Mind, body, and the criminal law

Minnesota Law Review

Volumn 97, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 2036-2175

  Shen, Francis X ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878978082     PISSN: 00265535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (374)

1. Robert Pear, House Approves Bill on Mental Health Parity, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 6, 2008, at A14.
2. See Allen v. Bloomfield Hills Sch. Dist., 760 N.W.2d 811 (2008).
3. This case is discussed further in Francis X. Shen, Monetizing Memory Science: Neu-roscience and the Future of PTSD Litigation, in MEMORY AND LAW 325 (Lynn Nadel & Walter P. Sinnott-Armstrong eds., 2012).
4. See Lipsky v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 41 A.3d 1288 (Pa. 2012).
5. Phil Bell, The Social Construction of Bodily Injury, 31 GENEVA PA-PERS ON RISK & INS.-ISSUES & PRAC. 340, 350 (2006).
6. See David Luban & Henry Shue, Mental Torture: A Critique of Eras-ures in U.S. Law, 100 GEO. L.J. 823 (2012).
7. Uwe Jacobs, Documenting the Neurobiology of Psychological Torture: Conceptual and Neuropsychological Observations, in THE TRAUMA OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE 163, 164-65 (Almerindo E. Ojeda ed., 2008).
8. MODEL PENAL CODE § 211.1(1) (1981).
9. State v. Van Woerden, 967 P.2d 14, 19 (Wash. Ct. App. 1998).
10. Messer v. Kemp, 760 F.2d 1080, 1093 (11th Cir. 1985).
11. Rogers v. State, 396 N.E.2d 348, 352 (Ind. 1979);
12. See also Payne v. State, 484 N.E.2d 16, 18 (Ind. 1985)
13. See, e.g., David Alan Sklansky, Evidentiary Instructions and the Jury as Other, 65 STAN. L. REV. (forthcoming 2013).
14. 18 U.S.C. § 1365(h)(4) (2006).
15. See 26 U.S.C. § 104(A)(2) (2006)
16. G. Christopher, Taxation of Personal Injury Awards: Addressing the Mind/Body Dualism that Plagues § 104(A)(2) of the Tax Code, 60 CATH. U. L. REV. 211, 212, 220 (2011).
17. See generally WILLIAM BECHTEL, PHILOSOPHY OF MIND: AN OVERVIEW FOR COGNITIVE SCIENCE (1988);
18. MIND AND COGNITION: AN ANTHOLOGY (William G. Lycan & Jesse J. Prinz eds., 3d ed. 1999);
19. Howard Robinson, Dualism, in THE BLACKWELL GUIDE TO PHILOSOPHY OF MIND 85 (Stephen S. Stich & Ted A. Warfield eds., 2003).
20. MARK F. BEAR ET AL., NEUROSCIENCE: EX-PLORING THE BRAIN 23 (2d ed. 2001).
21. See Michael S. Pardo & Dennis Patterson, Philosophical Foundations of Law and Neuroscience, 2010 U. ILL. L. REV. 1211 (2010).
22. See Paul H. Robinson, A Functional Analysis of Criminal Law, 88 NW. U. L. REV. 857, 857 (1994).
23. See Sanford H. Kadish, The Criminal Law and the Luck of the Draw, 84 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 679, 679 (1994)
24. See Michael S. Moore, The Independent Moral Significance of Wrongdoing, 5 J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES 237 (1994).
25. See Louis A. Ambrose, Darrell F. Cook & Van C. Durrer, II, Survey: Developments in Maryland Law, 1990-91, 51 MD. L. REV. 612, 643 n.270
26. See 3 WILLIAM BLACKSTONE, COM-MENTARIES ON THE LAWS OF ENGLAND: IN FOUR BOOKS 121
27. See Uniform Code of Military Justice Art. 124, 10 U.S.C. § 924 (2006).
28. United States v. Cook, 462 F.2d 301, 303 (D.C. Cir. 1972);
29. See also State v. Quintana, 748 N.W.2d 447, 463 (Wis. 2008).
30. See ALA. CODE § 13A-8-41(a)(2) (1994)
31. ALASKA STAT. § 11.41.500(a)(3) (1996) (same);
32. ARK. CODE ANN. § 5-12-103 (1997)
33. CONN. GEN. STAT. § 53a-134(a)(1) (1994)
34. IOWA CODE § 711.2 (1993)
35. KY. REV. STAT. ANN. § 515.020(1)(a) (LexisNexis 1990)
36. N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 636:1(III)(c) (1996)
37. N.Y. PE-NAL LAW § 160.15 (1988)
38. OR. REV. STAT. § 164.415(1)(c) (1990)
39. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.03(a)(1) (West 1994)
40. UTAH CODE ANN. § 76-6-302(1)(b) (West 1995)
41. WASH. REV. CODE § 9A.56.200(1)(a)(iii) (1994)
42. N.Y. PENAL LAW § 120.15 (2012).
43. ALA. CODE § 13A-6-23(A) (2012).
44. 18 U.S.C. § 4246(d) (2006) (emphasis added).
45. 18 U.S.C. § 4243(d) (2006) (emphasis added).
46. 42 U.S.C. § 1997(e) (2006)
47. U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 2B1.1 cmt. n.1(B) (Nov. 1, 2010).
48. 18 U.S.C. § 1365(h)(4) (2006).
49. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18-1-901(c) (2012);
50. HAW. REV. STAT. § 707-700 (2012);
51. MINN. STAT. § 609.02(7) (2012);
52. NEB. REV. ST. § 28-109(4) (2012);
53. N.J. REV. STAT. 2C:11-1(a) (2012);
54. TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(8) (2012);
55. UTAH CODE § 76-1-601 (3) (2012);
56. VT. STAT. ANN. § 3251(5) (2012);
57. WASH. REV. CODE 9A.04.110(4)(a) (2012);
58. WISC. STAT. 939.22(4) (2012);
59. WYO. STAT. ANN. § 6-1-104(a)(i) (2012).
60. See ME. REV. STAT. tit. 17-A, § 2 (2012).
61. ALASKA STAT. § 11.81.220 (2012);
62. See also CONN. GEN. STAT. § 53a-3(3) (2012);
63. IND. CODE § 35-41-1-4 (2012);
64. N.D. CENT. CODE § 12.1-01-04 (2012).
65. See State v. Coleman, 709 A.2d 590, 595 (Conn. 1998)
66. ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 13-105(33) (2012).
