The northern and southern sections of the western ca. 1880Ma Circum-Superior Large Igneous Province, North America: The Pickle Crow dyke connection?

Lithos

Volumn 174, Issue , 2013, Pages 217-235

  Minifie, Matthew J ^a   Kerr, Andrew C ^a   Ernst, Richard E ^b,c   Hastie, Alan R ^d   Ciborowski, T Jake R ^a   Desharnais, Guy ^e   Millar, Ian L ^f  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Ernst Geosciences   (Canada)

^c CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d KINGSTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e SGS Geostat   (Canada)

^f NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Circum Superior; Geochemistry; Mantle plume; Proterozoic; Superior Province

Indexed keywords

CRATON; DIKE; HETEROGENEITY; IGNEOUS GEOCHEMISTRY; IGNEOUS ROCK; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCE; MAGMA; MAGMATISM; MANTLE PLUME; PARTIAL MELTING; PROTEROZOIC; TECTONIC SETTING; VOLCANIC ROCK;

CANADA; FOX RIVER [MANITOBA]; GREAT LAKES [NORTH AMERICA]; LAKE SUPERIOR; MANITOBA; SUPERIOR PROVINCE;

EID: 84878938022     PISSN: 00244937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2012.03.017     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Adam J., Green T.H. The effects of pressure and temperature on the partitioning of Ti, Sr and REE between amphibole, clinopyroxene and basanitic melts. Chemical Geology 1994, 117:219-233.
2. Aigner-Torres M., Blundy J., Ulmer P., Pettke T. Laser ablation ICP-MS study of trace element partitioning between plagioclase and basaltic melts: an experimental approach. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2007, 153:647-667.
3. Arndt N.T. Komatiites. Archean Crustal Evolution 1994, 11-44. Elsevier, Amsterdam. K.C. Condie (Ed.).
4. Asimow P.D., Ghiorso M.S. Algorithmic modifications extending MELTS to calculate subsolidus phase relations. American Mineralogist 1998, 83:1127-1132.
5. Baragar W.R.A., Scoates R.F.J. The Circum-Superior Belt; a Proterozoic plate margin?. Precambrian Plate Tectonics 1981, 297-330. Elsevier, Amsterdam. A. Kroener (Ed.).
6. Bayley R.W. A metamorphosed differentiated sill in northern Michigan. American Journal of Science 1959, 257:408-430.
7. Beattie P. Systematics and energetics of trace-element partitioning between olivine and silicate melts: implications for the nature of mineral/melt partitioning. Chemical Geology 1994, 117:57-71.
8. Beck W., Murthy V.R. Evidence for continental crustal assimilation in the Hemlock Formation flood basalts of the early Proterozoic Penokean Orogen, Lake Superior region. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1991, 1904-I:I1-I25. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC. P.K. Sims, L.M.H. Carter (Eds.).
9. Bedini R.M., Bodinier J.-L. Distribution of incompatible trace elements between the constituents of spinel peridotite xenoliths: ICP-MS data from the East African Rift. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 63:3883-3900.
10. Bleeker W. The late Archean record: a puzzle in ca. 35 pieces. Lithos 2003, 71:99-134.
11. Blichert-Toft J., Arndt N.T. Hf isotope compositions of komatiites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 171:439-451.
12. Buchan K.L., Ernst R.E. Diabase dyke swarms and related units in Canada and adjacent regions. Geological Survey of Canada Map 2022A 2004.
13. Buchan K.L., Harris B.A., Ernst R.E., Hanes J.A. Ar-Ar dating of the Pickle Crow diabase dyke in the western Superior craton of the Canadian Shield of Ontario and implications for a possible plume centre associated with ca. 1880Ma Molson magmatism of Manitoba. Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting 2003, Program with Abstracts 28 2003, 17.
14. Burnham O.M., Halden N.M., Layton-Matthews D., Lesher C.M., Liwanag J., Heaman L.M., Hulbert L.J., Machado N., Michalak D., Pacey M., Peck D.C., Potrel A., Theyer P., Toope K., Zwanzig H.V. Geology, stratigraphy, petrogenesis, and metallogenesis of the Thompson Nickel Belt, Manitoba: final report for CAMIRO Project 97E-02 2004, Mineral Exploration Research Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury.
15. Cann J.R. Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Nb in some ocean floor basaltic rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1970, 10:7-11.
16. Cannon W.F., Gair J.E. A revision of stratigraphic nomenclature for middle Precambrian rocks in northern Michigan. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1970, 81:2843-2846.
