Circadian Rhythms in Sleepiness, Alertness, and Performance

Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine: Fifth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 445-455

  Goel, Namni ^a   Van Dongen, Hans P A ^b   Dinges, David F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906843864     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00038-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (151)

1. Carskadon MA, Dement WC The multiple sleep latency test: what does it measure?. Sleep 1982, 5:S67-S72.
2. Lavie P The 24-hour sleep propensity function (SPF): practical and theoretical implications. Sleep, sleepiness and performance 1991, 65-93. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. T.H. Monk (Ed.).
3. Monk TH A visual analogue scale technique to measure global vigor and affect. Psychiatry Res 1989, 27:89-99.
4. Hoddes E, Zarcone V, Smythe H, Phillips R, et al. Quantification of sleepiness: a new approach. Psychophysiology 1973, 10:431-436.
5. Åkerstedt T, Gillberg M Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. Int J Neurosci 1990, 52:29-37.
6. Thayer RE Factor analytic and reliability studies on the Activation- Deactivation Adjective Check List. Psychol Rep 1978, 42:747-756.
7. McNair DM, Lorr M, Druppleman LF EITS Manual for the Profile of Mood States 1971, Educational and Industrial Test Services, San Diego.
8. Colquhoun WP Circadian variations in mental efficiency. Biological rhythms in human performance 1971, 39-107. Academic Press, London. W.P. Colquhoun (Ed.).
9. Kleitman N Sleep and wakefulness 1963, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
10. Kleitman N Diurnal variation in performance. Am J Physiol 1933, 104:449-456.
11. Folkard S Diurnal variation in logical reasoning. Br J Psychol 1975, 66:1-8.
12. Folkard S, Monk TH Circadian rhythms in human memory. Br J Psychol 1980, 71:295-307.
13. Bjerner B, Holm A, Swensson A Diurnal variation in mental performance: a study of three-shift workers. Br J Ind Med 1955, 12:103-110.
14. Laird DA Relative performance of college students as conditioned by time of day and day of week. J Exp Psychol 1925, 8:50-63.
15. Osman A, Lou L, Muller-Gethmann H, Rinkenauer G, et al. Mechanisms of speed-accuracy tradeoff: evidence from covert motor processes. Biol Psychol 2000, 51:173-199.
16. Dorrian J, Rogers NL, Dinges DF Psychomotor vigilance performance: a neurocognitive assay sensitive to sleep loss. Sleep deprivation: clinical issues, pharmacology and sleep loss effects 2005, 39-70. Marcel Dekker, New York. C. Kushida (Ed.).
17. Hockey GRJ, Colquhoun WP Diurnal variation in human performance: a review. Aspects of human efficiency: diurnal rhythm and loss of sleep 1972, 1-23. English Universities Press, London. W.P. Colquhoun (Ed.).
18. Gillooly PB, Smolensky MH, Albright DL, Hsi B, et al. Circadian variation in human performance evaluated by the Walter Reed performance assessment battery. Chronobiol Int 1990, 7:143-153.
19. Monk TH, Leng VC Time of day effects in simple repetitive tasks: some possible mechanisms. Acta Psychol 1982, 51:207-221.
20. Kirkcaldy BD Performance and circadian rhythms. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1984, 52:375-379.
21. Folkard S, Wever RA, Wildgruber CM Multi-oscillatory control of circadian rhythms in human performance. Nature 1983, 305:223-226.
22. Monk TH, Weitzman ED, Fookson JE, Moline ML, et al. Task variables determine which biological clock controls circadian rhythms in human performance. Nature 1983, 304:543-545.
23. Johnson MP, Duffy JF, Dijk D-J, Ronda JM, et al. Short-term memory, alertness and performance: a reappraisal of their relationship to body temperature. J Sleep Res 1992, 1:24-29.
24. Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Berga SL, et al. Circadian rhythms in human performance and mood under constant conditions. J Sleep Res 1997, 6:9-18.
25. Kerkhof GA, Van Dongen HPA Morning-type and evening-type individuals differ in the phase position of their endogenous circadian oscillator. Neurosci Lett 1996, 218:153-156.
