Life events, sleep disturbance, and mania: An integrated model

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 195-210

  Levenson, Jessica C ^a   Nusslock, Robin ^b   Frank, Ellen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Life events; Mania; Sleep; Social rhythms

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879147844     PISSN: 09695893     EISSN: 14682850     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12034     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2010). The role of the behavioral approach system (BAS) in bipolar spectrum disorders. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(3), 189-194. doi:10.1177/0963721410370292
2. Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Urosevic, S., Walshaw, P. D., Nusslock, R., & Neeren, A. M. (2005). The psychosocial context of bipolar disorder: Environmental, cognitive, and developmental risk factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 1043-1075. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.006
3. Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., Cogswell, A., Grandin, L. D., Hughes, M. E., ... Hogan, M. E. (2008). Behavioral approach system and behavioral inhibition system sensitivities and bipolar spectrum disorders: Prospective prediction of bipolar mood episodes. Bipolar Disorders, 10(2), 310-322. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00547.x
4. Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., Cogswell, A., Smith, J. M., Neeren, A. M., ... Nusslock, R. (2006). Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity and bipolar spectrum disorders: A retrospective and concurrent behavioral high-risk design. Motivation and Emotion, 30(30), 143-155. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9003-3
5. Alloy, L. B., Urosevic, S., Abramson, L. Y., Jager-Hyman, S., Nusslock, R., Whitehouse, W. G., & Hogan, M. E. (2011). Progression along the bipolar spectrum: A longitudinal study of predictors of conversion from bipolar spectrum conditions to bipolar I and II disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 16-27. doi:10.1037/a0023973
6. Altman, S., Haeri, S., Cohen, L. J., Ten, A., Barron, E., Galynker, I. I., & Duhamel, K. N. (2006). Predictors of relapse in bipolar disorder: A review. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 12(5), 269-282.
7. Ambelas, A. (1979). Psychologically stressful events in the precipitation of manic episodes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 15-21. doi:10.1192/bjp.135.1.15
8. Ambelas, A. (1987). Life events and mania. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 235-240. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.2.235
9. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (4th ed., text rev.) Washington, DC: Author.
10. Andretic, R., Chaney, S., & Hirsh, J. (1999). Requirement of circadian genes for cocaine sensitization in Drosophila. Science, 285, 1066-1068. doi:10.1126/science.285.5430.1066
11. Aronson, T. A., & Shukla, S. (1987). Life events and relapse in bipolar disorder: The impact of a catastrophic event. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 571-576. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02837.x
12. Barbini, B., Benedetti, F., Colombo, C., Dotoli, D., Bernasconi, A., Ciagala-Fulgosi, M., ... Smeraldi, E. (2005). Dark therapy for mania: A pilot study. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 98-101. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00166.x
13. Barbini, B., Bertelli, S., Colombo, C., & Smeraldi, E. (1996). Sleep loss, a possible factor in augmenting manic episode. Psychiatry Research, 65, 121-125. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(96)02909-5
14. Bastien, C. H., Vallieres, A., & Morin, C. M. (2004). Precipitating factors of insomnia. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2(1), 50-62. doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0201_5
15. Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Whybrow, P. C., Grof, P., Rasgon, N., Alda, M., ... Adli, M. (2008). Changes in self-reported sleep duration predict mood changes in bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1069-1072. doi:10.1017/S0033291708003280
16. Bauer, M., Grof, P., Rasgon, N., Baschor, T., Glenn, T., & Whybrow, P. C. (2006). Temporal relation between sleep and mood in patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 160-167. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00294.x
17. Bender, R. E., Alloy, L. B., Sylvia, L. G., Urosevic, S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2010). Generation of life events in bipolar spectrum disorders: A re-examination and extension of the stress generation theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(9), 907-926. doi:10.1002/jclp.20705
18. Bernert, R. A., Merrill, K. A., Braithwaite, S. R., Van Orden, K. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2007). Family life stress and insomnia symptoms in a prospective evaluation of young adults. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(1), 58-66. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.1.58
19. Boivin, D., & Czeisler, C. (1998). Resetting of circadian melatonin and cortisol rhythms in humans by ordinary room light. Neuroreport, 9(5), 779-782.
20. Boland, E. M., Bender, R. E., LaBelle, D. R., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2012). Event-specific social rhythm disruption from BAS-relevant life events predicts depressive and hypomanic symptoms and episodes in a biobehavioral high risk sample. Manuscript submitted for publication.