17. Card K.D. A review of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, a product of Archean accretion. Precambrian Research 1990, 48:99-156.
18. Chauvel C., Hofmann A.W., Vidal P. HIMU-EM: the French Polynesian connection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1992, 110:99-119.
19. DePaolo D.J. Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1981, 53:189-202.
20. Desharnais, G., 2005. Geochemical and isotopic investigation of magmatism in the Fox River Belt: tectonic and economic implications. PhD thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
21. Dostal J., Strong D.F., Jamieson R.A. Trace element mobility in the mylonite zone within the ophiolite aureole, St. Anthony complex, Newfoundland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1980, 49:188-192.
22. Ebinger C.J., Sleep N.H. Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume. Nature 1998, 395:788-791.
23. Elkins L., Gaetani G., Sims K. Partitioning of U and Th during garnet pyroxenite partial melting: constraints on the source of alkaline ocean island basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 265:270-286.
24. Ernst R.E., Bleeker W. Large igneous provinces (LIPs), giant dyke swarms, and mantle plumes: significance for breakup events within Canada and adjacent regions from 2.5Ga to the present. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2010, 47:695-739.
25. Ernst R.E., Buchan K.L. The use of mafic dike swarms in identifying and locating mantle plumes. Geological Society of America Special Paper 2001, 352:247-265. Geological Society of America, Boulder. R.E. Ernst, K.L. Buchan (Eds.).
26. Ernst R.E., Buchan K.L. Recognizing mantle plumes in the geological record. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2003, 31:469-523.
27. Ernst R.E., Buchan K.L. Igneous rock association in Canada 3. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) in Canada and adjacent regions: 3Ga to present. Geoscience Canada 2004, 31:103-126.
28. Fitton J.G., Godard M. Origin and Evolution of Magmas on the Ontong Java Plateau. Geological Society Special Publication 2004, 229:151-178. Geological Society of London, London. J.G. Fitton, J.J. Mahoney, P.J. Wallace, A.D. Saunders (Eds.).
29. Fitton J.G., Saunders A.D., Norry M.J., Hardarson B.S., Taylor R.N. Thermal and chemical structure of the Iceland plume. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1997, 153:197-208.
30. Fralick P.W., Davis D.W., Kissin S.A. The age of the Gunflint Formation, Ontario, Canada: single U-Pb age determinations from reworked volcanic ash. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2002, 39:1085-1091.
31. Gair J.E., Wier K.L. Geology of the Kiernan quadrangle, Iron County, Michigan. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1956, 1044. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
32. Ghiorso M.S., Sack R.O. Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes IV. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1995, 119:197-212.
33. Gibson S.A., Thompson R.N., Dickin A.P., Leonardos O.H. Erratum to high-Ti and low-Ti mafic potassic magmas: key to plume-lithosphere interactions and continental flood-basalt genesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1996, 141:325-341.
34. Gibson S.A., Thompson R.N., Day J.A., Humphris S.E., Dickin A.P. Melt-generation processes associated with the Tristan mantle plume: constraints on the origin of EM-1. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 237:744-767.
35. Halden N.M. Existence of a marginal basin within the Circum-Superior Belt: geochemical evidence from the Churchill-Superior boundary of Manitoba, Canada. Precambrian Research 1991, 49:167-183.
36. Halls H.C., Heaman L.M. The paleomagnetic significance of new U-Pb age data from the Molson dyke swarm, Cauchon Lake area, Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2000, 37:957-966.
37. Hamilton M.A., Stott G.M. Project Unit 04-018. The significance of new U/Pb baddeleyite ages from two Paleoproterozoic diabase dikes in northern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 2008, 6226:17-1-17-7. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Toronto.
38. Hastie A.R., Kerr A.C. Mantle plume or slab window? Physical and geochemical constraints on the origin of the Caribbean oceanic plateau. Earth-Science Reviews 2010, 98:283-293.
39. Hastie A.R., Kerr A.C., Pearce J.A., Mitchell S.F. Classification of altered volcanic island arc rocks using immobile trace elements: development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram. Journal of Petrology 2007, 48:2341-2357.