67. W. VA. CODE § 61-2-9a (2012);
68. N.Y. PENAL LAW § 10.00(9) (2012);
69. 18 PA. CONS. STAT. § 2301 (2012).
70. MD. CODE ANN., CRIM. LAW § 3-203(c)(1) (West 2012).
71. ARK. CODE § 5-1-102 (14) (2010).
72. OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 2901.01(3) (West 2012).
73. TENN. CODE ANN. § 39-11-106 (2) (2010).
74. MONT. CODE ANN. § 45-2-101(5) (2011).
75. See generally Ellen P. Aprill, The Law of the Word: Dictionary Shopping in the Supreme Court, 30 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 275, 277 (1998);
76. A. Raymond Randolph, Dictionaries, Plain Meaning, and Context in Statutory Interpreta-tion, 17 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 71 (1994);
77. Samuel A. Thumma & Jeffrey L. Kirchmeier, The Lexicon Has Become A Fortress: The United States Supreme Court's Use of Dictionaries, 47 BUFF. L. REV. 227, 228-29 (1999);
78. Note, Look-ing It Up: Dictionaries and Statutory Interpretation, 107 HARV. L. REV. 1437 (1994).
79. WILLIAM D. POPKIN, A DICTIONARY OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION xv (2007).
80. BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 856 (9th ed. 2009).
81. MODEL PENAL CODE § 210.0(3) (1981).
82. BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY at 857.
83. See WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY (archaic defi-nitions omitted).
84. BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 175 (6th ed. 1990).
85. RANDOM HOUSE WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY 232 (2d ed. 2001).
86. OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 962 (1st ed. 1933).
87. WILLIAM N. ESKRIDGE, JR., DYNAMIC STATUTORY INTERPRETATION 38 (1994).
88. See, e.g., Tracy A. Bateman, Annota-tion, Sufficiency of Bodily Injury to Support Charge of Aggravated Assault, 5 A.L.R.5th 243 (1992)
89. pp.560 N.W.2d 4 (Iowa 1997).
90. See, e.g., State v. Taylor, 689 N.W.2d 116, 136 (Iowa 2004)
91. State v. Canas, 597 N.W.2d 488, 494-95 (Iowa 1999)
92. Vacated, 630 N.W.2d 601 (Iowa 2001).
93. Gordon, 560 N.W.2d at 5.
94. State v. Reynolds, 765 N.W.2d 283, 287-88 (Iowa 2009).
95. Gordon, 560 N.W.2d at 5.
96. State v. McKee, 312 N.W.2d 907, 913 (Iowa 1981)
97. Gordon, 560 N.W.2d at 6 (emphasis added).
98. Brewster v. Commonwealth, 477 S.E.2d 288, 289 (Va. Ct. App. 1996).
99. Commonwealth v. Mott, 539 A.2d 365, 367 (Pa. 1988);
100. see also Braley v. State, 572 S.E.2d 583, 590 (Ga. 2002)
101. Ferguson v. State, 438 S.E.2d 682, 684 (Ga. Ct. App. 1993)
102. Commonwealth v. Goins, 501 A.2d 279, 280 (Pa. 1985).
103. Claus v. Commonwealth, No. 2009 CA 000555 MR, 2010 WL 3717243, at *1 (Ky. Ct. App. Sept. 24, 2010)
104. Rogers v. State, 396 N.E.2d 348, 352 (Ind. 1979).
105. Lawrence M. Solan, The New Textualists' New Text, 38 LOY. L.A. L. REV. 2027, 2054 (2005).
106. See OWEN D. JONES, JEFFREY D. SCHALL & FRANCIS X. SHEN, LAW AND NEUROSCIENCE (forthcoming 2013);
107. STEPHEN J. MORSE & ADINA L. ROSKIES, A PRIMER ON CRIMINAL LAW AND NEUROSCIENCE (Stephen J. Morse & Adina L. Roskies eds., 2012);
108. Henry T. Greely & Anthony D. Wagner, Reference Guide on Neuroscience, in REFERENCE MANUAL ON SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE (Fed. Judicial Ctr. et al. eds., 3d ed. 2012);
109. Oliver R. Goodenough & Micaela Tucker, Law and Cognitive Neuroscience, 6 ANN. REV. L. SOC. SCI. 61 (2010);
110. Owen D. Jones et al., Brain Imaging for Legal Thinkers: A Guide for the Perplexed, 2009 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 5 (2009);
111. Francis X. Shen, The Law and Neuroscience Bibliography: Nav-igating the Emerging Field of Neurolaw, 38 INT'L. J. LEGAL INFO. 352 (2010);
112. Stacey A. Tovino, Functional Neuroimaging and the Law: Trends and Directions for Future Scholarship, 7 AM. J. BIOETHICS 44 (2007).
113. For additional resources, see MACARTHUR FOUND. RES. NETWORK ON LAW & NEUROSCIENCE, www.lawneuro.org (last visited Mar. 12, 2013).
114. 760 N.W.2d 811 (2008).
115. Nita A. Farahany, An Empirical Study of Brains and Genes in U.S. Criminal Law (2011)
116. What We Do: History of SfN, SOC'Y FOR NEUROSCIENCE, http://www .sfn.org/About/What-We-Do/History-of-SfN (last visited Mar. 1, 2013).
