod. Pathol. 2008 Jan.;21(1):1-6.
66. Yoshimoto T, Matsuura K, Karnan S, Tagawa H, Nakada C, Tanigawa M, et al. High-resolution analysis of DNA copy number alterations and gene expression in renal clear cell carcinoma. J. Pathol. 2007 Dec.;213(4):392-401.
67. Reutzel D, Mende M, Naumann S, Störkel S, Brenner W, Zabel B, et al. Genomic imbalances in 61 renal cancers from the proximal tubulus detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 2001;93(3-4):221-7.
68. Nagao K, Yamaguchi S, Matsuyama H, Korenaga Y, Hirata H, Yoshihiro S, et al. Allelic loss of 3p25 associated with alterations of 5q22.3 approximately q23.2 may affect the prognosis of conventional renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 2005 Jul. 1;160(1):43-8.
69. Dalgliesh GL, Furge K, Greenman C, Chen L, Bignell G, Butler A, et al. Systematic sequencing of renal carcinoma reveals inactivation of histone modifying genes. Nature. 2010 Jan. 21;463(7279):360-3.
70. Duns G, van den Berg E, van Duivenbode I, Osinga J, Hollema H, Hofstra RMW, et al. Histone methyltransferase gene SETD2 is a novel tumor suppressor gene in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2010 Jun. 1;70(11):4287-91.
71. Varela I, Tarpey P, Raine K, Huang D, Ong CK, Stephens P, et al. Exome sequencing identifies frequent mutation of the SWI/SNF complex gene PBRM1 in renal carcinoma. Nature. Nature Publishing Group; 2011 Jan. 18;469(7331):539-42.
72. Jones J, Libermann TA. Genomics of renal cell cancer: the biology behind and the therapy ahead. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007 Jan. 15;13(2 Pt 2):685s-692s.
73. Wuttig D, Baier B, Fuessel S, Meinhardt M, Herr A, Hoefling C, et al. Gene signatures of pulmonary metastases of renal cell carcinoma reflect the disease-free interval and the number of metastases per patient. Int. J. Cancer. 2009 Jul. 15;125(2):474- 82.
74. Yao M, Huang Y, Shioi K, Hattori K, Murakami T, Sano F, et al. A three-gene expression signature model to predict clinical outcome of clear cell renal carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer. 2008 Sep. 1;123(5):1126-32.
75. Takahashi M, Yang XJ, Sugimura J, Backdahl J, Tretiakova M, Qian C-N, et al. Molecular subclassification of kidney tumors and the discovery of new diagnostic markers. Oncogene. 2003 Oct. 2;22(43):6810-8.
76. Awakura Y, Nakamura E, Takahashi T, Kotani H, Mikami Y, Kadowaki T, et al. Microarray-based identification of CUB-domain containing protein 1 as a potential prognostic marker in conventional renal cell carcinoma. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2008 Dec.;134(12):1363-9.
77. Takahashi M, Rhodes DR, Furge KA, Kanayama H, Kagawa S, Haab BB, et al. Gene expression profiling of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: gene identification and prognostic classification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2001 Aug. 14;98(17):9754-9.
78. Vasselli JR, Shih JH, Iyengar SR, Maranchie J, Riss J, Worrell R, et al. Predicting survival in patients with metastatic kidney cancer by gene-expression profiling in the primary tumor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003 Jun. 10;100(12):6958-63.
79. Jones J, Otu H, Spentzos D, Kolia S, Inan M, Beecken WD, et al. Gene signatures of progression and metastasis in renal cell cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005 Aug. 15;11(16):5730-9.
80. Brannon AR, Reddy A, Seiler M, Arreola A, Moore DT, Pruthi RS, et al. Molecular Stratification of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Consensus Clustering Reveals Distinct Subtypes and Survival Patterns. Genes Cancer. 2010 Feb. 1;1(2):152-63.
81. Brannon AR, Haake SM, Hacker KE, Pruthi RS, Wallen EM, Nielsen ME, et al. Meta-analysis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma gene expression defines a variant subgroup and identifies gender influences on tumor biology. European Urology. 2012 Feb.; 61(2):258-68.
82. Almeida MI, Reis RM, Calin GA. MicroRNA history: Discovery, recent applications, and next frontiers. Mutat Res. 2011 Dec.; 717 (1): 1-8
83. Weng L, Wu X, Gao H, Mu B, Li X, Wang J-H, et al. MicroRNA profiling of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by whole-genome small RNA deep sequencing of paired frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. J. Pathol. 2010 Sep.;222(1):41-51.