40. Hauri E.H., Wagner T.P., Grove T.L. Experimental and natural partitioning of Th, U, Pb and other trace elements between garnet, clinopyroxene and basaltic melts. Chemical Geology 1994, 117:149-166.
41. Heaman L.M., Machado N., Krogh T.E., Weber W. Precise U-Pb zircon ages for the Molson dyke swarm and the Fox River sill: constraints for early Proterozoic crustal evolution in northeastern Manitoba, Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1986, 94:82-89.
42. Heaman L.M., Peck D.C., Toope K. Timing and geochemistry of 1.88Ga Molson Igneous Events, Manitoba: insights into the formation of a craton-scale magmatic and metallogenic province. Precambrian Research 2009, 172:143-162.
43. Hemming S.R., McLennan S.M., Hanson G.N. Geochemical and Nd/Pb isotopic evidence for the provenance of the early Proterozoic Virginia Formation, Minnesota. Implications for the tectonic setting of the Animikie Basin. Journal of Geology 1995, 103:147-168.
44. Hergt J.M., Peate D.W., Hawkesworth C.J. The petrogenesis of Mesozoic Gondwana low-Ti flood basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1991, 105:134-148.
45. Herzberg C. Lithospheric peridotites of the Kaapvaal craton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1993, 120:13-29.
46. Herzberg C. Geodynamic information in peridotite petrology. Journal of Petrology 2004, 45:2507-2530.
47. Herzberg C., Asimow P.D. Petrology of some ocean island basalts: PRIMELT2.XLS software for primary magma calculation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2008, 9. 10.1029/2008GC002057.
48. Herzberg C., O'Hara M.J. Plume-associated ultramafic magmas of Phanerozoic age. Journal of Petrology 2002, 43:1857-1883.
49. Hill E., Wood B.J., Blundy J.D. The effect of Ca-Tschermaks component on trace element partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melt. Lithos 2000, 53:203-215.
50. Hoffman P.F. United plates of America, the birth of a craton: early Proterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1988, 16:543-603.
51. Hofmann A.W. Mantle geochemistry: the message from oceanic volcanism. Nature 1997, 385:218-229.
52. Humphries S.E. The mobility of the rare earth elements in the crust. Rare Earth Element Geochemistry 1984, 315-341. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P. Henderson (Ed.).
53. James H.L. Stratigraphy of pre-Keweenawan rocks in parts of northern Michigan. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 314-C 1958, 27-44. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
54. Johnson K.T.M. Experimental determination of partition coefficients for rare earth and high-field-strength elements between clinopyroxene, garnet, and basaltic melt at high pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1998, 133:60-68.
55. Johnson K.T.M., Dick H.J.B., Shimizu N. Melting in the oceanic upper mantle: an ion microprobe study of diopsides in abyssal peridotites. Journal of Geophysical Research 1990, 95:2661-2678.
56. Jourdan F., Bertrand H., Scharer U., Blichert-Toft J., Feraud G., Kampunzu A.B. Major and trace element and Sr, Nd, Hf and Pb isotope compositions of the Karoo large igneous province, Botswana-Zimbabwe: lithosphere vs mantle plume contribution. Journal of Petrology 2007, 48:1043-1077.
57. Kelemen P.B., Shimizu N., Dunn T. Relative depletion of niobium in some arc magmas and the continental crust: partitioning of K, Nb, La and Ce during melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1993, 120:111-134.
58. Kempton P.D., Nowell G.M., Barry T.L. Procedure for the high precision isotopic analysis of hafnium in silicate rocks and minerals by plasma ionisation multi-collector mass spectrometry (PIMMS) and an assessment of data quality at the NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory. NIGL Report Series 171 2001.
59. Kerr A.C., Arndt N.T. A note on the IUGS reclassification of the high-Mg and picritic volcanic rocks. Journal of Petrology 2001, 42:2169-2171.
60. Kerr A.C., White R.V., Saunders A.D. LIP reading: recognizing oceanic plateaux in the geological record. Journal of Petrology 2000, 41:1041-1056.
61. Kerr A.C., Tarney J., Kempton P.D., Spadea P., Nivia A., Marriner G.F., Duncan R.A. Pervasive mantle plume head heterogeneity: evidence from the late Cretaceous Caribbean-Colombian oceanic plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research 2002, 107. 10.1029/2001JB000790.
62. Kerrich R., Polat A., Wyman D., Hollings P. Trace element systematics of Mg-, to Fe-tholeiitic basalt suites of the Superior Province: implications for Archean mantle reservoirs and greenstone belt genesis. Lithos 1999, 46:163-187.