117. See generally LAW AND THE BRAIN (Semir Zeki & Oliver Goodenough eds., 2006)
118. Bruce A. Arrigo, Punishment, Freedom, and the Culture of Control: The Case of Brain Imaging and the Law, 33 AM. J.L. & MED. 457 (2007)
119. Nita A. Farahany & James E. Coleman, Jr., Genetics, Neuroscience, and Criminal Responsibility, in THE IMPACT OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES ON CRIMINAL LAW 183 (Nita A. Farahany ed., 2009);
120. LAW AND NEUROSCIENCE: CURRENT LEGAL ISSUES 2010 (Michael Freeman ed., 2010);
121. LAW, MIND AND BRAIN (Michael Freeman & Oli-ver R. Goodenough eds., 2009)
122. See, e.g., Joshua Greene & Jonathan Cohen, For the Law, Neurosci-ence Changes Nothing and Everything, 359 PHIL. TRANSACTIONS ROYAL SOC'Y LONDON BIOLOGICAL SCI. 1775 (2004);
123. Stephen J. Morse, Determinism and the Death of Folk Psychology: Two Challenges to Responsibility from Neuroscience, 9 MINN. J.L. SCI. & TECH. 1 (2008);
124. Michael S. Pardo, Philosophical Founda-tions of Law and Neuroscience, 2010 U. ILL. L. REV. 1211 (2010).
125. United States v. Semrau, No. 07-10074, 2010 WL 6845092 (W.D. Tenn. 2010).
126. State v. Nelson, F05-846 (Fla. Cir. Ct. 2010).
127. Miller v. Alabama, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 2464-66 (2012);
128. Graham v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 2026 (2010).
129. Owen D. Jones & Francis X. Shen, Law and Neuroscience in the United States, in INTERNATIONAL NEUROLAW 349 (Tade M. Spranger ed., 2011).
130. For example, in 2007, the Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research ran a conference titled Law, Biology and the Brain.
131. Symposium, Emotions in Context: Exploring the Interaction Between Emotions and Legal Insti-tutions, 33 VT. L. REV. 3 (2009).
132. The MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Law and Neuroscience continues to run such events See Education and Outreach, MACARTHUR FOUND. RES. NETWORK ON LAW & NEUROSCIENCE, http://www.lawneuro.org/outreach.php
133. H.R. A9154, 232d Leg., Reg. Sess. (N.Y. 2009), available at http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default-fld=&bn=A09154&term= 2009&Summary=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Yhttp://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn= A09154http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A09154.
134. H.R. 785, Reg. Sess. (Ala. 2009).
135. Francis X. Shen, Law and Neuroscience: Possibilities for Pros-ecutors, 33 CAL. DIST. ATT'YS ASS'N PROSECUTOR'S BRIEF 17, 23 n.41 (2011).
136. See, e.g., Howard Fields, Can Neurosci-ence Identify Pain?, in A JUDGE'S GUIDE TO NEUROSCIENCE 32 (2010);
137. Betsy J. Grey, Neuroscience and Emotional Harm in Tort Law: Rethinking the American Approach to Free-Standing Emotional Distress Claims, in LAW AND NEU-ROSCIENCE: CURRENT LEGAL ISSUES 203 (Michael Freeman ed., 2010);
138. Betsy J. Grey, Neuroscience, Emotional Harm, and Emotional Distress Tort Claims, 7 AM. J. BIOETHICS 65 (2007);
139. Adam J. Kolber, The Experiential Future of the Law, 60 EMORY L.J. 585 (2011);
140. Adam J. Kolber, Pain Detection and the Priva-cy of Subjective Experience, 33 AM. J.L. & MED. 433 (2007);
141. Rick Swedloff & Peter H. Huang, Tort Damages and the New Science of Happiness, 85 IND. L.J. 553 (2010).
142. See, e.g., LAURENCE MILLER, COUNSELING CRIME VICTIMS: PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS (2008);
143. MARLENE A. YOUNG, Psychological Trauma of Crime Victimization, in VICTIM ASSISTANCE: FRONTIERS AND FUNDAMENTALS 1 (1993);
144. Irene Hanson Frieze, Sharon Hymer & Martin S. Greenberg, Describing the Crime Victim: Psychological Reactions to Victimization, 18 PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOL.: RESEARCH & PRAC. 299 (1987);
145. Patricia A. Resick, Psychological Effects of Victimization: Implications for the Criminal Justice System, 33 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 468 (1987);
146. Philip W. Wirtz & Adele V. Harrell, Assaultive Versus Nonassaultive Victimization: A Profile Analysis of Psychological Response, 2 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 264 (1987).
147. See ANDREW KARMEN, CRIME VICTIMS: AN INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY (7th ed. 2010).
148. Ted R. Miller et al., Victim Costs of Violent Crime and Resulting Inju-ries, 12 HEALTH AFFAIRS 186, 196 (1993).
149. See Francis X. Shen, How We Still Fail Rape Victims: Reflecting on Responsi-bility and Legal Reform, 22 COLUM. J. GENDER & L. 1 (2011);
150. Francis X. Shen, Assessing the Harms of Rape, Dissertation Chapter, Harvard University (2008)
151. See, e.g., Rochelle F. Hanson, Genelle K. Sawyer, Angela M. Begle & Grace S. Hubel, The Impact of Crime Victimization on Quality of Life, 23 J. TRAUMATIC STRESS 189 (2010).
152. Naomi Breslau & Glenn C. Davis, Migraine, Major Depression and Panic Disorder: A Prospective Epidemiologic Study of Young Adults, 12 CEPHALALGIA 85, 85 (1992);
153. Naomi Breslau et al., Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an Urban Population of Young Adults, 48 ARCHIVES GEN. PSCYCHOL. 216, 216 (1991).