26. Baehr EK, Revelle W, Eastman CI Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: with an emphasis on morningness-eveningness. J Sleep Res 2000, 9:117-127.
27. Kleitman N, Jackson DP Body temperature and performance under different routines. J Appl Physiol 1950, 51:309-328.
28. Blake MJF Time of day effects on performance in a range of tasks. Psychon Sci 1967, 9:349-350.
29. Orne MT On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: with particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. Am Psychol 1962, 17:776-783.
30. Landström U, Englund K, Nordström B, Åström A Laboratory studies of a sound system that maintains wakefulness. Percept Mot Skills 1998, 86:147-161.
31. Minors DS, Waterhouse JM Circadian rhythm amplitude: is it related to rhythm adjustment and/or worker motivation?. Ergonomics 1983, 26:229-241.
32. Mavjee V, Horne JA Boredom effects on sleepiness/alertness in the early afternoon vs. early evening and interactions with warm ambient temperature. Br J Psychol 1994, 85:317-333.
33. Hull JT, Wright KP, Czeisler CA The influence of subjective alertness and motivation on human performance independent of circadian and homeostatic regulation. J Biol Rhythms 2003, 18:329-338.
34. Orr WC, Hoffman HJ, Hegge FW The assessment of time-dependent changes in human performance. Chronobiologia 1976, 3:293-305.
35. Paz A, Berry EM Effect of meal composition on alertness and performance of hospital night-shift workers. Ann Nutr Metab 1997, 41:291-298.
36. Wells AS, Read NW, Idzikowski C, Jones J Effects of meals on objective and subjective measures of daytime sleepiness. J Appl Physiol 1998, 84:507-515.
37. Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Wirz-Justice A A relationship between heat loss and sleepiness: effects of postural change and melatonin administration. J Appl Physiol 1997, 83:134-139.
38. Johns MW Sleep propensity varies with behaviour and the situation in which it is measured: the concept of somnificity. J Sleep Res 2002, 11:61-67.
39. Cajochen C, Zeitzer JM, Czeisler CA, Dijk D-J Dose-response relationship for light intensity and ocular and electroencephalographic correlates of human alertness. Behav Brain Res 2000, 115:75-83.
40. Phipps-Nelson J, Redman JR, Dijk D-J, Rajaratnam SMW Daytime exposure to bright light, as compared to dim light, decreases sleepiness and improves psychomotor vigilance performance. Sleep 2003, 26:695-700.
41. Åkerstedt T, Ficca G Alertness-enhancing drugs as a countermeasure to fatigue in irregular work hours. Chronobiol Int 1997, 14:145-158.
42. Makris AP, Rush CR, Frederich RC, Taylor AC, et al. Behavioral and subjective effects of d-amphetamine and modafinil in healthy adults. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2007, 15:123-133.
43. Dagan Y, Doljansky JT Cognitive performance during sustained wakefulness: a low dose of caffeine is equally effective as modafinil in alleviating the nocturnal decline. Chronobiol Int 2006, 23:973-983.
44. Goel N Late-night presentation of an auditory stimulus phase delays human circadian rhythms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005, 289:R209-R216.
45. Goel N An arousing musically-enhanced bird song stimulus mediates circadian rhythm phase advances in dim light. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006, 291:R822-R827.
46. Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ Circadian determinants of the postlunch dip in performance. Chronobiol Int 1996, 13:123-133.
47. Folkard S Diurnal variation. Stress and fatigue in human performance 1983, 245-272. John Wiley & Sons, New York. G.R.J. Hockey (Ed.).
48. Dijk D-J, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA Circadian and sleep/wake dependent aspects of subjective alertness and cognitive performance. J Sleep Res 1992, 1:112-117.
49. Mitler MM, Miller JC Methods of testing for sleeplessness. Behav Med 1996, 21:171-183.
50. Richardson GS, Carskadon MA, Flagg W, Van den Hoed J, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness in man: multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1978, 45:621-627.
