Sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder across the lifespan

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 256-277

  Harvey, Allison G ^a   Talbot, Lisa S ^a   Gershon, Anda ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Adults; Bipolar disorder; Children; Hypersomnia; Insomnia; Sleep

Indexed keywords

EID: 67149099500     PISSN: 09695893     EISSN: 14682850     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01164.x     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Ancoli-Israel, S., & Roth, T. (1999). Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: Results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. I. Sleep, 22, S347-353.
3. Ballenger, J. C., Reus, V. I., & Post, R. M. (1982). The "atypical"clinical picture of adolescent mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 602-606.
4. Barbini, B., Benedetti, F., Colombo, C., Dotoli, D., Bernasconi, A., Cigala-Fulgosi, M., et al. (2005). Dark therapy for mania: A pilot study. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 98-101.
5. Barbini, B., Bertelli, S., Colombo, C., & Smeraldi, E. (1996). Sleep loss, a possible factor in augmenting manic episode. Psychiatry Research, 65, 121-125.
6. Bauer, M., Grof, P., Rasgon, N., Bschor, T., Glenn, T., & Whybrow, P. C. (2006). Temporal relation between sleep and mood in patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 160-167.
7. Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., Van Patten, S., Burback, M., & Wozniak, J. (2004). A prospective follow-up study of pediatric bipolar disorder in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, S17-23.
8. Buysse, D. J., Thompson, W., Scott, J., Franzen, P. L., Germain, A., Hall, M., et al. (2007). Daytime symptoms in primary insomnia: A prospective analysis using ecological momentary assessment. Sleep Medicine, 8, 198-208.
9. Cappuccio, F. P., Taggart, F. M., Kandala, N. B., Currie, A., Peile, E., Stranges, S., et al. (2008). Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep, 31, 619-626.
10. Cartwright, R., Baehr, E., Kirkby, J., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., & Kabat, J. (2003). REM sleep reduction, mood regulation and remission in untreated depression. Psychiatry Research, 121, 159-167.
11. Casper, R. C., Redmond, D. E., Jr., Katz, M. M., Schaffer, C. B., Davis, J. M., & Koslow, S. H. (1985). Somatic symptoms in primary affective disorder. Presence and relationship to the classification of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 1098-1104.
12. Cassidy, F., Murry, E., Forest, K., & Carroll, B. J. (1998). Signs and symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 50, 187-201.
13. Chuang, H. T., Mansell, C., & Patten, S. B. (2008). Lifestyle characteristics of psychiatric outpatients. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 260-266.
14. Clark, L., & Goodwin, G. M. (2004). State- and trait-related deficits in sustained attention in bipolar disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254, 61-68.
15. Clayton, P. J., & Pitts, F. N., Jr. (1965). Affect disorder. IV. Mania. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6, 313-322.
16. Colombo, C., Benedetti, F., Barbini, B., Campori, E., & Smeraldi, E. (1999). Rate of switch from depression into mania after therapeutic sleep deprivation in bipolar depression. Psychiatry Research, 86, 267-270.
17. Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2007). Sleep in children and adolescents with psychiatric or emotional disorders. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 2, 501-511.
18. Dahl, R. E., Puig-Antich, J., Ryan, N. D., Nelson, B., Dachille, S., Cunningham, S. L., et al. (1990). EEG sleep in adolescents with major depression: The role of suicidality and inpatient status. Journal of Affective Disorders, 19, 63-75.
19. de Maertelaer, V., Hoffman, G., Lemaire, M., & Mendlewicz, J. (1987). Sleep spindle activity changes in patients with affective disorders. Sleep, 10, 443-451.
20. Detre, T., Himmelhock, J., Swartzburg, M., Anderson, C. M., Byck, R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1972). Hypersomnia and manic-depressive disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1303-1305.
21. Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., et al. (1997). Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night. Sleep, 20, 267-277.
22. Drake, C. L., Roehrs, T. A., Burduvali, E., Bonahoom, A., Rosekind, M., & Roth, T. (2001). Effects of rapid versus slow accumulation of eight hours of sleep loss. Psychophysiology, 38, 979-987.
