Reproductive health decision-making in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults

Maternal and Child Health Journal

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 797-808

  Fair, Cynthia ^a   Wiener, Lori ^b   Zadeh, Sima ^b   Albright, Jamie ^a   Mellins, Claude Ann ^c   Mancilla, Michael ^d   Tepper, Vicki ^e   Trexler, Connie ^d   Purdy, Julia ^f   Osherow, Janet ^g   Lovelace, Susan ^h   Kapetanovic, Suad ⁱ  

^a ELON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c Howard Hughes Medical Institute   (United States)

^d CHILDREN'S NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^g GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

ⁱ NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent reproductive health; HIV and reproductive health; HIV infected youth; Perinatal HIV

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; DECISION MAKING; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; MATERNAL CARE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PSYCHOLOGY; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; TRANSMISSION; UNITED STATES; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; YOUNG ADULT; ARTICLE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADOLESCENT; DECISION MAKING; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; MALE; PRECONCEPTION CARE; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; TRUTH DISCLOSURE; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84879099659     PISSN: 10927875     EISSN: 15736628     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1070-3     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Rubenstein, A., Sicklick, M., Gupta, A., et al. (1983). Acquired immunodeficiency with reversed T4/T8 ratios in infants born to promiscuous and drug-addicted mothers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 249, 2350-2356.
2. Cooper, E. R., Charurat, M., Mofenson, L., et al. (2002). Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1 infected women and prevention of perinatal vertical transmission. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 29, 484-494.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Pediatric HIV surveillance. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/ slides/pediatric/index.htm.
4. Ezeanoule, E., Wodi, P., Patel, R., et al. (2006). Sexual behaviors and procreational intentions of adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiendy virus infection: Experience of an urban tertiary center. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 719-725.
5. Levine, A., Aaron, E., & Foster, J. (2006). Pregnancy in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 765-768.
6. Whitmore, S., Zhang, X., & Taylor, A. (2009). Estimated number of births to HIV+ women in the US, 2006. In 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. February 8-11, 2009. Montreal, Canada. Abstract 924.
7. Monasch, R., & Mahy, M. (2006). Young people: The centre of the HIV epidemic. World Health Organization Technological Report Series, 938, 15-41.
8. Sherr, L., & Barry, N. (2004). Fatherhood and HIV-positive heterosexual men. HIV Medicine, 5, 258-263.
9. Wesley, Y., Smeltzer, S. C., Redeker, N., et al. (2000). Reproductive decision-making in mothers with HIV-1. Health Care for Women International, 21(4), 291-304.
10. Craft, S. M., Delaney, R. O., Bautista, D. T., et al. (2007). Pregnancy decisions among women with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 11(6), 927-935.
11. Rogers, A., Meundi, A., Amma, A., et al. (2006). HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, perceived benefits, and risks of HIV testing among pregnant women in rural Southern India. AIDS Patient Care and STD's, 20, 803-811.
12. Van Hollen, C. (2007). Navigating HIV, pregnancy, and childbearing in south India: Pragmatics and constraints in women's decision making. Medical Anthropology, 26(1), 7-52.
13. Lindau, S., Jerome, J., Miller, K., et al. (2006). Mothers on the margins: Implications for eradicating perinatal HIV. Social Science Medicine, 62(1), 59-69.
14. Latham, B., Sowell, R., Phillips, K., et al. (2001). Family functioning and motivation for childbearing among HIV-infected women at increased risk for pregnancy. Journal of Family Nursing, 7(4), 345-370.
15. Kanniappan, S., Jeyapaul, M. J., & Kalyanwala, S. (2008). Desire for motherhood: Exploring HIV-positive women's desires, intentions and decision-making in attaining motherhood. AIDS Care, 20(6), 625-630.
16. Richter, D. L., Sowell, R. L., & Pluto, D. M. (2002). Factors affecting reproductive decisions of African American women living with HIV. Women & Health, 36(1), 81-96.
17. Sowell, R. L., & Misener, T. R. (1997). Decisions to have a baby by HIV-infected women. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 19(1), 56-70.
18. Sowell, R. L., & Misener, T. R. (1999). HIV-infected women and motivation to add children to their families. Journal of Family Nursing, 5(3), 316-331.