84. Schaefer A, Stephan C, Busch J, Yousef GM, Jung K. Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications of microRNAs in urologic tumors. Nat Rev Urol. 2010 May;7(5):286-97.
85. Juan D, Alexe G, Antes T, Liu H, Madabhushi A, Delisi C, et al. Identification of a microRNA panel for clear-cell kidney cancer. Urology. 2010 Apr.;75(4):835-41.
86. Yi Z, Fu Y, Zhao S, Zhang X, Ma C. Differential expression of miRNA patterns in renal cell carcinoma and nontumorous tissues. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2010 Jun.;136(6):855-62.
87. Chow T-FF, Youssef YM, Lianidou E, Romaschin AD, Honey RJ, Stewart R, et al. Differential expression profiling of microRNAs and their potential involvement in renal cell carcinoma pathogenesis. Clin Biochem. 2010 Jan.; 43 (1-2): 150-8.
88. Jung M, Mollenkopf H-J, Grimm C, Wagner I, Albrecht M, Waller T, et al. MicroRNA profiling of clear cell renal cell cancer identifies a robust signature to define renal malignancy. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Feb. 17;13(9B):3918-28.
89. White NMA, Bao TT, Grigull J, Youssef YM, Girgis A, Diamandis M, et al. miRNA profiling for clear cell renal cell carcinoma: biomarker discovery and identification of potential controls and consequences of miRNA dysregulation. The Journal of Urology. 2011 Sep.;186(3):1077-83.
90. Fendler A, Stephan C, Yousef GM, Jung K. MicroRNAs as regulators of signal transduction in urological tumors. Clin. Chem. 2011 Jul.;57(7):954-68.
91. White NM, Yousef GM. MicroRNAs: exploring a new dimension in the pathogenesis of kidney cancer. BMC Medicine. BioMed Central Ltd; 2010;8(1):65.
92. Catto J, Alcaraz A, Bjartell A. MicroRNA in prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer: a systematic review. European Urology. 2011 May.; 59(5): 671-681.
93. White NMA, Yousef GM. Translating molecular signatures of renal cell carcinoma into clinical practice. The Journal of Urology. 2011;186(1):9-11.
94. Liu HH, Brannon ARA, Reddy ARA, Alexe GG, Seiler MWM, Arreola AA, et al. Identifying mRNA targets of microRNA dysregulated in cancer: with application to clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. CORD Conference Proceedings. 2010. 1;4:51-1.
95. Redova MM, Svoboda MM, Slaby OO. MicroRNAs and their target gene networks in renal cell carcinoma. CORD Conference Proceedings. 2011. 11;405(2):153-6.
96. Neal CSC, Michael MZM, Rawlings LHL, Van der Hoek MBM, Gleadle JMJ. The VHL-dependent regulation of microRNAs in renal cancer. CORD Conference Proceedings. 2010. 1;8:64-4.
97. Chow T-FF, Mankaruos M, Scorilas A, Youssef Y, Girgis A, Mossad S, et al. The miR-17-92 Cluster is Over Expressed in and Has an Oncogenic Effect on Renal Cell Carcinoma. The Journal of Urology. 2010. 1;183(2):743-51.
98. Majid S, Saini S, Dar AA, Hirata H, Shahryari V, Tanaka Y, et al. MicroRNA-205 inhibits Src-mediated oncogenic pathways in renal cancer. Cancer Res. 2011. 1;71(7):2611-21.
99. White NM, Bui A, Mejia-Guerrero S, Chao J, Soosaipillai A, Youssef Y, et al. Dysregulation of ka- llikrein-related peptidases in renal cell carcinoma: potential targets of miRNAs. Biol Chem. 2010. 1;391(4):411-23.
100. Liu W, Zabirnyk O, Wang H, Shiao Y-H, Nickerson ML, Khalil S, et al. miR-23b targets proline oxidase, a novel tumor suppressor protein in renal cancer. Oncogene. 2010. 2;29(35):4914-24.
101. Kulshreshtha R, Ferracin M, Negrini M, Calin GA, Davuluri RV, Ivan M. Regulation of microRNA expression: the hypoxic component. Cell Cycle. 2007. 15;6(12):1426-31.
102. Lichner Z, Mejia-Guerrero S, Ignacak M, Krizova A, Bao TT, Girgis AHF, et al. Pleiotropic action of renal cell carcinoma-dysregulated miRNAs on hypoxia-related signaling pathways. Am. J. Pathol. 2012;180(4):1675-87.
103. Ueno K, Hirata H, Shahryari V, Chen Y, Zaman MS, Singh K, et al. Tumour suppressor microRNA-584 directly targets oncogene Rock-1 and decreases invasion ability in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer. 2011. 18;104(2):308-15.