21. Borbély, A. A. (1982). A two-process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiology, 1, 195-204.
22. Brown, G. W. (1989). Life events and measurement. In G. W. Brown & T. Harris (Eds.), Life events and illness (pp. 3-45). New York: Guilford Press.
23. Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York: Free Press.
24. Buckley, T. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2005). On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: Normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorder. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90(5), 3106-3114. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1056
25. Carver, C. S., & Johnson, S. L. (2009). Tendencies toward mania and tendencies toward depression have distinct motivational, affective, and cognitive correlates. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33(6), 552-569. doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9213-y
26. Cassano, G. B., Frank, E., Miniati, M., Rucci, P., Fagiolini, A., Pini, S., ... Maser, J. D. (2002). Conceptual underpinnings and empirical support for the mood spectrum. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(4), 699-712. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(02)00025-4
27. Cassano, G. B., Rucci, P., Frank, E., Fagiolini, A., Dell'Osso, L., Shear, M. K., & Kupfer, D. J. (2004). The mood spectrum in unipolar and bipolar disorder: Arguments for a unitary approach. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(7), 1264-1269. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1264
28. Chung, R. K., Langeluddecke, P., & Tennant, C. (1986). Threatening life events in the onset of schizophrenia, schizophreniform psychosis and hypomania. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 680-685. doi:10.1192/bjp.148.6.680
29. Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Leeka, J. (1989). Diurnal variation in the positive effects. Motivation and Emotion, 13, 205-234. doi:10.1007/BF00995536
30. Cohen, A. N., Hammen, C., Henry, R. M., & Daley, S. E. (2004). Effects of stress and social support on recurrence in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 143-147. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.008
31. Colombo, C., Benedetti, F., Barbini, B., Campori, E., & Smeraldi, E. (1999). Rate of switch from depression into maina after therapeutic sleep deprivation in bipolar depression. Psychiatry Research, 86, 267-270. doi:PII:S0165-1781(99)00036-0
32. Daban, C., Vieta, E., Mackin, P., & Young, A. H. (2005). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 28, 469-480. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2005.01.005
33. Depue, R. A., & Iacono, W. G. (1989). Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 457-492. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.40.020189.002325
34. Drake, C. L., Roehrs, T., & Roth, T. (2003). Insomnia causes, consequences, and therapeutics: An overview. Depression and Anxiety, 18, 163-176. doi:10.1002/da.10151
35. Duffy, J. F., & Wright, K. P., Jr. (2005). Entrainment of the human circadian system by light. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 20(4), 326-338. doi:10.1177/0748730405277983
36. Ehlers, C. L., Frank, E., & Kupfer, D. J. (1988). Social zeitgebers and biological rhythms. A unified approach to understanding the etiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(10), 948-952. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800340076012
37. Ehlers, C. L., Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., & Monk, T. H. (1993). Biological rhythms and depression: The role of zeitgebers and zeitstörers. Depression, 1, 285-293. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00241-7
38. Ellicott, A., Hammen, C., Gitlin, M., Brown, G. W., & Jamison, K. (1990). Life events and the course of bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1194-1198.
39. Fajutrao, L., Locklear, J., Priaulx, J., & Heyes, A. (2009). A systematic review of the evidence of the burden of bipolar disorder in Europe. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5(3). doi:10.1186/1745-0179-5-3
40. Forbes, E. E., Dahl, R. E., Almeida, J. R. C., Ferrell, R. E., Nimgaonkar, V. L., Mansour, H., ... Phillips, M. L. (2011). PER2 rs2304672 polymorphism moderates circadian-relevant reward circuitry activity in adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 71(5), 451-457. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.012
41. Frank, E. (2005). Treating bipolar disorder: A clinician's guide to interpersonal and social rhythm therapy. New York: Guilford Press.
42. Frank, E., Anderson, B., Malkoff-Schwartz, S., & Monk, K. (1995). LEDS and social rhythm disruption rating manual. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
43. Goel, N., Van Dongen, H. P. A., & Dinges, D. F. (2011). Circadian rhythms in sleepiness, alertness, and performance. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (5th ed., pp. 445-455). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
44. Gruber, J., Eidelman, P., & Harvey, A. G. (2008). Transdiagnostic emotion regulation processes in bipolar disorder and insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1096-1100. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.004
45. Gruber, J., & Johnson, S. L. (2009). Positive emotional traits and ambitious goals among people at risk for mania: The need for specificity. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2(2), 176-187. doi:10.1521/ijct.2009.2.2.176
46. Hammen, C. (2006). Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(9), 1065-1082. doi:10.1002/jclp.20293
47. Hammen, C., & Gitlin, M. (1997). Stress reactivity in bipolar patients and its relation to prior history of disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(6), 856-857.