154. Mark A. Cohen & Roger Bowles, Estimating Costs of Crime, in HAND-BOOK OF QUANTITATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 143 (Alex R. Piquero & David Weisburd eds., 2010);
155. 155 CONG. REC. H8188 (daily ed. July 16, 2009)
156. See Brian D. Shannon, The Brain Gets Sick, Too-The Case for Equal Insurance Coverage for Serious Mental Illness, 24 ST. MARY'S L.J. 365 (1993);
157. Stacey A. Tovino, Neuroscience and Health Law: An Integrative Approach?, 42 AKRON L. REV. 469, 489-97 (2009);
158. See also Martha Chamallas, Removing Emotional Harm from the Core of Tort Law, 54 VAND. L. REV. 751, 752 (2001)
159. Martha Chamallas, The Architecture of Bias: Deep Structures in Tort Law, 146 U. PA. L. REV. 463 (1998);
160. John J. Kircher, The Four Faces of Tort Law: Liability for Emotional Harm, 90 MARQ. L. REV. 789 (2007);
161. State Laws Mandating or Regulating Mental Health Benefits, NAT'L CONF. ST. LEGISLATURES, http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=14352 (last updated Dec. 2012).
162. Marcia C. Peck & Richard M. Scheffler, An Analysis of the Definitions of Men-tal Illness Used in State Parity Laws, 53 PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES 1089, 1091-93 (2002).
163. Mark Anderson & Lynda Cannova, 50 Years of Mental Health Hope and Struggle: 1957-2007, COUNCIL ON CRIME & JUST., http://www .crimeandjustice.org/councilinfo.cfm?pID=54 (last visited Mar. 3, 2013).
164. Kristina W. Hanson, Public Opinion and the Mental Health Parity De-bate: Lessons from the Survey Literature, 49 PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES 1059 (1998)
165. Bernice A. Pescosolido et al., "A Disease Like Any Other"? A Decade of Change in Public Reactions to Schizophrenia, Depression, and Alcohol Dependence, 167 AM. J. PSYCHIATRY 1321 (2010).
166. Breaking the Silence: Teaching School Kids About Mental Illness, NAT'L ALLIANCE ON MENTAL ILLNESS, http://tinyurl.com/3kcwpxv (last visited Mar. 3, 2013).
167. Brian D. Shannon, Paving the Path to Parity in Health Insurance Coverage for Mental Illness: New Law or Merely Good Intentions?, 68 U. COLO. L. REV. 63, 65-70 (1997);
168. Ethan Kross, Marc G. Berman, Walter Mischel, Ed-ward E. Smith & Tor D. Wager, Social Rejection Shares Somatosensory Repre-sentations with Physical Pain, 108 PROC. NAT'L ACAD. SCI. U.S. OF AMERICA 6270, 6270 (2011);
169. See also Naomi I. Eisenberger, Matthew D. Lieberman & Kipling D. Williams, Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion, 302 SCI. 290 (2003)
170. Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1997: Hearings Before Subcomm. of the Comm. on Appropriations, 104th CONG. 377 (1996) (statement of Steven Hy-man, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health)
171. Kaufman v. W. Union Tel. Co., 224 F.2d 723, 731 (5th Cir. 1955).
172. Pekin Ins. Co. v. Hugh, 501 N.W.2d 508, 512 (Iowa 1993)
173. See California Penal Code 273.5 PC: Corporal Injury on a Spouse, Co-habitant, or Fellow Parent, SHOUSE L. GROUP, http://www.shouselaw.com/ domestic-violence273-5.html (last visited Mar. 12, 2013).
174. See Allen v. Bloomfield Hills Sch. Dist., 760 N.W.2d 811, 815-16 (Mich. Ct. App. 2008)
175. MICH. COMP. LAWS § 691.1405 (2000).
176. See Allen, 760 N.W.2d at 814-15.
177. http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/NNBBHS.pdf
178. See e.g., Defendant-Appellant's Reply to Plaintiff-Appellees' Opposing Brief to Defendant-Appellant's Application for Leave to Appeal at 2-3, Allen, 779 N.W.2d 793 (No. 137607), 2008 WL 7165009, at *2-3.
179. Wesche v. Mecosta Cnty. Rd. Comm'n, 746 N.W.2d 847, 853-54 (Mich. 2008).
180. See Allen v. Bloomfield Hills Sch. Dist., 764 N.W.2d 576 (Mich. 2009).
181. See Allen v. Bloomfield Hills Sch. Dist., 772 N.W.2d 783 (Mich. 2009).
182. See Adam J. Berinsky et al., Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Re-search: Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk, 20 POL. ANALYSIS 351, 353-54 (2012)
183. See Theodore Eisenberg, Why Do Empirical Legal Scholarship?, 41 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 1741, 1742 (2004)
184. Tracey E. George, An Empirical Study of Empirical Legal Scholarship: The Top Law Schools, 81 IND. L.J. 141, 144-47 (2006)
185. Jeffrey J. Rachlinski, Evidence-Based Law, 96 CORNELL L. REV. 901, 904-10 (2011)
186. See, e.g., Paul H. Robinson & John M. Darley, Objectivist Versus Sub-jectivist Views of Criminality: A Study in the Role of Social Science in Criminal Law Theory, 18 OXFORD J. LEGAL STUD. 409, 416-18 (1998).
187. See, e.g., Robert Weisberg, Tragedy, Skepticism, Empirics, and the MPCS, 61 FLA. L. REV. 797, 811-13 (2009)
188. David S. Goldman, Legal Construct Validation: Expanding Empirical Legal Scholarship to Unobservable Concepts, 36 CAP. U. L. REV. 79, 116-17 (2007)
189. Richard H. McAdams & Thomas S. Ulen, Intro-duction to the Symposium on Empirical and Experimental Methods in Law, 2002 U. ILL. L. REV. 791 (2002).