23. Duffy, A., Alda, M., Crawford, L., Milin, R., & Grof, P. (2007). The early manifestations of bipolar disorder: A longitudinal prospective study of the offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 828-838.
24. Duncan, W. C., Jr., Pettigrew, K. D., & Gillin, J. C. (1979). REM architecture changes in bipolar and unipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1424-1427.
25. Elmslie, J. L., Silverstone, J. T., Mann, J. I., Williams, S. M., & Romans, S. E. (2000). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in bipolar patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 179-184.
26. Espie, C. A. (2002). Insomnia: Conceptual issues in the development, persistence, and treatment of sleep disorder in adults. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 215-243.
27. Faedda, G. L., Baldessarini, R. J., Glovinsky, I. P., & Austin, N. B. (2004). Pediatric bipolar disorder: Phenomenology and course of illness. Bipolar Disorders, 6, 305-313.
28. Faedda, G. L., & Teicher, M. H. (2005). Objective measures of activity and attention in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders of childhood. Essential Psychopharmacology, 6, 239-249.
29. Fagiolini, A., Kupfer, D. J., Houck, P. R., Novick, D. M., & Frank, E. (2003). Obesity as a correlate of outcome in patients with bipolar I disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 112-117.
30. Ferreira, M. A. P., Boarati, M. A., Kleinman, A., & Fu-I, L. (2007). Preschool bipolar disorder: Brazilian children case reports. Journal of Affective Disorders, 104, 237-243.
31. Findling, R. L., Gracious, B. L., McNamara, N. K., Youngstrom, E. A., Demeter, C. A., Branicky, L. A., et al. (2001). Rapid, continuous cycling and psychiatric co-morbidity in pediatric bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 3, 202-210.
32. Fontaine, K. R., & Bartlett, S. J. (1998). Estimating health-related quality of life in obese individuals. Disease Management and Health Outcomes, 3, 61-70.
33. Fossion, P., Staner, L., Dramaix, M., Kempenaers, C., Kerkhofs, M., Hubain, P., et al. (1998). Does sleep EEG data distinguish between UP, BPI or BPII major depressions? An age and gender controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 49, 181-187.
34. Frank, E., Swartz, H. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2000). Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: Managing the chaos of bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 593-604.
35. Frank, E., Swartz, H. A., Mallinger, A. G., Thase, M. E., Weaver, E. V., & Kupfer, D. J. (1999). Adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: Effects of changing treatment modality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 579-587.
36. Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Delbello, M. P., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J. L., et al. (2002). DSM-IV mania symptoms in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention-deficit hyperactive and normal controls. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 12, 11-25.
37. Giles, D. E., Rush, A. J., & Roffwarg, H. P. (1986). Sleep parameters in bipolar I, bipolar II, and unipolar depressions. Biological Psychiatry, 21, 1340-1343.
38. Gillin, J. C., Duncan, W., Pettigrew, K. D., Frankel, B. L., & Snyder, F. (1979). Successful separation of depressed, normal and insomniac subjects by EEG sleep data. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 85-90.
39. Gruber, S. A., Rogowska, J., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2004). Decreased activation of the anterior cingulate in bipolar patients: An fMRI study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 191-201.
40. Harvey, A. G. (2008). Sleep and circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder: Seeking synchrony, harmony, and regulation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 820-829.
41. Harvey, A. G. (in press). The adverse consequences of sleep disturbance in pediatric bipolar disorder: Implications for intervention. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America.
42. Harvey, A. G., & Li, D. (in press). Managing sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder. Current Psychiatry Reviews.
43. Harvey, A. G., Schmidt, D. A., Scarna, A., Semler, C. N., & Goodwin, G. M. (2005). Sleep-related functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder, patients with insomnia, and subjects without sleep problems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 50-57.
44. Haynes, P. L., McQuaid, J. R., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Martin, J. L. (2006). Disrupting life events and the sleep-wake cycle in depression. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1363-1373.
45. Holtmann, M., Bolte, S., Goth, K., Dopfner, M., Pluck, J., Huss, M., et al. (2007). Prevalence of the Child Behavior Checklist-pediatric bipolar disorder phenotype in a German general population sample. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 895-900.