48. Harmon-Jones, E., Abramson, L. Y., Nusslock, R., Sigelman, J. D., Urosevic, S., Turonie, L. D., ... Fearn, M. (2008). Effect of bipolar disorder on left frontal cortical responses to goals differing in valence and task difficulty. Biological Psychiatry, 63(7), 693-698. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.004
49. Harvey, A. G. (2002). A cognitive model of insomnia. Behavior Research Thearpy, 40, 869-893. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00061-4
50. Harvey, A. G. (2008). Sleep and circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder: Seeking synchrony, harmony, and regulation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 820-829. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010098
51. Harvey, A. G., Murray, G., Chandler, R. A., & Soehner, A. (2011). Sleep disturbance as transdiagnostic: Consideration of neurobiological mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(2), 225-235. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.003
52. Harvey, A. G., Schmidt, D. A., Scarna, A., Neitzert Semler, C., & Goodwin, G. M. (2005). Sleep-related functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder, patients with insomnia, and subjects without sleep problems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 50-57. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.50
53. Harvey, A. G., Talbot, L. S., & Gershon, A. (2009). Sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder: Across the lifespan. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 16(2), 256-277. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01164.x
54. Hasler, B. P., Mehl, M. R., Bootzin, R. R., & Vazire, S. (2008). Preliminary evidence of diurnal rhythms in everyday behaviors associated with positive affect. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1537-1546. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.07.012
55. Haynes, P. L., McQuaid, J. R., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Martin, J. L. (2006). Disrupting life events and the sleep-wake cycle in depression. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1363-1373. doi:10.1017/S0033291706008208
56. Healey, E. S., Kales, A., Monroe, L. J., Bixler, E. O., Chamberlin, K., & Soldatos, C. R. (1981). Onset of insomnia: Role of life-stress events. Psychosomatic Medicine, 43(5), 439-451.
57. Healy, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (1989). Moods, misattributions, and mania: An interaction of biological and psychological factors in the pathogenesis of mania. Psychiatric Developments, 1, 49-70.
58. Hetta, J., Rimon, R., & Almqvist, M. (1985). Mood alterations and sleep. Annals of Clinical Research, 17, 252-256.
59. Horesh, N., & Iancu, I. (2010). A comparison of life events in patients with unipolar disorder or bipolar disorder and controls. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51, 157-164. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.05.005
60. Hudson, J. I., Lipinski, J. F., Keck, P. E., Jr., Aizley, H. G., Lukas, S. E., Rothschild, A. J., ... Kupfer, D. J. (1992). Polysomnographic characteristics of young manic patients: Comparison with unipolar depressed patients and normal control subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(5), 378-383. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820050042006
61. Hunt, N., Bruce-Jones, W., & Silverstone, T. (1992). Life events and relapse in bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 25, 13-20. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(92)90088
62. Jackson, A., Cavanagh, J., & Scott, J. (2003). A systematic review of manic and depressive prodromes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 209-217. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00266-5
63. Joffe, R. T., MacDonald, C., & Kutcher, S. P. (1989). Life events and mania: A case-controlled study. Psychiatry Research, 30, 213-216.
64. Johnson, S. L. (2005). Life events in bipolar disorder: Towards more specific models. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(8), 1008-1027. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.004
65. Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (2006). Extreme goal setting and vulnerability to mania among undiagnosed young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(3), 377-395. doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9044-7
66. Johnson, S. L., Cueller, A. K., Ruggero, C., Winett-Perlman, C., Goodnick, P., White, R., & Miller, I. (2008). Life events as predictors of mania and depression in bipolar I disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 268-277. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.268
67. Johnson, S. L., & McMurrich, S. (2006). Life events and juvenile bipolar disorder: Conceptual issues and early findings. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 1169-1179. doi:10.1017/S0954569406060561
68. Johnson, S. L., Meyer, B., Winett, C., & Small, J. (2000). Social support and self-esteem predict changes in bipolar depression but not mania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 58(1), 79-86. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00133-0
69. Johnson, S. L., & Roberts, J. E. (1995). Life events and bipolar disorder: Implications from biological theories. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 434-449. doi:10.1073//0033-2909.117.3.434
70. Johnson, S. L., Sandrow, D., Meyer, B., Winters, R., Miller, I., Solomon, D., & Keitner, G. (2000b). Increases in manic symptoms after life events involving goal attainment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 721-727. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.109.4.721
71. Kaplan, K. A., & Harvey, A. G. (2008). Hypersomnia across mood disorders: A review and synthesis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13(4), 275-285. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.1009.1001.