190. See Gregory Mitchell, Revisiting Truth or Trivi-ality: The External Validity of Research in the Psychological Laboratory, 7 PERSP. ON PSYCH. SCI. 109, 109 (2012)
191. See, e.g., Robert P. Charrow & Veda R. Charrow, Making Legal Lan-guage Understandable: A Psycholinguistic Study of Jury Instructions, 79 COLUM. L. REV. 1306 (1979);
192. Gabriella Ramirez et al., Judges' Cautionary In-structions on Eyewitness Testimony, 14 AM. J. FORENSIC PSYCHOL. 31 (1996).
193. For a review, see Janice Nadler & Mary R. Rose, Victim Im-pact Testimony and the Psychology of Punishment, 88 CORNELL L. REV. 419 (2003).
194. See also Jeremy A. Blumenthal, Affective Forecasting and Capital Sen-tencing: Reducing the Effect of Victim Impact Statements, 46 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 107 (2009)
195. Paul G. Cassell, In Defense of Victim Impact Statements, 6 OHIO ST. J. CRIM. L. 611, 634-36 (2009)
196. Julian V. Roberts, Listening to the Crime Victim: Evaluating Victim Input at Sentencing and Parole, 38 CRIME & JUST. 347, 373-75 (2009)
197. See, e.g., Brian H. Bornstein & Edie Greene, Jury Decision Making: Implications for and from Psychology, 20 CURRENT DIRECTIONS PSYCHOL. SCI. 63 (2011);
198. Jessica M. Salerno & Shari Seidman Diamond, The Promise of a Cognitive Perspective on Jury Deliberation, 17 PSYCHONOMIC BULL. & REV. 174 (2010).
199. Theodore Eisenberg et al., Juries, Judges, and Punitive Damages: Empirical Analyses Using the Civil Justice Survey of State Courts 1992, 1996, and 2001 Data, 3 J. EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUD. 263, 285-87 (2006).
200. Lisa G. Aspinwall et al., The Double-Edged Sword: Does Biomechanism Increase or Decrease Judges' Sentencing of Psychopaths?, 337 SCIENCE 846 (2012);
201. David P. McCabe et al., The Influence of fMRI Lie Detec-tion Evidence on Juror Decision Making, 29 BEHAV. SCI. L. 566 (2011);
202. N.J. Schweitzer et al., Neuroimages as Evidence in a Mens Rea Defense: No Impact, 17 PSYCHOL. PUB. POL'Y & L. 357 (2011);
203. Deena Skolnick Weisberg et al., The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations, 20 J. COGNITIVE NEUROSCI-ENCE 470 (2008).
204. No. 07-44531 32D, 2009 WL 4731140 (Fla. Cir. Ct. Sept. 29, 2009).
205. Christoph W. Turck et al., Proteomic Strategies for Biomarker Discovery: From Differential Expression to Isofroms to Pathways, in BI-OMARKERS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 57, 60 fig.3.1 (2009).
206. Ulf-Dietrich Reips, Standards for Internet-Based Experimenting, 49 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOL. 243, 244 (2002)
207. Studies relying on Qualtrics experiments include Jonathan S. Abramowitz et al., Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: The Contribution of Ob-sessional Beliefs and Experiential Avoidance, 23 J. ANXIETY DISORDERS 160 (2009);
208. Yany Grégoire et al., When Customer Love Turns into Lasting Hate: The Effects of Relationship Strength and Time on Customer Revenge and Avoidance, 73 J. MARKETING (2009);
209. Paul H. Robinson et al., The Disutility of Injustice, 85 N.Y.U. L. REV. 1940 (2010).
210. Michael Buhrmester et al., Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, yet High-Quality, Data?, 6 PERSP. PSYCHOL. SCI. 3, 4 (2011);
211. John J. Horton et al., The Online Laboratory: Conducting Experiments in a Real Labor Market, 14 EXPERI-MENTAL ECON. 399, 402 (2011).
212. The issue is discussed in Francis X. Shen, et al., Sorting Guilty Minds, 86 N.Y.U. L. REV. 1306, 1324-26 (2011).
213. See, e.g., Michael E. Gordon et al., The "Science of the Sophomore" Revisited: From Conjecture to Empiricism, 11 ACAD. MGMT. REV. 191 (1986).
214. See Steven Levitt & John A. List, What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Prefer-ences Reveal About the Real World?, 21 J. ECON. PERSP. 153, 154 (2007)
215. See generally Jerald Greenberg, The College Sophomore as Guinea Pig: Setting the Record Straight, 12 ACAD. MGMT REV. 157 (1987)
216. Marc Hooghe et al., Why Can't a Student Be More Like an Average Person?: Sampling and Attrition Effects in Social Sci-ence Field and Laboratory Experiments, 628 ANNALS AM. ACAD. POL. & SOC. SCI. 85 (2010)
217. Robert A. Peterson, On the Use of College Students in Social Science Research: Insights from a Second-Order Meta-Analysis, 28 J. CON-SUMER RES. 450 (2001)
218. See, e.g., Maurice L. Farber, The College Student as Laboratory Animal, 7 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 102 (1952).
219. Lewis v. State, 898 N.E.2d 429, 434-35 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied, 915 N.E.2d 986 (2009).
220. See also Bailey v. State, 961 N.E.2d 1047 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012)
221. William L. Prosser, Intentional Infliction of Mental Suffering: A New Tort, 37 MICH. L. REV. 874, 877 (1939).
222. WAYNE R. LAFAVE, Physical Harm and Apprehension Thereof, in 2 SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW 550, 553-54 (2d ed. 2003).
223. ROLLIN M. PERKINS, CRIMINAL LAW 114 (2d ed. 1969).
224. See R v. Cotesworth, (1705) 87 Eng.Rep. 928 (K.B.)
225. See People v. Pinholster, 1 Cal. 4th 865, 961 (1992).
226. See Maj Hansen & Ask Elklit, Predictors of Acute Stress Disorder in Response to Bank Robbery, 2 EUR. J. PSYCHOTRAUMATOLOGY 5864 (2011);
227. Andre Marchand et al., A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Adapted Form of Individual Critical Incident Stress De-briefing for Victims of an Armed Robbery, 6 BRIEF TREATMENT & CRISIS IN-TERVENTION 122 (2006).