19. De La Cruz, N. G., Davies, S. L., & Stewart, K. E. (2011). Religion, relationships and reproduction: Correlates of desire for a child among mothers living with HIV. AIDS Behavior, 15(6), 1233-1242.
20. Siegel, K., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2001). Reasons and justifications for considering pregnancy among women living with HIV/AIDS. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25(2), 112-123.
21. Bauman, L. J., Karasz, A., & Hamilton, A. (2007). Understanding failure of condom use intention among adolescents: Completing an intensive preventive intervention. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22, 248-274.
22. Finocchario-Kessler, S., Seat, M. D., Dariotis, J. K., et al. (2010). Understanding high fertility desires and intentions among a sample of urban women living with HIV in the United States. AIDS Behavior, 14, 1106-1114.
23. Chen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Kanouse, D. E., et al. (2001). Fertility desires and intentions of HIV-positive men and women. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(4), 144-152.
24. Kirshenbaum, A., Hirky, A., Correale, J., et al. (2004). Throwing the dice: Pregnancy decision-making among HIV-positive women in four U.S. cities. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 36(3), 106-113.
25. Cooper, D., Harries, J., & Myer, L. (2007). Life is still going on: Reproductive intentions among HIV-positive women and men in South Africa. Social Science and Medicine, 65(2), 274-283.
26. Peltzer, K., Chao, L.-W., & Dana, P. (2009). Family planning among HIV positive and negative prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) clients in a resource poor setting in South Africa. AIDS Behavior, 13(5), 973-979.
27. Stanwood, N. L., Cohn, S. E., Heiser, J. R., et al. (2007). Contraception and fertility plans in a cohort of HIV-positive women in care. Contraception, 75(4), 294-298.
28. Kline, A., Strickler, J., & Kempf, J. (1995). Factors associated with pregnancy and pregnancy resolution in HIV seropositive women. Social Science and Medicine, 40(11), 1539-1547.
29. Loutfy, M., Hart, T., Mohammed, S., et al. (2009). Fertility desires and intentions of HIV-positive women of reproductive age in Ontario, Canada: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 4(12), e7925.
30. Brown, R., Wiener, L., Kupst, M., et al. (2008). Single parents of children with chronic illness: An understudied phenomenon. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33, 408-421.
31. Hass, P. H. (1974). Wanted and unwanted pregnancies: A fertility decision-making model. Journal of Social Issues, 30(4), 125-165.
32. Gage, A. (1998). Sexual activity and contraceptive use: The components of the decisionmaking process. Studies in Family Planning, 29, 154-166.
33. Hayes, C. (Ed.). (1987). Risking the future: Adolescent sexuality, pregnancy and childbearing (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
34. Levine, A., Aaron, E., & Foster, J. (2006). Pregnancy in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 765-768.
35. Donenberg, G., & Pao, M. (2005). Youths and HIV/AIDS: Psychiatry's role in a changing epidemic. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 44, 728-747.
36. De Bruyn, M. (2004). Living with HIV: Challenges in reproductive health care in South Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 8(1), 92-98.
37. Paiva, V., Filipe, E. V., Santos, N., Lima, T., et al. (2003). The right to love: The desire for parenthood among men living with HIV. Reproductive Health Matters, 11(22), 91-100.
38. Brown, L., Schultz, J., Parsons, J., et al. (2000). Sexual behavior change among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents with hemophilia. Adolescent hemophilia behavioral intervention evaluation project study group. Pediatrics, 106(2), E22.
39. Jeremy, R. J., Kim, S., Nozyce, M., et al. (2005). Neuropsychological functioning and viral load in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV-infected children. Pediatrics, 115(2), 380-387.
40. Nozyce, M. L., Lee, S. S., Wiznia, A., et al. (2006). A behavioral and cognitive profile of clinically stable HIV-infected children. Pediatrics, 117, 763-770.
41. Malee, K., Williams, P. L., Montepiedra, G., et al. (2009). The role of cognitive functioning in medication adherence of children and adolescents with HIV infection. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(2), 164-175.
42. Kapetanovic, S., Leister, E., Nichols, S., et al. (2010). Relationships between markers of vascular dysfunction and neurodevelopmental outcomes in perinatally HIV-infected youth. AIDS, 24(10), 1481-1491.