104. Wong MYW, Yu Y, Walsh WR, Yang J-L. microRNA-34 family and treatment of cancers with mutant or wild-type p53 (Review). Int J Oncol. 2011. 38(5): 1189-1195.
105. Shalgi R, Pilpel Y, Oren M. Repression of transposable-elements - a microRNA anti-cancer defense mechanism? Trends Genet. 2010;26(6):253-9.
106. Seliger B, Jasinski S, Dressler SP, Marincola FM, Recktenwald CV, Wang E, et al. Linkage of microRNA and proteome-based profiling data sets: a perspective for the priorization of candidate biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma? J. Proteome Res. 2011. 7;10(1):191-9.
107. Maj M, Wagner L. Molecular approaches to classify adult renal epithelial neoplasms. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2011;11(8):803-6.
108. Shah MSM, Schwartz SLS, Zhao CC, Davidson LAL, Zhou BB, Lupton JRJ, et al. Integrated microRNA and mRNA expression profiling in a rat colon carcinogenesis model: effect of a chemo-protective diet. Physiol Genomics. 2011. 1;43(10):640-54.
109. Metias SMS, Lianidou EE, Yousef GMG. MicroRNAs in clinical oncology: at the crossroads between promises and problems. CORD Conference Proceedings. 2009. 1;62(9):771-6.
110. Youssef YM, White NM, Grigull J, Krizova A, Samy C, Mejia-Guerrero S, et al. Accurate Molecular Classification of Kidney Cancer Subtypes Using MicroRNA Signature. European Urology. 2011. 1;59(5):721-30.
111. Slaby O, Jancovicova J, Lakomy R, Svoboda M, Poprach A, Fabian P, et al. Expression of miRNA-106b in conventional renal cell carcinoma is a potential marker for prediction of early metastasis after nephrectomy. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010;29:90.
112. Faragalla H, Youssef YM, Scorilas A, Khalil B, White NMA, Mejia-Guerrero S, et al. The Clinical Utility of miR-21 as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker for Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Mol Diagn. 2012 May 9. Available online
113. Hildebrandt MAT, Gu J, Lin J, Ye Y, Tan W, Tamboli P, et al. Hsa-miR-9 methylation status is associated with cancer development and metastatic recurrence in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene. 2010. 2;29(42):5724-8.
114. Condorelli G, Latronico MVG, Dorn GW. microRNAs in heart disease: putative novel therapeutic targets? Eur Heart J. 2010. 29;31(6):649-58.
115. Nana-Sinkam SP, Croce CM. MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in cancer. Transl Res. 2011 Apr. 1;157(4):216-25.
116. Teng P-N, Hood BL, Sun M, Dhir R, Conrads TP. Differential proteomic analysis of renal cell carcinoma tissue interstitial fluid. J. Proteome Res. 2011. 4;10(3):1333-42.
117. Perroud B, Lee J, Valkova N, Dhirapong A, Lin P-Y, Fiehn O, et al. Pathway analysis of kidney cancer using proteomics and metabolic profiling. Mol. Cancer. 2006;5:64.
118. Siu KWM, DeSouza LV, Scorilas A, Romaschin AD, Honey RJ, Stewart R, et al. Differential protein expressions in renal cell carcinoma: new biomarker discovery by mass spectrometry. J. Proteome Res. 2009;8(8):3797-807.
119. Romaschin AD, Youssef Y, Chow T-FF, Siu KWM, DeSouza LV, Honey RJ, et al. Exploring the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma: pathway and bioinformatics analysis of dysregulated genes and proteins. Biol Chem. 2009 Feb;390(2):125-35.
120. Gordan JD, Lal P, Dondeti VR, Letrero R, Parekh KN, Oquendo CE, et al. HIF-alpha effects on c-Myc distinguish two subtypes of sporadic VHL-deficient clear cell renal carcinoma. Cancer Cell. 2008. 9;14(6):435-46.
121. Bui MHT, Seligson D, Han K-R, Pantuck AJ, Dorey FJ, Huang Y, et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003;9(2):802-11.
122. McGuire BB, Fitzpatrick JM. Biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Urol. 2009;19(5):441-6.
123. Jacobsen J, Rasmuson T, Grankvist K, Ljungberg B. Vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma. The Journal of Urology. 2000;163(1):343-7.
124. Phuoc NB, Ehara H, Gotoh T, Nakano M, Kamei S, Deguchi T, et al. Prognostic value of the co-expression of carbonic anhydrase IX and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol. Rep. 2008;20(3):525-30.