228. See Michael M. Blazina, "With the Intent to Inflict Such Injury": The Courts and the Legislature Create Confusion in Cali-fornia Penal Code Section 12022.7, 28 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 963 (1991).
229. See, e.g., United States v. Johnson, 637 F.2d 1224, 1246 (9th Cir. 1980)
230. JOSHUA DRESSLER, UNDERSTANDING CRIMINAL LAW 112 (6th ed. 2012).
231. State v. Van Woerden, 967 P.2d 14 (Wash. Ct. App. 1998).
232. Deborah Demander, Six Face Mis-demeanor Arraignments in Circuit Court, UINTA COUNTY HERALD (Nov. 25, 2011), http://www.uintacountyherald.com/v2-news- articles.php?heading=0&page=72&story-id=5085.
233. RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 46 (1977).
234. See, e.g., PAUL H. ROBINSON, DISTRIBUTIVE PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW: WHO SHOULD BE PUNISHED HOW MUCH? 10 (2008)
235. Paul H. Robinson, Competing Conceptions of Modern Desert: Vengeful, Deontological, and Empirical, 67 CAMB. L.J. 145, 154 (2008)
236. Paul H. Robinson & John M. Dar-ley, Intuitions of Justice: Implications for Criminal Law and Justice Policy, 81 S. CAL. L. REV. 1 (2007);
237. Paul H. Robinson, Why Does the Criminal Law Care What the Lay Person Thinks Is Just? Coercive Versus. Normative Crime Control, 86 VA. L. REV. 1838 (2000);
238. Paul H. Robinson & John M. Darley, The Utility of Desert, 91 NW. U. L. REV. 453 (1997).
239. Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act, AM. PSYCH. ASS'N, http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/parity-law.aspx (last visited Mar. 3, 2013).
240. Robert L. Rabin, Emotional Distress in Tort Law: Themes of Constraint, 44 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 1197 (2009).
241. Francis X. Shen, Neurolegislation and Juvenile Justice, 59 LOY. L.A. L. REV. (forthcoming 2013).
242. See, e.g., State Alco-hol, Drug Abuse, Developmental Disabilities and Mental Health Act, WIS. STAT. §§ 51.01-51.95 (2012).
243. See Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566, 574 (1974)
244. Connally v. Gen. Constr. Co., 269 U.S. 385, 391 (1926).
245. Paul H. Robinson, Criminal Law Defenses: A Systematic Analysis, 82 COLUM. L. REV. 199, 265-66 (1982).
246. FLA. STAT. § 775.021 (2012).
247. ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 13-101(1) (2012).
248. COL. REV. STAT. § 18-1-102(1)(c) (2012).
249. Nix v. Hedden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893).
250. John Platt, Presentations on the Neurobiology of PTSD This Week, PTSD NEWS (Mar. 26, 2012), http://ptsd-news.blogspot.com/2012/03/presentations-on- neurobiology-of-ptsd.html.
251. Alexandra Hitzler, Kennedy Speaks on Research, Mental Health, DAI-LY ORANGE, Oct. 11, 2012, http://dailyorange.com/2012/10/kennedy-speaks-on- research-mental-health/.
252. See Lawrence M. Solan, The New Textualists' New Text, 38 LOY. L.A. L. REV. 2027, 2053 (2005)
253. FLA. STAT. § 827.03(1)(b)(1) (2012)
254. FLA. STAT. § 827.03(1)(b)(2)-(3).
255. See Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect, U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVS. (2011), http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws-policies/ statutes/define.cfm/.
256. FLA. STAT. § 827.03(1)(d) (2012).
257. WIS. STAT. § 46.90 (2012)
258. Steven E. Hyman, Can Neuroscience Be Integrated into the DSM-V? 8 NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE 725, 725 (2007).
259. See generally Mary A. Conroy & Phylissa P. Kwartner, Malingering, 2 APPLIED PSYCH. CRIM. JUST. 29 (2006).
260. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e (2006).
261. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e);
262. See also Siglar v. Hightower, 112 F.3d 191, 193 (5th Cir.1997).
263. IOWA CODE § 702.18 (2012).
264. Ronald L. Nelson, Torture in the Law of the Fifty American States: Searching for Definition, 4 WAR CRIMES, GENOCIDE & CRIMES AGAINST HU-MANITY 1, 5 (2010).
265. Memorandum from Jay S. Bybee to Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President 1 (Aug. 1, 2002), available at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/ documents/dojinterrogationmemo20020801.pdf.
266. Vincent Iacopino, Scott A. Allen & Allen S. Keller, Bad Science Used to Support Torture and Human Experimentation, 331 SCI. 34 (2011).
267. CONN. GEN. STAT. § 53-20(a)(1) (2012).
268. State v. Garcia, 673 P.2d 955, 958 (1983).
269. See, e.g., State v. Rossier, 397 A.2d 110 (1978).
270. United States v. Rivera, 83 F.3d 542, 544 (1st Cir. 1996).
271. See Phillip M. Spector, The Sentencing Rule of Lenity, 33 U. TOL. L. REV. 511, 576-77 (2001)
272. See Carjacking Correction Act of 1996, H.R. 3676 (1996)
273. A. Raymond Randolph, Dictionaries, Plain Meaning, and Context in Statutory Interpretation, 17 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 71, 78 (1994).
274. WIS. LEGISLATURE, http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/proposals/SB109 (last visited Feb. 28, 2013).
275. Constituent Ideas Turn into New Laws, WEBSITE OF JOE LEIBHAM, http://legis.wisconsin.gov/senate/leibham/PressReleases/Pages/pa-show.aspx?id= Constituent+Ideas+Turn+Into+New+Laws (last visited Feb. 28, 2013).