43. Mellins, C. A., Brackis-Cott, E., Leu, C. S., et al. (2009). Rates and types of psychiatric disorders in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected youth and seroreverters. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1131-1138.
44. Malee, K. M., Tassiopoulos, K., Huo, Y., et al. (2011). Mental health functioning among children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection and perinatal HIV exposure. AIDS Care, 23(12), 1533-1544.
45. Kapetanovic, S., Wiegand, R., Dominguez, K., et al. (2011). Associations of medically documented psychiatric diagnoses and risky health behaviors in highly active antiretroviral therapy-experienced perinatally HIV-infected youth. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 25(8), 493-501.
46. Angelidou, K., Chernoff, M., Williams, P., et al. (2011). Incidence of new psychiatric symptoms over time in HIV+ and HIV- youth: IMPAACT P1055. In 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Boston 2011 (#699).
47. Blanche, S., Tardieu, M., Rustin, P., et al. (1999). Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Lancet, 354, 1084-1089.
48. Nielsen, S. D., Jeppesen, D. L., Kolte, L., et al. (2001). Impaired progenitor cell function in HIV-negative infants of HIV-positive mothers results in decreased thymic output and low CD4 counts. Blood, 98(2), 398-404.
49. Venerosi, A., Calamandrei, G., & Alleva, E. (2002). Animal models of anti-HIV drugs exposure during pregnancy: Effects on neurobehavioral development. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 26(4), 747-761.
50. Kapetanovic, S., Christensen, S., Karim, R., et al. (2009). Correlates of perinatal depression in HIV-infected women. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 23(2), 101-108.
51. Williams, P. L., Marino, M., Malee, K., et al. (2010). Neurodevelopment and in utero antiretroviral exposure of HIV-exposed uninfected infants. Pediatrics, 125(2), e250-e260.
52. Bunders, M., Pembrey, L., Kuijpers, T., et al. (2010). Evidence of impact of maternal HIV infection on immunoglobulin levels in HIV-exposed uninfected children. AIDS Research of Human Retroviruses, 26(9), 967-975.
53. Kaul, M., Zheng, J., Okamoto, S., Gendelman, H. E., & Lipton, S. A. (2005). HIV-1 infection and AIDS: Consequences for the central nervous system. Cell Death and Differentiation, 12, 878-892.
54. Ellis, R., Langford, D., & Masliah, E. (2007). HIV and antiretroviral therapy in the brain: Neuronal injury and repair. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(1), 33-44.
55. Ellis, R. J., Calero, P., & Stockin, M. D. (2009). HIV infection and the central nervous system: A primer. Neuropsychology Review, 19(2), 144-151.
56. Mekmullica, J., Brouwers, P., Charurat, M., et al. (2009). Early immunological predictors of neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-infected children. Clinics in Infectious Disease, 48, 338-346.
57. Miller, T. L., Somarriba, G., Orav, E. J., et al. (2010). Biomarkers of vascular dysfunction in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 55(2), 182-188.
58. McArthur, J. C., Steiner, J., Sacktor, N., et al. (2010). Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders: Mind the gap. Annals of Neurology, 67(6), 699-714.
59. Cavalcante, G. I., Capistrano, V. L., Cavalcante, F. S., et al. (2010). Implications of efavirenz for neuropsychiatry: A review. International Journal of Neuroscience, 120(12), 739-745.
60. Wright, E. (2011). Neurocognitive impairment and neuroCART. Current Opinions in HIV AIDS, 6(4), 303-308.
61. Pilowsky, D., Zybert, P., & Hsieh, P. (2003). Children of HIV-positive drug-using parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(8), 950-958.
62. Mellins, C. A., Smith, R., O'Driscoll, P., et al. (2003). High rates of behavioral problems in perinatally HIV-infected children are not linked to HIV disease. Pediatrics, 111, 384-393.
63. Ezer, K., Mellins, C., Kee, W., et al. (2008). Standing between two worlds in Harlem: A developmental psychopathology perspective of perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus and adolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 227-237.
64. Casey, B. J., Getz, S., & Galvan, A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Developmental Review, 28, 62-77.