72. Kennedy, S., Thompson, R., Stancer, H. C., Roy, A., & Persad, E. (1983). Life events precipitating mania. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 398-403. doi:10.1192/bjp.142.4.398
73. Kessing, L. V., Agerbo, E., & Mortensen, P. B. (2004). Major stressful life events and other risk factors for first admission with mania. Bipolar Disorders, 6, 122-129. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00102.x
74. Lam, D., & Wong, G. (1997). Prodromes, coping strategies, insight and social functioning in bipolar affective disorders. Psychological Medicine, 27(5), 1091-1100. doi:10.1017/S0033291797005540
75. Leibenluft, E., Albert, P. S., Rosenthal, N. E., & Wehr, T. A. (1996). Relationship between sleep and mood in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 63, 161-168. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(96)02854-5
76. Lewy, A., Nurnburger, J. I. Jr., Wehr, T. A., Pack, D., Becker, L. E., Powell, R. L., et al. (1985). Supersensitivity to light: Possible trait marker for manic-depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(6), 725-727.
77. Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Frank, E., Anderson, B., Hlastala, S. A., Luther, J. F., Sherrill, J. T., ... Kupfer, D. J. (2000). Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1005-1016. doi:10.1017/S0033291799002706
78. Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Frank, E., Anderson, B., Sherrill, J. T., Siegel, L., Patterson, D., & Kupfer, D. J. (1998). Stressful life events and social rhythm disruption in the onset of manic and depressive bipolar episodes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 702-707. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.702
79. McClung, C. A., Sidiropoulou, K., Vitaterna, M., Takahashi, J. S., White, F. J., Cooper, D. C., & Nestler, E. J. (2005). Regulation of dopaminergic transmission and cocaine reward by the Clock gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, 9377-9381. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503584102
80. McPherson, H., Herbison, P., & Romans, S. (1993). Life events and relapse in established bipolar affective disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 381-385. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.3.381
81. Merikangas, K. R., Akiskal, H. S., Angst, J., Greenberg, P. E., Hirschfeld, R. M., Petukhova, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 543-552. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543
82. Meyer, B., Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (1999). Exploring behavioral activation and inhibition sensitivities among college students at risk for bipolar spectrum symptomatology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21, 275-292. doi:10.1023/A:1022119414440
83. Meyer, B., Johnson, S. L., & Winters, R. (2001). Responsiveness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: Relations of the BIS/BAS scales with symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 133-143. doi:10.1023/A:1010929402770
84. Miklowitz, D. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2006). The psychopathology and treatment of bipolar disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 199-235. doi:10.1023/A:1010929402770
85. Miklowitz, D. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2009). Social and familiar factors in the course of bipolar disorders: Basic processes and relevant interventions. Clinical Psychology: A Publication of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 16(2), 281-296. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01166.x
86. Mistleberger, R. E., & Skene, D. J. (2005). Nonphotic entrainment in humans? Journal of Biological Rhythms, 20(4), 339-352. doi:10.1177/0748730405277982
87. Morin, C. M., Rodrigue, S., & Ivers, H. (2003). Role of stress, arousal, and coping skills in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 259-267. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000030391.09558.A3
88. Murray, G., Allen, N. B., & Trinder, J. (2002). Mood and the circadian system: Investigation of a circadian component in positive affect. Chronobiology International, 19, 1151-1169. doi:10.1081/CBI-120015956
89. Murray, G., & Harvey, A. (2010). Circadian rhythms and sleep in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 12, 459-472. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00843.x
90. Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1996). Evidence-based health policy-Lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science, 274(5288), 740-743. doi:10.1126/science.274.5288.740
91. Murray, G., Nicholas, C. L., Kleiman, J., Dwyer, R., Carrington, M. J., Allen, N. B., & Trinder, J. (2009). Nature's clock and human mood: The circadian system modulates reward motivation. Emotion, 9, 705-716. doi:10.1037/a0017080
92. Nusslock, R., Abramson, L. Y., Harmon-Jones, E., Alloy, L. B., & Cohen, A. N. (2009). Psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder: Perspective from the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 16(4), 449-469.