63. Lassiter J.C., DePaolo D.J. Plume/lithosphere interaction in the generation of continental and oceanic flood basalts: chemical and isotopic constraints. Geophysical Monograph 1997, 100:335-355. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. J.J. Mahoney, M.F. Coffin (Eds.).
64. Le Bas M.J. IUGS reclassification of the high-Mg and picritic volcanic rocks. Journal of Petrology 2000, 41:1467-1470.
65. Ludden J., Gelienas L., Trudel P. Archean metavolcanics from the Rouyn-Noranda district, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec: 2. Mobility of trace elements and petrogenetic constraints. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1982, 19:2276-2287.
66. Maaloe S., Aoki K.-I. The major element composition of the upper mantle estimated from the composition of lherzolites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1977, 63:161-173.
67. Manikyamba C., Kerrich R. Geochemistry of alkaline basalts and associated high-Mg basalts from the 2.7Ga Penakacherla Terrane, Dharwar craton, India: an Archean depleted mantle-OIB array. Precambrian Research 2011, 188:104-122.
68. McDonald I., Viljoen K.S. Platinum-group element geochemistry of mantle eclogites: a reconnaissance study of xenoliths from the Orapa kimberlite, Botswana. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science 2006, 115:81-93.
69. McDonough W.F., Sun S.-S. The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology 1995, 120:223-253.
70. McKenzie D., O'Nions R.K. Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare earth element concentrations. Journal of Petrology 1991, 32:1021-1091.
71. Melluso L., Mahoney J.J., Dallai L. Mantle sources and crustal input as recorded in high-Mg Deccan Traps basalts of Gujarat (India). Lithos 2006, 89:259-274.
72. Ojakangas R.W., Morey G.B., Southwick D.L. Paleoproterozoic basin development and sedimentation in the Lake Superior region, North America. Sedimentary Geology 2001, 141-142:319-341.
73. Pearce J.A. A user's guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 1996, 12:79-113. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Winnipeg. D. Wyman (Ed.).
74. Pearce J.A. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 2008, 100:14-48.
75. Peate D.W., Hawkesworth C.J. Lithospheric to asthenospheric transition in low-Ti flood basalts from southern Parana, Brazil. Chemical Geology 1996, 127:1-24.
76. Peck D.C., Potter L., Desharnais G., Scoates R.F.J., Corkery M.T., Bohm C.O. Geology of the western part of the Fox River Belt (parts of NTS 53M and 53N). Report of Activities 2000. Manitoba Industry, Trade and Mines 2000, 38-41. Manitoba Geological Survey, Winnipeg.
77. Percival J.A., Easton R.M. Geology of the Canadian Shield in Ontario: an update. Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 6196. Geological Survey of Canada Open File 5511. Ontario Power Generation Report 06819-REP-01200-10158-R00 2007.
78. Polat A. The geochemistry of Neoarchean (ca. 2700Ma) tholeiitic basalts, transitional to alkaline basalts, and gabbros, Wawa Subprovince, Canada: implications for petrogenetic and geodynamic processes. Precambrian Research 2009, 168:83-105.
79. Polat A., Hofmann A.W. Alteration and geochemical patterns in the 3.7-3.8Ga Isua greenstone belt, west Greenland. Precambrian Research 2003, 126:197-218.
80. Polat A., Kerrich R., Wyman D.A. Geochemical diversity in oceanic komatiites and basalts from the late Archean Wawa greenstone belts, Superior Province, Canada: trace element and Nd isotope evidence for a heterogeneous mantle. Precambrian Research 1999, 94:139-173.
81. Rollinson H.R. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation 1993, Prentice Hall, London.
82. Royse K.R., Kempton P.D., Darbyshire D.P.F. Procedure for the analysis of rubidium-strontium and samarium-neodymium isotopes at the NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory. NIGL Report Series 121 1998.
83. Rudnick R.L., Fountain D.M. Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Reviews of Geophysics 1995, 33:267-309.
84. Rukhlov A.S., Bell K. Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology 2010, 98:11-54.
85. Said N., Kerrich R. Elemental and Nd-isotope systematics of the Upper Basalt Unit, 2.7Ga Kambalda Sequence: quantitative modeling of progressive crustal contamination of plume asthenosphere. Chemical Geology 2010, 273:193-211.