51. Lavie P To nap, perchance to sleep: ultradian aspects of napping. Sleep and alertness: chronobiological, behavioral, and medical aspects of napping 1989, 99-120. Raven Press, New York. D.F. Dinges, R.J. Broughton (Eds.).
52. Dinges DF Nap patterns and effects in human adults. Sleep and alertness: chronobiological, behavioral, and medical aspects of napping 1989, 171-204. Raven Press, New York. D.F. Dinges, R.J. Broughton (Eds.).
53. Folkard S, Monk TH Time of day and processing strategy in free recall. Q J Exp Psychol 1979, 31:461-475.
54. Thorne DR, Genser SG, Sing GC, Hegge FW The Walter Reed performance assessment battery. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1985, 7:415-418.
55. Münte T-F, Heinze H-J, Kunkel H, Scholz M Human event-related potentials and circadian variations in arousal level. Prog Clin Biol Res 1987, 227B:429-437.
56. Stolz G, Aschoff JC, Born J, Aschoff J VEP, physiological and psychological circadian variations in humans. J Neurol 1988, 235:308-313.
57. Corbera X, Grau C, Vendrell P Diurnal oscillations in hemispheric performance. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1993, 15:300-310.
58. Geisler MW, Polich P P300 and time of day: circadian rhythms, food intake, and body temperature. Biol Psychol 1990, 31:117-136.
59. Bjerner B Alpha depression and lowered pulse rate during delayed actions in a serial reaction test. Acta Physiol Scand 1949, 19(Suppl 65):1-93.
60. Cajochen C, Knoblauch V, Kräuchi K, Renz C, et al. Dynamics of frontal EEG activity, sleepiness and body temperature under high and low sleep pressure. Neuroreport 2001, 12:2277-2281.
61. Strijkstra AM, Beersma DGM, Drayer B, Halbesma N, et al. Subjective sleepiness correlates negatively with global alpha (8-12 Hz) and positively with central frontal theta (4-8 Hz) frequencies in the human resting awake electroencephalogram. Neurosci Lett 2003, 340:17-20.
62. Gale A, Harpham B, Lucas B Time of day and the EEG. Some negative results. Psychon Sci 1972, 28:269-271.
63. Jones D, Gale A, Smallbone A Short-term recall of nine-digit strings and the EEG. Br J Psychol 1979, 70:97-119.
64. Cajochen C, Brunner D, Kräuchi K, Graw P, et al. Power density in theta/alpha frequencies of the waking EEG progressively increases during sustained wakefulness. Sleep 1995, 18:890-894.
65. Wierwille WW, Ellsworth LA Evaluation of driver drowsiness by trained raters. Accid Anal Prev 1994, 26:571-581.
66. Torsvall L, Åkerstedt T Extreme sleepiness: quantification of EOG and spectral EEG parameters. Int J Neurosci 1988, 38:435-441.
67. Cajochen C, Khalsa SBS, Wyatt JK, Czeisler CA, et al. EEG and ocular correlates of circadian melatonin phase and human performance decrements during sleep loss. Am J Physiol 1999, 277:R640-R649.
68. Caffier PP, Erdmann U, Ullsperger P Experimental evaluation of eye-blink parameters as a drowsiness measure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002, 89:319-325.
69. Schleicher R, Galley N, Briest S, Galley L Blinks and saccades as indicators of fatigue in sleepiness warnings: looking tired?. Ergonomics 2008, 51:982-1010.
70. Holmes AL, Burgess HJ, Dawson D Effects of sleep pressure on endogenous cardiac autonomic activity and body temperature. J Appl Physiol 2002, 92:2578-2584.
71. Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, Brown EN, et al. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science 1999, 284:2177-2181.
72. Burgess HJ, Fogg LF Individual differences in the amount and timing of salivary melatonin secretion. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e3055.
73. Brown SA, Fleury-Olela F, Nagoshi E, Hauser C, et al. The period length of fibroblast circadian gene expression varies widely among human individuals. PLoS Biol 2005, 3:e338.
74. Brown SA, Kunz D, Dumas A, Westermark PO, et al. Molecular insights into human daily behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:1602-1607.