93. Nusslock, R., Abramson, L. Y., Harmon-Jones, E., Alloy, L. B., & Hogan, M. E. (2007). A goal-striving life event and the onset of hypomanic and depressive episodes and symptoms: Perspective from the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 105-115. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.105
94. Nusslock, R., Almeida, J. R. C., Forbes, E. E., Versace, A., Frank, E., LaBarbara, E. J., ... Phillips, M. L. (2012). Waiting to win: Elevated striatal and orbitofrontal cortical activity during reward anticipation in euthymic bipolar adults. Bipolar Disorders, 14(3), 249-260. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01012.x
95. Nusslock, R., Harmon-Jones, E., Alloy, L. B., Urosevic, S., Goldstein, K. E., & Abramson, L. Y., (2012). Elevated left mid-frontal cortical activity prospectively predicts conversion to bipolar I disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 121(3), 592-601. doi:10.1037/a0028973
96. Pardoen, D., Bauwens, F., Dramaix, M., Tracy, A., Genevrois, C., Staner, L., & Mendlewicz, J. (1996). Life events and primary affective disorders. A one-year prospective study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 160-166. doi:10.1192/bjp.169.2.160
97. Partinen, M. (1994). Sleep disorders and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(Suppl. 1), 89-91.
98. Paykel, E. S. (2001). Stress and affective disorders in humans. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6(1), 4-11. doi:10.1053/scnp.2001.19411
99. Paykel, E. S. (2003). Life events and affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(Suppl. 318), 61-66. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.13.x
100. Plante, D. T., & Winkelman, J. W. (2008). Sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder: Therapeutic implications. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 830-843. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010077
101. Post, R. M. (1992). Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(8), 999-1010.
102. Proudfoot, J., Doran, J., Manicavasager, V., & Parker, G. (2010). The precipitants of manic/hypomanic episodes in the context of bipolar disorder: A review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(3), 381-387. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.051.
103. Ronnenberg, T., & Merrow, M. (2007). Entrainment of the human circadian clock. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 72, 293-299.
104. Roybal, K., Theobold, D., Graham, A., DiNieri, J. A., Russo, S. J., Krishnan, V., ... McClung, C. A. (2007). Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 6406-6411. doi:10.1073/pnas.0609625104
105. Russell, S. J., & Browne, J. L. (2005). Staying well with bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 187-193. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01542.x
106. Salavert, J., Caseras, X., Torrubia, R., Furest, S., Arranz, B., Duenas, R., & San, L. (2007). The functioning of the behavioral activation and inhibition systems in bipolar I euthymic patients and its influence in subsequent episodes over an eighteen-month period. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1323-1331. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.010
107. Salvadore, G., Quiroz, J. A., Mchado-Vieira, R., Henter, I. D., Manji, H. K., & Zarate, C. A., Jr. (2010). The neurobiology of the switch process in bipolar disorder: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(11), 1488-1501. doi:10.4088/JCP.09r05259gre
108. Sclare, P., & Creed, F. (1990). Life events and the onset of mania. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 509-514. doi:10.1192/bjp.156.4.508
109. Shibata, S., Tahara, Y., & Hirao, A. (2010). The adjustment and manipulation of biological rhythms by light, nutrition, and abused drugs. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 62, 918-927. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2010.06.003
110. Skejelstad, D. V., Malt, U. F., & Holte, A. (2010). Symptoms and signs of the initial prodrome of bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126, 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.003
111. Sylvia, L. G., Alloy, L. B., Hafner, J. A., Gauger, M. C., & Verndon, K. (2009). Life events and social rhythms in bipolar spectrum disorders: A prospective study. Behavior Therapy, 40, 131-141. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.04.003
112. Urosevic, S., Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Nusslock, R., Harmon-Jones, E., Bender, R., & Hogan, M. E. (2010). Increased rates of events that activate or deactivate the behavioral approach system, but not events related to goal attainment, in bipolar spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 610-615. doi:10.1037/a0019533
113. Urosevic, S., Abramson, L. Y., Harmon-Jones, E., & Alloy, L. B. (2008). Dysregulation of the behavioral approach system (BAS) in bipolar spectrum disorders: Review of theory and evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(7), 1188-1205. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.004
114. Watson, S., Gallagher, P., Ritchie, J. C., Ferrier, N., & Young, A. H. (2004). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 496-502. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.6.496
115. Wehr, T. A. (1989). Sleep loss: A preventable cause of mania and other excited states. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 50(Suppl. 12), 8-16.
116. Wehr, T. A., Sack, D. A., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1987). Sleep reduction as a final common pathway in the genesis of mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(2), 201-204.