65. Meschke, L. L., Peter, C. R., & Bartholomae, S. (2012). Developmentally appropriate practice to promote healthy adolescent development: Integrating research and practice. Child & Youth Care Forum, 41, 89-108.
66. Wiener, L., Mellins, C. A., Marhefka, S., et al. (2007). Disclosure of an HIV diagnosis to children: History, current research, future directions. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 28(2), 155-166.
67. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric AIDS. (1999). Disclosure of illness status to children and adolescents with HIV infection. Pediatrics, 103, 164-166.
68. Santamaria, E. K., Dolezal, C., Marhefka, S. L., et al. (2011). Psychosocial implications of HIV serostatus disclosure to youth with perinatally acquired HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDs, 25, 257-264.
69. Vreeman, R. C., Nyandiko, W. M., Ayaya, S. O., et al. (2010). The perceived impact of disclosure of pediatric HIV status on pediatric antiretroviral therapy adherence, child well-being, and social relationships in a resource-limited setting. AIDS Patient Care STDs, 24, 639-649.
70. Oland, A., Valdez, N., & Kapetanovic, S. (2008). Process-oriented biopsychosocial approach to disclosing HIV status to infected children. Providence, Rhode Island: NIMH Annual International Research Conference on the Role of Families in Preventing and Adapting to HIV/AIDS.
71. Fair, C., & Walker, S. (2011). Pediatric HIV social workers: Perspectives on disclosure. Qualitative Social Work, 10(4), 415-433.
72. Michaud, P., Suris, J., Thomas, R., Kahlert, C., Rudin, C., Cheseaux, J., et al. (2009). To say or not to say: A qualitative study on the disclosure of their condition by human immunodeficiency virus-positive adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44, 356-362.
73. Peele, Y., D'Angelo, L., Chandwani, S., Abramowitz, S., & Koenig, L. (2012). Determinants of HIV serostatus self-disclosure among adolescents participating in the adolescent impact study. New Orleans, LA: Society of Adolescent Health and Medicine Annual Meeting.
74. Vijayan, T., Benin, A. L., Wagner, K., et al. (2009). We never thought this would happen: Transitioning care of adolescents with perinatally-acquired HIV infection from pediatrics to internal medicine. AIDS Care, 21(10), 1222-1229.
75. Dempsey, A., MacDonnell, K., Naar-King, S., et al. (2011). Patterns of disclosure among youth who are HIV-positive: A multisite study. Journal of Adolescent Health. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.06.003.
76. Cooper, M. L. (2002). Alcohol use and sexual risk behavior among college students and youth: Evaluating the evidence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 101-117.
77. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Effect of antiretroviral therapy on risk of sexual transmission of HIV infection and superinfection. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/treatment/resources/ factsheets/art.htm.
78. Wiener, L. S., Battles, H. B., & Wood, L. V. (2006). A longitudinal study of adolescents with perinatally or transfusion acquired HIV infection: Sexual knowledge, risk reduction self-efficacy and sexual behavior. AIDS Behavior, 11, 471-478.
79. Mellins, C., Havens, J., McDonnell, C., et al. (2009). Adherence to antiretroviral medications and medical care in HIV-infected adults diagnosed with mental and substance abuse disorders. AIDS Care, 21(2), 168-177.
80. Eaton, D., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., et al. (2010). Youth risk behavior surveillance, United States, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Review, 59(SS05), 1-142.
81. Zorilla, C., Febo, I., Ortiz, I., et al. (2003). Pregnancy in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults - Puerto Rico - 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 52(08), 149-151.
82. Buchacz, K., Rogol, A. D., Lindsey, J. C., et al. (2003). Delayed onset of pubertal development in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Journal of AIDS, 33, 56-65.
83. Tassiopoulos, K., Moscicki, B., Mellins, C., et al. (2011). Sexual behavior among perinatally, HIV-infected youth in the US: Predictors and implications for intervention development. Rome, Italy: International AIDS Society.
84. Kyngs, H. (2000). Compliance of adolescents with chronic disease. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 9(4), 549-556.
85. Hosek, S., Harper, G., & Domanico, R. (2005). Predictors of medication adherence among HIV-infected youth. Psychology Health Medicine, 10, 166-179.