75. Yang S, Van Dongen HPA, Wang K, Berrettini W, et al. Assessment of circadian function in fibroblasts of patients with bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2009, 14:143-155.
76. Lewy AJ, Sack RL The dim light melatonin onset as a marker for circadian phase position. Chronobiol Int 1989, 6:93-102.
77. Horne JA, Östberg O A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol 1976, 4:97-110.
78. Smith CS, Reilly C, Midkiff K Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. J Appl Psychol 1989, 74:728-738.
79. Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms 2003, 18:80-90.
80. Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Juda M, Kantermann T, et al. Epidemiology of the human circadian clock. Sleep Med Rev 2007, 11:429-438.
81. Duffy JF, Dijk D-J, Klerman EB, Czeisler CA Later endogenous circadian temperature nadir relative to an earlier wake time in older people. Am J Physiol 1998, 275:R1478-R1487.
82. Foster RG, Roenneberg T Human responses to the geophysical daily, annual and lunar cycles. Curr Biol 2008, 18:R784-R794.
83. Adan A, Natale V Gender differences in morningness-eveningness preference. Chronobiol Int 2002, 19:709-720.
84. Randler C Gender differences in morningness-eveningness assessed by self-report questionnaires: a meta-analysis. Pers Indiv Differ 2007, 43:1667-1675.
85. Hur Y-M Stability of genetic influence on morningness-eveningness: a cross-sectional examination of South Korean twins from preadolescence to young adulthood. J Sleep Res 2007, 16:17-23.
86. Hur Y-M, Bouchard TJ, Lykken DT Genetic and environmental influence on morningness-eveningness. Pers Indiv Differ 1998, 25:917-925.
87. Vink JM, Groot AS, Kerkhof GA, Boomsma DI Genetic analysis of morningness and eveningness. Chronobiol Int 2001, 18:809-822.
88. Van Dongen HPA, Kerkhof GA, Dinges DF Human circadian rhythms. Molecular biology of circadian rhythms 2004, 255-269. John Wiley & Sons, New York. A. Sehgal (Ed.).
89. Takahashi JS, Hong HK, Ko CH, McDearmon EL The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2008, 9:764-775.
90. Katzenberg D, Young T, Finn L, Lin L, et al. A CLOCK polymorphism associated with human diurnal preference. Sleep 1998, 21:569-576.
91. Mishima K, Tozawa T, Satoh K, Saitoh H, et al. The 3111T/C polymorphism of hClock is associated with evening preference and delayed sleep timing in a Japanese population sample. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005, 133:101-104.
92. Robilliard DL, Archer SN, Arendt J, Lockley SW, et al. The 3111 Clock gene polymorphism is not associated with sleep and circadian rhythmicity in phenotypically characterized human subjects. J Sleep Res 2002, 11:305-312.
93. Iwase T, Kajimura N, Uchiyama M, Ebisawa T, et al. Mutation screening of the human Clock gene in circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Psychiatry Res 2002, 109:121-128.
94. Pedrazzoli M, Louzada FM, Pereira DS, Benedito-Silva AA, et al. Clock polymorphisms and circadian rhythms phenotypes in a sample of the Brazilian population. Chronobiol Int 2007, 24:1-8.
95. Archer SN, Robilliard DL, Skene DJ, Smits M, et al. A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene PER3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference. Sleep 2003, 26:413-415.
96. Pereira DS, Tufik S, Louzada FM, Benedito-Silva AA, et al. Association of the length polymorphism in the human PER3 gene with the delayed sleep-phase syndrome: does latitude have an influence upon it?. Sleep 2005, 28:29-32.
97. Jones KH, Ellis J, von Schantz M, Skene DJ, et al. Age-related change in the association between a polymorphism in the PER3 gene and preferred timing of sleep and waking activities. J Sleep Res 2007, 16:12-16.
98. Ebisawa T, Uchiyama M, Kajimura N, Mishima K, et al. Association of structural polymorphisms in the human period3 gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome. EMBO Rep 2001, 2:342-346.