276. NEV. REV. STAT. § 200.603 (2011).
277. LARRY ALEXANDER & KIMBERLY KESSLER FERZAN, CRIME AND CULPA-BILITY: A THEORY OF CRIMINAL LAW 171-96 (2009)
278. JOHN STUART MILL, ON LIBERTY 80 (David Bromwich & George Kateb eds., 2003) (1859).
279. See, e.g., Freedom of Speech, STAN. ENCYCLOPEDIA PHIL., http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freedom-speech/#JohStuMilHarPri (last updated July 1, 2012).
280. 2 JOEL FEINBERG, THE MORAL LIMITS OF THE CRIMINAL LAW: OFFENSE TO OTHERS (1985);
281. 3 JOEL FEINBERG, THE MOR-AL LIMITS OF THE CRIMINAL LAW: HARM TO SELF (1986);
282. 4 JOEL FEINBERG, THE MORAL LIMITS OF THE CRIMINAL LAW: HARMLESS WRONGDOING (1988).
283. Frederick Schauer, On the Relation Be-tween Chapters One and Two of John Stuart Mill's On Liberty, 39 CAP. U. L. REV. 571, 574 n.15 (2011).
284. See R.A. Duff, Harms and Wrongs, 5 BUFFALO CRIM. L. REV. 13 (2001).
285. John Kleinig, Crime and the Concept of Harm, 15 AM. PHIL. Q. 27, 32 (1978).
286. E.g., Haralson v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 564 F. Supp. 2d 616, 619 (N.D. Tex. 2008);
287. Garvis v. Emp'rs Mut. Cas. Co., 497 N.W.2d 254, 256-57 (Minn. 1993);
288. Derousse v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 298 S.W.3d 891, 893 (Mo. 2009)
289. Tucker v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 215 P.3d 1, 5-6 (Mont. 2009);
290. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Wagner-Ellsworth, 188 P.3d 1042, 1046 (Mont. 2008);
291. M. Jane Goode, Bodily Injury and Personal Injury, in 1 LAW AND PRACTICE OF INSURANCE COVERAGE LITIGATION § 6:11 (2011)
292. Am. States Ins. Co. v. Cooper, 518 So. 2d 708, 708-09 (Ala. 1987).
293. Lavanant v. General Accident Ins. Co. of Am., 561 N.Y.S.2d 164, 165 (N.Y. App. Div. 1990).
294. Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. Cowan, 945 S.W.2d 819, 821 (Tex. 1997).
295. Voorhees v. Preferred Mut. Ins. Co., 607 A.2d 1255, 1261 (N.J. 1992).
296. Sasha Chavkin, Mental Health Claims from Oil Spill Probably Won't Be Paid, PROPUBLICA (July 27, 2010, 10:53 AM), http://www.propublica.org/article/ mental-health-claims-from-oil-spill-probably-wont-be-paid.
297. Rosemary Black, Oil Spill Related Mental Health Claims: Should BP Have to Pay Up?, N.Y. DAILY NEWS (Aug. 18, 2010, 4:00 AM), http://articles .nydailynews.com/2010-08-18/news/27072910-1-oil-spill-health-claims-gulf-of- mexico-oil.
298. 49 U.S.C. § 40105 hist. n. (2006);
299. Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air, Oct. 12, 1929, 49 Stat. 3000, T.S. No. 876 (1934).
300. E. Airlines, Inc. v. Floyd, 499 U.S. 530, 534 (1991).
301. Carey v. United Airlines, 255 F.3d 1044, 1052 (9th Cir. 2001).
302. Weaver v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 56 F. Supp. 2d 1190, 1192 (D. Mont. 1999)
303. Vacated, 211 F. Supp. 2d 1252 (D. Mont. 2002) (mem.).
304. Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. Cowan, 945 S.W.2d 819, 823-24 (Tex. 1997).
305. See also Aim Ins. Co. v. Culcasi, 229 Cal. App. 3d 209, 219 (1991)
306. Derousse v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 298 S.W.3d 891, 894 (Mo. 2009)
307. 588 F. Supp. 1324, 1327 (N.D. Ala. 1984)
308. Am. States Ins. Co. v. Cooper, 518 So. 2d 708, 710 (Ala. 1987).
309. Hill v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 935 So. 2d 691, 694 (La. 2006);
310. Lavanant v. Gen. Accident Ins. Co. of Am., 561 N.Y.S.2d 164, 168 (N.Y. App. Div. 1990).
311. E.g., Admiral Ins. Co. v. Hosler, 626 F. Supp. 2d 1105, 1114 (D. Colo. 2009);
312. Haralson v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 564 F. Supp. 2d 616, 622-25 (N.D. Tex. 2008);
313. Garvis v. Emp'rs Mut. Cas. Co., 497 N.W.2d 254, 257 (Minn. 1993);
314. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Wagner-Ellsworth, 188 P.3d 1042, 1051 (Mont. 2008);
315. Voorhees v. Preferred Mut. Ins. Co., 607 A.2d 1255, 1261 (N.J. 1992);
316. Trinh v. Allstate Ins. Co., 37 P.3d 1259, 1264 (Wash. Ct. App. 2002).
317. Trinh, 37 P.3d at 1264.
318. Haralson, 564 F. Supp. 2d at 625;
319. Wagner-Ellsworth, 188 P.3d at 1051;
320. Voorhees, 607 A.2d at 1261.
321. Garvis, 497 N.W.2d at 257.
322. Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. Cowan, 945 S.W.2d 819, 823 (Tex. 1997)
323. See also Hosler, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 1114
324. Voorhees, 607 A.2d at 1261;
325. Trinh, 37 P.3d at 1264.
326. James E. Scheuermann, The Injury in Fact Theory as a Solution to the Trigger of Coverage Issue, 24 TORT & INS. L.J. 763, 767-68 (1989).
327. See, e.g., Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Forty-Eight Insulations, Inc., 633 F.2d 1212, 1217-18 (6th Cir. 1980).