86. Said N., Kerrich R. Magnesian dyke suites of the 2.7Ga Kambalda Sequence, Western Australia: evidence for coeval melting of plume asthenosphere and metasomatised lithospheric mantle. Precambrian Research 2010, 180:183-203.
87. Said N., Kerrich R., Groves D. Geochemical systematics of basalts of the Lower Basalt Unit, 2.7Ga Kambalda Sequence, Yilgarn craton, Australia: plume impingement at a rifted craton margin. Lithos 2010, 115:82-100.
88. Salters V.J.M., Longhi J. Trace element partitioning during the initial stages of melting beneath mid-ocean ridges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 166:15-30.
89. Salters V.J.M., Stracke A. Composition of the depleted mantle. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2004, 5. 10.1029/2003GC000597.
90. Schneider D.A., Bickford M.E., Cannon W.F., Schulz K.J., Hamilton M.A. Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup: implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2002, 39:999-1012.
91. Schulz K.J., Cannon W.F. The Penokean orogeny in the Lake Superior region. Precambrian Research 2007, 157:4-25.
92. Scoates R.F.J. Volcanic rocks of the Fox River Belt, northeastern Manitoba. Geological Report GR81-1 1981, Manitoba Department of Energy and Mines, Mineral Resources Division, Winnipeg.
93. Scoates R.F.J. The Fox River Sill, northeastern Manitoba - a major stratiform intrusion. Geological Report GR82-3 1990, Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services, Winnipeg.
94. Shaw D.M. Trace element fractionation during anatexis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1970, 34:237-243.
95. Sleep N.H., Ebinger C.J., Kendall J.-M. Deflection of mantle plume material by cratonic keels. Geological Society Special Publication 2002, 199:135-150. Geological Society of London, London. C.M.R. Fowler, C.J. Ebinger, C.J. Hawkesworth (Eds.).
96. Southwick D.L., Morey G.B. Tectonic imbrication and foredeep development in the Penokean Orogeny, east-central Minnesota - an interpretation based on regional geophysics and the results of test-drilling. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1991, 1904C. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
97. Stott G.M. The Superior Province, Canada. Oxford Monograph on Geology and Geophysics 1997, 35:480-507. Clarendon Press, Oxford. M.J. de Wit, L.D. Ashwal (Eds.).
98. Sun S.-S., McDonough W.F. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society Special Publication 1989, 42:313-345. Geological Society of London, London. A.D. Saunders, M.J. Norry (Eds.).
99. Tejada M.L.G., Mahoney J.J., Castillo P.R., Ingle S.P., Sheth H.C., Weis D. Pin-pricking the elephant: evidence on the origin of the Ontong Java Plateau from Pb-Sr-Hf-Nd isotopic characteristics of ODP Leg 192 basalts. Geological Society Special Publication 2004, 229:133-150. Geological Society of London, London. J.G. Fitton, J.J. Mahoney, P.D. Wallace, A.D. Saunders (Eds.).
100. Thompson R.N., Gibson S.A. Subcontinental mantle plumes, hotspots and pre-existing thinspots. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1991, 148:973-977.
101. Trent V.A. The Emperor Volcanic Complex of the east Gogebic Range. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1976, 1422-A:69-74. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC. G.V. Cohee, W.B. Wright (Eds.).
102. Ueng W.C., Fox T.P., Larue D.K., Wilband J.T. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the early Proterozoic Hemlock volcanic rocks and the Kiernan sills, southern Lake Superior region. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1988, 25:528-546.
103. Van Schmus W.R. Early and middle Proterozoic history of the Great Lakes area, North America. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 1976, 280:605-628.
104. Vervoort J.D., Blichert-Toft J. Evolution of the depleted mantle: Hf isotope evidence from juvenile rocks through time. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 63:533-556.
105. Walter M.J. Melting of garnet peridotite and the origin of komatiite and depleted lithosphere. Journal of Petrology 1998, 39:29-60.
106. Weaver B.L. Trace element evidence for the origin of ocean-island basalts. Geology 1991, 19:123-126.
107. White W.M., Duncan R.A. Geochemistry and geochronology of the Society Islands: new evidence for deep mantle recycling. Geophysical Monograph 1996, 95:183-206. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC. A. Basu, S.R. Hart (Eds.).
108. Wier K.L. Geology of the Kelso Junction quadrangle, Iron County, Michigan. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1967, 1226. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.