99. Viola AU, Archer SN, James LM, Groeger JA, et al. PER3 polymorphism predicts sleep structure and waking performance. Curr Biol 2007, 17:613-618.
100. Groeger JA, Viola AU, Lo JC, von Schantz M, et al. Early morning executive functioning during sleep deprivation is compromised by a PERIOD3 polymorphism. Sleep 2008, 31:1159-1167.
101. Carpen JD, Archer SN, Skene DJ, Smits M, et al. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the 5′-untranslated region of the hPER2 gene is associated with diurnal preference. J Sleep Res 2005, 14:293-297.
102. Carpen JD, von Schantz M, Smits M, Skene DJ, et al. A silent polymorphism in the PER1 gene associates with extreme diurnal preference in humans. J Hum Genet 2006, 51:1122-1125.
103. Mills JN, Minors DS, Waterhouse JM Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms. J Physiol (Lond) 1978, 285:455-470.
104. Monk TH, Carrier J Speed of mental processing in the middle of the night. Sleep 1997, 20:399-401.
105. Åkerstedt T, Gillberg M, Wetterberg L The circadian covariation of fatigue and urinary melatonin. Biol Psychiatry 1982, 17:547-554.
106. Van Dongen HPA, Dinges DF Sleep, circadian rhythms, and psychomotor vigilance performance. Clin Sports Med 2005, 24:237-249.
107. Babkoff H, Mikulincer M, Caspy T, Kempinski D, et al. The implications of sleep loss for circadian performance accuracy. Work Stress 1989, 3:3-14.
108. Bohlin G, Kjellberg A Self-reported arousal during sleep deprivation and its relation to performance and physiological variables. Scand J Psychol 1973, 14:78-86.
109. Williams HL, Lubin A, Goodnow JJ Impaired performance with acute sleep loss. Psychol Monogr Gen Appl 1959, 73:1-26.
110. Lim J, Dinges DF Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1129:305-322.
111. Borbély AA A two-process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1982, 1:195-204.
112. Daan S, Beersma DGM, Borbély AA Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker. Am J Physiol 1984, 246:R161-R178.
113. Achermann P, Borbély AA Simulation of daytime vigilance by the additive interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process. Biol Cybern 1994, 71:115-121.
114. Edgar DM, Dement WC, Fuller CA Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation. J Neurosci 1993, 13:1065-1079.
115. Folkard S, Åkerstedt T Towards the prediction of alertness on abnormal sleep/wake schedules. Vigilance and performance in automated systems 1989, 287-296. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. A. Coblentz (Ed.).
116. Kleitman N, Kleitman E Effect of non-twenty-four-hour routines of living on oral temperature and heart rate. J Appl Physiol 1953, 6:283-291.
117. Dijk D-J, Czeisler CA Paradoxical timing of the circadian rhythm of sleep propensity serves to consolidate sleep and wakefulness in humans. Neurosci Lett 1994, 166:63-68.
118. Monk TH, Moline ML, Fookson JE, Peetz SM Circadian determinants of subjective alertness. J Biol Rhythms 1989, 4:393-404.
119. Van Dongen HPA, Dinges DF Investigating the interaction between the homeostatic and circadian processes of sleep-wake regulation for the prediction of waking neurobehavioural performance. J Sleep Res 2003, 12:181-187.
120. Lenné MG, Triggs TJ, Redman JR Interactive effects of sleep deprivation, time of day, and driving experience on a driving task. Sleep 1998, 21:38-44.
121. Carskadon MA, Dement WC Sleepiness and sleep state on a 90-min schedule. Psychophysiology 1977, 14:127-133.
122. Lavie P Modelling sleep propensity: a need for rethinking. J Sleep Res 1992, 1:99-102.
123. Lavie P, Gopher D, Wollman M Thirty-six hour correspondence between performance and sleepiness cycles. Psychophysiology 1987, 24:430-438.
124. Miccoli L, Versace F, Koterle S, Cavallero C Comparing sleep-loss sleepiness and sleep inertia: lapses make the difference. Chronobiol Int 2008, 25:725-744.