328. Keene Corp. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 667 F.2d 1034, 1045 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
329. see, e.g., Eagle-Picher In-dus., Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 682 F.2d 12, 19 (1st Cir. 1982).
330. Am. Home Prods. Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 565 F. Supp. 1485, 1489 (S.D.N.Y. 1983)
331. 748 F.2d 760 (2d Cir. 1984).
332. Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. Cowan, 945 S.W.2d 819, 822 (Tex. 1997).
333. Derousse v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins., 298 S.W.3d 891, 894 (Mo. 2009) (en banc).
334. Morrison Assurance Co. v. N. Am. Reinsurance Corp., 588 F. Supp. 1324, 1327 (N.D. Ala. 1984).
335. Am. States Ins. Co. v. Cooper, 518 So. 2d 708, 710 (Ala. 1987).
336. Hill v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 935 So. 2d 691, 694 (La. 2006).
337. 311. Lavanant v. Gen. Accident Ins. Co. of Am., 561 N.Y.S.2d 164, 167 (N.Y. App. Div. 1990).
338. Pekin Ins. Co. v. Hugh, 501 N.W.2d 508, 510 (Iowa 1993).
339. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Wagner-Ellsworth, 188 P.3d 1042, 1051 (Mont. 2008).
340. Garvis v. Emp'rs Mut. Cas. Co., 497 N.W.2d 254, 257 (Minn. 1993).
341. Vorhees v. Preferred Mut. Ins. Co., 607 A.2d 1255, 1258 (N.J. 1992).
342. Trinh v. Allstate Ins. Co., 37 P.3d 1259, 1261 (Wash. Ct. App. 2002).
343. Tucker v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 215 P.3d 1, 5 (Mont. 2009).
344. ARK. CODE § 5-13-203 (2010)
345. See also FLA. STAT. § 784.045 (2012)
346. 720 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5 /12-3 (2012)
347. See 18 U.S.C. § 1365(h)(3) (2006)
348. LA. REV. STAT. § 14:33 (2012)
349. Commonwealth v. Gorassi, 733 N.E.2d 106, 110 (Mass. 2000)
350. People v. Johnson, 284 N.W.2d 718, 718 (Mich. 1979)
351. State v. Britt, 154 S.E.2d 519, 521 (N.C. 1967)
352. OKLA. STAT. tit. 21, § 642 (2012)
353. State v. Jeremiah, 546 A.2d 183, 186 (R.I. 1988)
354. Zimmerman v. Commonwealth, 585 S.E.2d 538, 539 (Va. 2003) (cita-tions omitted).
355. State v. Sample, 757 P.2d 539, 540 (Wash. Ct. App. 1988).
356. See also W. VA. CODE § 61-8B-1(9) (2012) .
357. See Landy F. Sparr & Roger K. Pitman, PTSD and the Law, in HANDBOOK OF PTSD: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 449 (Matthew J. Friedman et al. eds., 2007)
358. Erin D. Bigler, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Causality Considera-tions from a Neuroimaging and Neuropathology Perspective, in PSYCHOLOGI-CAL KNOWLEDGE IN COURT: PTSD, PAIN, AND TBI 308, 324 (Gerald Young et al. eds., 2006);
359. Melissa A. Polusny & Paul A. Arbisi, Assessment of Psychologi-cal Distress and Disability After Sexual Assault in Adults, in PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN COURT, at 97, 111.
360. See generally C. R. BREWIN, POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: MAL-ADY OR MYTH? 11-15 (2003)
361. L.H. Field, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Reappraisal, 92 J. ROY-AL SOC'Y MED. 35, 36 (1999).
362. Alan A. Stone, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Law: Critical Review of the New Frontier, 21 BULL. AM. ACAD. PSYCHIATRY & L. 23, 23 (1993).
363. See NAT'L CTR. PTSD, About Us, U.S. DEP'T VETERANS AFFAIRS (2013), http://www.ptsd.va.gov/about/index.asp.
364. Lisa M. Shin et al., Structural and Functional Anatomy of PTSD: Findings from Neuroimaging Research, in NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF PTSD: BIO-LOGICAL, COGNITIVE, AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES 59 (Jennifer J. Vasterling & Chris R. Brewin eds., 2005).
365. R.A. Lanius et al., A Review of Neuroimaging Studies in PTSD: Heter-ogeneity of Response to Symptom Provocation, 40 J. PSYCHIATRIC RES. 709, 711-14 (2006).
366. James W. Hopper et al., Neural Correlates of Reexperiencing, Avoidance, and Dissociation in PTSD: Symptom Dimensions and Emotion Dysregulation in Responses to Script-Driven Trauma Imagery, 20 J. TRAUMATIC STRESS 713, 714 (2007).
367. Image Bank: The Areas of the Brain Affected in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, LUNDBECK INST., http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/Neuro-biol- PTSD/default.aspx (last visited Feb. 22, 2013).
368. Lynn Nadel, Multiple Memory Systems: A New View, in 1 LEARNING AND MEMORY: A COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE 41, 43-44 (Randolf Menzel & John H. Byrne eds., 2008).
369. Lynn Nadel & W.J. Jacobs, The Role of the Hippocampus in PTSD, Panic and Phobia, in THE HIPPOCAMPUS FUNCTIONS AND CLINICAL RELE-VANCE 455, 457 (Nobumasa Kato ed., 1996).
370. Replication data is available by request from the author and online at Harvard Dataverse Network, Harvard Univ., http://dvn.iq.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/ bodilyinjury (last visited Apr. 21, 2013).
371. see also Daniel M. Oppenheimer et al., Instructional Manipulation Checks: Detecting Satisficing to Increase Statistical Power, 45 J. EXPERIMENTAL & SOC. PSYCHOL. 867, 867-68 (2009).
372. BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 856 (9th ed. 2009).
373. BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 175 (6th ed. 1990).
374. 18 U.S.C. § 1365(h)(4) (2006).