86. Childs, J., & Cincotta, N. (2006). Pediatric HIV adherence: An ever-evolving challenge. Social Work in Health Care, 42(3-4), 189-208.
87. Rao, D., Kekwaletswe, T. C., Hosek, S., et al. (2007). Stigma and social barriers to medication adherence with urban youth living with HIV. AIDS Care, 19(1), 28-33.
88. Merzel, C., VanDevanter, N., & Irvine, M. (2008). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among older children and adolescents with HIV: A qualitative study of psychosocial contexts. AIDS Patient Care, 22, 977-987.
89. Fair, C., Sullivan, K., Dizney, R., & Stackpole, A. (2012). It's like losing a part of my family: Transition expectations of adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV and their guardians. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 26,1-7.
90. Wiener, L., Kohrt, B., & Battles, H. (2011). The HIV experience: Youth identified barriers for transitioning from pediatric to adult care. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36(2), 141-154.
91. Gilliam, P., Ellen, J., Leonard, L., et al. (2010). Transition of adolescents with HIV to adult care: Characteristics and current practices of the Adolescent Trials Network for HIV/AIDS interventions. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 22, 283-294.
92. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2009report/.
93. Kang, E., Claude, M., Dolezal, C., et al. (2011). Disadvantaged neighborhood influences on depression and anxiety in youth with perinatally acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Journal of Community Psychology, 39(8), 956-971.
94. Matthews, L. T., & Mukherjee, J. S. (2009). Strategies for harm reduction among HIV-affected couples who want to conceive. AIDS Behavior, 13(Suppl 1), 5-11.
95. Maes, M., Lin, A. H., Ombelet, W., et al. (2000). Immune activation in the early puerperium is related to postpartum anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25(2), 121-137.
96. Kendall-Tackett, K. (2007). A new paradigm for depression in new mothers: The central role of inflammation and how breastfeeding and anti-inflammatory treatments protect maternal mental health. International Breastfeeding Journal, 30, 2-6.
97. Blaney, N. T., Fernandez, M. I., Ethier, K. A., et al. (2004). Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Project Group. Psychosocial and behavioral correlates of depression among HIV-infected pregnant women. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 18(7), 405-415.
98. Waters, L., & Smit, E. (2012). HIV-1 superinfection. Current Opinions in Infectious Disease, 25(1), 42-50.
99. Viani, R. M., Peralta, L., Aldrovandi, G., et al. (2006). Prevalence of primary HIV-1 drug resistance among recently infected adolescents: A Multicenter Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions Study. Journal of Infectious Disease, 194, 1505-1509.
100. Bardeguez, A. D., Lindsey, J. C., Shannon, M., et al. (2008). Adherence to antiretrovirals among US women during and after pregnancy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 48(4), 408-417.
101. Merzel, C., VanDevanter, N., & Irvine, M. (2008). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among older children and adolescents with HIV: A qualitative study of psychosocial contexts. AIDS Patient Care, 22, 977-987.
102. Mellins, C., Brackis-Cott, E., Dolezal, C., et al. (2002). Patterns of HIV status disclosure to perinatally HIV-infected children and subsequent mental health outcomes. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 101-114.
103. Dowshen, D., & D'Angelo, L. (2011). Health care transition for youth living with HIV/AIDS. Pediatrics, 128, 762-771.
104. Jaganath, D., Gill, H. K., Cohen, A. C., et al. (2011). Harnessing Online Peer Education (HOPE): Integrating C-POL and social media to train peer leaders in HIV prevention. AIDS Care, 1-8. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2011.630355. Epub ahead of print.
105. Onen, N. F., Nurutdinova, D., Sungkanuparph, S., et al. (2008). Effect of postpartum HIV treatment discontinuation on long-term maternal outcome. Journal of International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care, 7(5), 245-251.
106. Nattabi, B., Li, J., Thompson, S. C., et al. (2009). A systematic review of factors influencing fertility desires and intentions among people living with HIV/AIDS: Implications for policy and service delivery. AIDS and Behavior, 13(5), 949-968.
107. Goldin, C. (1994). Stigmatization and AIDS: Critical issues in public health. Social Science and Medicine, 39, 1359-1366.