125. Dinges DF Are you awake? Cognitive performance and reverie during the hypnopompic state. Sleep and cognition 1990, 159-175. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. R.R. Bootzin, J.F. Kihlstrom, D.L. Schacter (Eds.).
126. Van Dongen HPA, Price NJ, Mullington JM, Szuba MP, et al. Caffeine eliminates psychomotor vigilance deficits from sleep inertia. Sleep 2001, 24:813-819.
127. Wilkinson RT, Stretton M Performance after awakening at different times of night. Psychon Sci 1971, 23:283-285.
128. The international classification of sleep disorders diagnostic and coding manual 2005, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester, Il. 2nd ed.
129. Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 2007, 30:1484-1501.
130. Campbell SS, Murphy PJ Delayed sleep phase disorder in temporal isolation. Sleep 2007, 30:1225-1228.
131. Takano A, Uchiyama M, Kajimura N, Mishima K, et al. A missense variation in human casein kinase I epsilon gene that induces functional alteration and shows an inverse association with circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:1901-1909.
132. Reid KJ, Chang AM, Dubocovich ML, Turek FW, et al. Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Arch Neurol 2001, 58:1089-1094.
133. Jones CR, Campbell SS, Zone SE, Cooper F, et al. Familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome: A short-period circadian rhythm variant in humans. Nat Med 1999, 5:1062-1065.
134. Toh KL, Jones CR, He Y, Eide EJ, et al. An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Science 2001, 291:1040-1043.
135. Satoh K, Mishima K, Inoue Y, Ebisawa T, et al. Two pedigrees of familial advanced sleep phase syndrome in Japan. Sleep 2003, 26:416-417.
136. Xu Y, Padiath QS, Shapiro RE, Jones CK, et al. Functional consequences of a CKIdelta mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Nature 2005, 434:640-644.
137. Kerkhof GA Inter-individual differences in the human circadian system: a review. Biol Psychol 1985, 20:83-112.
138. Van Dongen HPA Inter- and intra-individual differences in circadian phase 1998, Leiden University, Leiden, PhD thesis.
139. Goel N, Banks S, Mignot E, Dinges DF PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic sleep restriction. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e5874.
140. Folkard S, Totterdell P, Minors D, Waterhouse J Dissecting circadian performance rhythms: implications for shiftwork. Ergonomics 1993, 36:283-288.
141. Wegmann HM, Klein KE Jet-lag and aircrew scheduling. Hours of work: temporal factors in work-scheduling 1985, 263-276. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. S. Folkard, T.H. Monk (Eds.).
142. Belenky G, Wesensten NJ, Thorne DR, Thomas ML, et al. Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study. J Sleep Res 2003, 12:1-12.
143. Van Dongen HPA, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep 2003, 26:117-126.
144. Mitler MM, Carskadon MA, Czeisler CA, Dement WC, et al. Catastrophes, sleep, and public policy: consensus report. Sleep 1988, 11:100-109.
145. Dinges DF An overview of sleepiness and accidents. J Sleep Res 1995, 4:4-14.
146. Åkerstedt T, Folkard S The three-process model of alertness and its extension to performance, sleep latency, and sleep length. Chronobiol Int 1997, 14:115-123.
147. Dijkman M, Sachs N, Levine E, Mallis M, et al. Effects of reduced stimulation on neurobehavioral alertness depend on circadian phase during human sleep deprivation. Sleep Res 1997, 26:265.
148. Aeschbach D, Postolache TT, Sher L, Matthews JR, et al. Evidence from the waking electroencephalogram that short sleepers live under higher homeostatic sleep pressure than long sleepers. Neuroscience 2001, 102:493-502.
149. Van Dongen HPA, Rogers NL, Dinges DF Sleep debt: theoretical and empirical issues. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2003, 1:5-13.
150. Dinges DF The nature of sleepiness: causes, contexts, and consequences. Eating, sleeping, and sex 1989, 147-179. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. A.J. Stunkard, A. Baum (Eds.).
151. Sharafkhaneh A, Hirshkowitz M Contextual factors and perceived self-reported sleepiness: a preliminary report. Sleep Med 2003, 4:327-331.