46. Hudson, J. I., Lipinski, J. F., Frankenburg, F. R., Grochocinski, V. J., & Kupfer, D. J. (1988). Electroencephalographic sleep in mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 267-273.
47. Hudson, J. I., Lipinski, J. F., Keck, P. E., Jr., Aizley, H. G., Lukas, S. E., Rothschild, A. J., et al. (1992). Polysomnographic characteristics of young manic patients. Comparison with unipolar depressed patients and normal control subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 378-383.
48. Jackson, A., Cavanagh, J., & Scott, J. (2003). A systematic review of manic and depressive prodromes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 209-217.
49. Jernajczyk, W. (1986). Latency of eye movement and other REM sleep parameters in bipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry, 21, 465-472.
50. Jerrell, J. M., & Shugart, M. A. (2004). Community-based care for youths with early and very-early onset bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 6, 299-304.
51. Johnson, E. O., Breslau, N., Roehrs, T., & Roth, T. (1999). Insomnia in adolescence: Epidemiology and associate problems. Sleep, 22, s22.
52. Jones, S. H., Hare, D. J., & Evershed, K. (2005). Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 176-186.
53. Jones, S. H., Tai, S., Evershed, K., Knowles, R., & Bentall, R. (2006). Early detection of bipolar disorder: A pilot familial high-risk study of parents with bipolar disorder and their adolescent children. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 362-372.
54. Kaplan, K. A., & Harvey, A. G. (in press). Hypersomnia across mood disorders: A review and synthesis. Sleep Medicine Reviews.
55. Kawachi, I. (1999). Physical and psychological consequences of weight gain. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, S5-9.
56. Ketter, T. A., & Wang, P. W. (2002). Psychotropic medications in bipolar disorder: Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, adverse effects and their management In L. M. Yatham & V. Kusumakar (Eds.), Bipolar disorder: A clinician's guide to biological treatments (pp. 320-335). London: Routledge.
57. Kilbourne, A. M., Rofey, D. L., McCarthy, J. F., Post, E. P., Welsh, D., & Blow, F. C. (2007). Nutrition and exercise behavior among patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 443-452.
58. Killgore, W. D., Balkin, T. J., & Wesensten, N. J. (2006). Impaired decision making following 49 h of sleep deprivation. Journal of Sleep Research, 15, 7-13.
59. Krishnan, K. R. R. (2005). Psychiatric and medical comorbidity of bipolar disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 1-8.
60. Lam, D. H., Watkins, E. R., Hayward, P., Bright, J., Wright, K., Kerr, N., et al. (2003). A randomized controlled study of cognitive therapy for relapse prevention for bipolar affective disorder: Outcome of the first year. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 145-152.
61. Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000). Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 2606-2610.
62. Lauer, C. J., Wiegand, M., & Krieg, J. C. (1992). All-night electroencephalographic sleep and cranial computed tomography in depression. A study of unipolar and bipolar patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 242, 59-68.
63. Leibenluft, E., Albert, P. S., Rosenthal, N. E., & Wehr, T. A. (1996). Relationship between sleep and mood in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 63, 161-168.
64. Levin, F. R., & Hennessy, G. (2004). Bipolar disorder and substance abuse. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 738-748.
65. Linkowski, P., Kerkhofs, M., Rielaert, C., & Mendlewicz, J. (1986). Sleep during mania in manic-depressive males. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Science, 235, 339-341.
66. Lofthouse, N., Fristad, M., Splaingard, M., & Kelleher, K. (2007). Parent and child reports of sleep problems associated with early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 114-123.
67. Lofthouse, N., Fristad, M., Splaingard, M., Kelleher, K., Hayes, J., & Resko, S. (2008). Web survey of sleep problems associated with early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33, 349-357.
68. Loudon, J. B., Blackburn, I. M., & Ashworth, C. M. (1977). A study of the symptomatology and course of manic illness using a new scale. Psychological Medicine, 7, 723-729.
69. Martin, B. J. (1981). Effect of sleep deprivation on tolerance of prolonged exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 47, 345-354.
70. McElroy, S. L., Frye, M. A., Suppes, T., Dhavale, D., Keck, P. E., Jr., Leverich, G. S., et al. (2002). Correlates of overweight and obesity in 644 patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 207-213.
71. McElroy, S. L., Kotwal, R., Malhotra, S., Nelson, E. B., Keck, P. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2004). Are mood disorders and obesity related? A review for the mental health professional. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 634-651, quiz 730.
72. McKenna, B. S., Dickinson, D. L., Orff, H. J., & Drummond, S. P. (2007). The effects of one night of sleep deprivation on known-risk and ambiguous-risk decisions. Journal of Sleep Research, 16, 245-252.
73. Mehl, R. C., O'Brien, L. M., Jones, J. H., Dreisbach, J. K., Mervis, C. B., & Gozal, D. (2006). Correlates of sleep and pediatric bipolar disorder. Sleep, 29, 193-197.
74. Miklowitz, D. J., & Goldstein, M. J. (1997). Bipolar disorder: A family-focused treatment approach. New York: Guilford Press.
75. Millar, A., Espie, C. A., & Scott, J. (2004). The sleep of remitted bipolar outpatients: A controlled naturalistic study using actigraphy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 145-153.
76. Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dougherty, D. M., Schmitz, J. M., & Swann, A. C. (2001). Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1783-1793.
77. Montgomery, I., Trinder, J., & Paxton, S. J. (1982). Energy expenditure and total sleep time: Effect of physical exercise. Sleep, 5, 159-168.
78. Morin, C. M., Bootzin, R. R., Buysse, D. J., Edinger, J. D., Espie, C. A., & Lichstein, K. L. (2006). Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: An update of recent evidence (1998-2004). Sleep, 29, 1396-1406.
79. Newhouse, P. A., Potter, A., & Singh, A. (2004). Effects of nicotinic stimulation on cognitive performance. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 4, 36-46.
80. Papineau, K. L., Roehrs, T. A., Petrucelli, N., Rosenthal, L. D., & Roth, T. (1998). Electrophysiological assessment (The Multiple Sleep Latency Test) of the biphasic effects of ethanol in humans. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 231-235.
81. Papolos, D., Hennen, J., Cockerham, M. S., & Lachman, H. (2007). A strategy for identifying phenotypic subtypes: Concordance of symptom dimensions between sibling pairs who met screening criteria for a genetic linkage study of childhood-onset bipolar disorder using the Child Bipolar Questionnaire. Journal of Affective Disorders, 99, 27-36.
82. Patelis-Siotis, I., Young, L. T., Robb, J. C., Marriott, M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, L. C., et al. (2001). Group cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder: A feasibility and effectiveness study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 65, 145-153.
83. Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768-774.
84. PDR Staff. (2007). Physicians'desk reference 2008: Hospital/library version (62nd ed.). Stamford, CT: Thomson Healthcare.
85. Perlman, C. A., Johnson, S. L., & Mellman, T. A. (2006). The prospective impact of sleep duration on depression and mania. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 271-274.
86. Philips, M. L., Travis, M. J., Fagiolini, A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2008). Medication effects in neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 313-320.
87. Pilcher, J. J., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1996). Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: A meta-analysis. Sleep, 19, 318-326.
88. Poston, W. S., Taylor, J. E., Hoffman, K. M., Peterson, A. L., Lando, H. A., Shelton, S., et al. (2008). Smoking and deployment: Perspectives of junior-enlisted U.S. Air Force and U.S. Army personnel and their supervisors. Military Medicine, 173, 441-447.
89. Rao, U., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B., Williamson, D. E., Rao, R., et al. (2002). Heterogeneity in EEG sleep findings in adolescent depression: Unipolar versus bipolar clinical course. Journal of Affective Disorders, 70, 273-280.
90. Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., et al. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 2511-2518.
91. Roehrs, T., & Roth, T. (2001). Sleep, sleepiness, and alcohol use. Alcohol Research and Health, 25, 101-109.
92. Saper, C. B., Cano, G., & Scammell, T. E. (2005). Homeostatic, circadian, and emotional regulation of sleep. Journal of Comprehensive Neurology, 493, 92-98.
93. Serretti, A., & Olgiati, P. (2005). Profiles of "manic"symptoms in bipolar I, bipolar II and major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 84, 159-166.
94. Simon, O. R., Swann, A. C., Powell, K. E., Potter, L. B., Kresnow, M. J., & O'Carroll, P. W. (2001). Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, S49-59.
95. Simoneau, T. L., Miklowitz, D. J., Richards, J. A., Saleem, R., & George, E. L. (1999). Bipolar disorder and family communication: Effects of a psychoeducational treatment program. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 588-597.
96. Sitaram, N., Nurnberger, J. I., Jr., Gershon, E. S., & Gillin, J. C. (1982). Cholinergic regulation of mood and REM sleep: Potential model and marker of vulnerability to affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 571-576.
97. Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., Penev, P., & Van Cauter, E. (2004). Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141, 846-850.
98. Swann, A. C., Steinberg, J. L., Lijffijt, M., & Moeller, F. G. (2008). Impulsivity: Differential relationship to depression and mania in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 106, 241-248.
99. Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004). Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Medicine, 1, e62.
100. Thase, M. E., Himmelhoch, J. M., Mallinger, A. G., Jarrett, D. B., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). Sleep EEG and DST findings in anergic bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 329-333.
101. Tynjala, J., Kannas, L., & Levalahti, E. (1997). Perceived tiredness among adolescents and its association with sleep habits and use of psychoactive substances. Journal of Sleep Research, 6, 189-198.
102. Van Dongen, H. P., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2003). The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: Dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep, 26, 117-126.
103. Venkatraman, V., Chuah, Y. M., Huettel, S. A., & Chee, M. W. (2007). Sleep deprivation elevates expectation of gains and attenuates response to losses following risky decisions. Sleep, 30, 603-609.
104. Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., & Chrousos, G. P. (2003). Metabolic disturbances in obesity versus sleep apnoea: The importance of visceral obesity and insulin resistance. Journal of Internal Medicine, 254, 32-44.
105. Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2006). Sleep, memory, and plasticity. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 139-166.
106. Waxmonsky, J. G., & Wilens, T. E. (2005). Pharmacotherapy of adolescent substance use disorders: A review of the literature. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 810-825.
107. Wehr, T. A., Goodwin, F. K., Wirz-Justice, A., Breitmaier, J., & Craig, C. (1982). 48-hour sleep-wake cycles in manic-depressive illness: Naturalistic observations and sleep deprivation experiments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 559-565.
108. Wehr, T. A., Sack, D. A., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1987). Sleep reduction as a final common pathway in the genesis of mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 201-204.
109. Wehr, T. A., Turner, E. H., Shimada, J. M., Lowe, C. H., Barker, C., & Leibenluft, E. (1998). Treatment of a rapidly cycling bipolar patient by using extended bed rest and darkness to stabilize the timing and duration of sleep. Biological Psychiatry, 43, 822-828.
110. Wessa, M., Houenou, J., Paillère-Martinot, M. L., Berthoz, S., Artiges, E., Leboyer, M., et al. (2007). Frontostriatal overactivation in euthymic bipolar patients during an emotional go/no-go task. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 638-648.
111. Winokur, G., Clayton, P. J., & Reich, T. (1969). Manic depressive illness. St. Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby.
112. Wolf, A. M., & Colditz, G. A. (1996). Social and economic effects of body weight in the United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63, S466-469.
113. Yoo, S., Gujar, N., Hu, P., Jolesz, F., & Walker, M. (2007). The human emotional brain without sleep: A prefrontal-amygdala disconnect? Current Biology, 17, R877-878.
114. Zhang, L., Samet, J., Caffo, B., & Punjabi, N. M. (2006). Cigarette smoking and nocturnal sleep architecture. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164, 529-537.
115. Zimmermann, U., Kraus, T., Himmerich, H., Schuld, A., & Pollmacher, T. (2003). Epidemiology, implications and mechanisms underlying drug-induced weight gain in psychiatric patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 37, 193-220.
116. Zohar, D., Tzischinsky, O., Epsten, R., & Lavie, P. (2005). The effects of sleep loss on medical residents'emotional reactions to work events: A cognitive-energy model. Sleep, 28, 47-54.