Geochemical diversity in oceanic komatiites and basalts from the late Archean Wawa greenstone belts, Superior Province, Canada: Trace element and Nd isotope evidence for a heterogeneous mantle

Precambrian Research

Volumn 94, Issue 3-4, 1999, Pages 139-173

  Polat, Ali ^a,b   Kerrich, Robert ^a   Wyman, Derek A ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Arcs; Greenstone belt; Heterogenous mantle; Komatiites; Oceanic plateaus; Plumes; Trace elements

Indexed keywords

ARCHEAN; BASALT; GEOCHEMISTRY; GREENSTONE BELT; KOMATIITE;

CANADA;

EID: 0032834477     PISSN: 03019268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00110-7     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Arndt, N.T., 1991. High Ni in Archean tholeiites. Tectonophysics 187, 411-419.
2. Arndt, N.T., 1994. Archean komatiites. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.), Archean Crustal Evolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 11-44.
3. Arndt, N.T., Jenner, G.A., 1986. Crustally contaminated komatiites and basalts from Kambalda, Western Australia. Chem. Geol. 56, 229-255.
4. Arndt, N.T., Nesbitt, R.W., 1982. Geochemistry of Munro Township basalts. In: Arndt, N.T., Nisbet, E.G. (Eds.), Komatiites. Allen and Unwin, London, pp. 309-329.
5. Bach, W., Erzinger, J., Dosso, L., Bollinger, C., Bougnault, H., Etoubleau, J., Sauerwein, J., 1996. Unusually large Nb-Ta depletion in North Chile ridge basalts at 36° 50″ to 38° 56″ S: major element, trace element, and isotopic data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 142, 223-240.
6. Barley, M.E., 1986. Incompatible-element enrichment in Archean basalts: a consequence of contamination by older sialic crust rather than mantle heterogeneity. Geol. 14, 947-950.
7. Barrie, C.T., Gorton, M.P., Nalderett, A.J., Hart, T.R., 1991. Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of the Kamiskotia gabbroic complex and related basalts, western Abitibi Subprovince, Ontario, Canada. Precam. Res. 50, 173-199.
8. Bickle, M.J., 1986. Implications of melting for stabilization of the lithosphere and heat loss in the Archean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 80, 314-324.
9. Bickle, M.J., 1993. Plume origin for komatiites. Nature 365, 390-391.
10. Bickle, M.J., Nisbet, E.G., 1993. The Geology of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe. Balkema, Rotterdam.
11. Blichert-Toft, J., Albarede, F., 1994. Short-lived chemical heterogeneities in the Archean mantle with implications for mantle convection. Science 263, 1593-1596.
12. Campbell, I.H., Griffiths, R.W., 1992. The changing nature of mantle hot spots through time: implications for the chemical evolution of the mantle. J. Geol. 92, 497-523.
13. Card, K.D., 1990. A review of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, a product of Archean accretion. Precam. Res. 48, 99-156.
14. Card, K.D., Ciesielski, A., 1986. DNAG No. 1. Subdivision of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Geosci. Can. 13, 5-13.
15. Castillo, P.R., Pringle, M.S., Carson, R.W., 1994. East Mariana basin tholeiites: Cretaceous intra-plate basalts or rift basalts related to the Ontong Java plume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 123, 139-154.
16. Cattel, A., Arndt, N.T., 1987. Low- and high-aluminum komatiites from a late Archean sequence, Newton township, Ontario. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 97, 218-227.
17. Chen, C.-Y., Frey, F.A., Garcia, M.O., Dalrymple, G.B., Hart, S.R., 1991. The tholeiitic to alkaline basalt transition at Heleakala volcano, Maui, Hawaii. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 106, 183-200.
18. Condie, K.C., 1981. Archean Greenstone Belts. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 344.
19. Condie, K.C., 1994. Greenstones through time. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.), Archean Crustal Evolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 85-121.
20. Corfu, F., Muir, T.L., 1989. The Hemlo-Heron Bay greenstone belt and Hemlo Au-Mo deposit, Superior Province, Ontario, Canada. 1. Sequence of igneous activity determined by zircon U-Pb geochronology. Chem. Geol. 79, 183-200.
21. Davies, G.F., 1992. On the emergence of plate tectonics. Geology 20, 963-966.
22. Eggins, S.M., Woodhead, J.D., Kinsley, L.P.J., Mortimer, G.E., Sylvester, P., McCulloch, M.T., Hergt, J.M., Handler, M.R., 1997. A simple method for the precise determination of ≥40 trace elements in geological samples by ICPMS using enriched isotope internal standardisation. Chem. Geol. 134, 311-326.
23. Ewart, A., Hergt, J.M., Hawkins, J.W., 1994. 29. Major element, trace element, and isotope (Pb, Sr, Nd) geochemistry of site 839 basalts and basaltic andesites, implications for arc volcanism. Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Sci. Res. 135, 519-531.
24. Fan, J., Kerrich, R., 1997. Geochemical characteristics of Al-depleted and undepleted komatiites and HREE-enriched tholeiites, western Abitibi greenstone belt: variable HFSE/REE systematics in a heterogeneous mantle plume. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 4723-4744.
25. Floyd, P.A., 1989. Geochemical features of intra-plate oceanic plateau basalts. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (Eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geol. Soc. London Special Publication 42, pp. 215-230.
26. Fowler, A.D., Jensen, L.S., 1989. Quantitative trace element modelling of the crystallization history of the Kinojevis and Blake River groups, Abitibi greenstone belt, Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci. 26, 1356-1365.
27. Fretzdorff, S., Haase, K.M., Garbe-Schonberg, C.-D., 1996. Petrogenesis of lavas from the Umu volcanic field in the young Hot spot region west of Easter Island, southeastern Pacific. Lithos 38, 23-40.
28. Gamble, J.A., Wright, I.C, Woodhead, J.D., McCulloch, M.T. (Eds.), 1994. Arc and Back-arc Geochemistry in the Southern Kermadec Arc-Ngatoro Basin and Offshore Taupo Volcanic Zone, SW Pacific. Volcanism Associated with Extension at Consuming Plate Margins, 81. Geol. Soc. London Special Publication, pp. 193-212.
29. Giaramita, M., MacPherson, G.J., Phipps, S.P., 1998. Petrologically diverse basalts from a fossil oceanic forearc in California: The Llanada and Black Mountain remnants of the Coast Range ophiolite. GSA Bull. 110, 553-571.
30. Govindaraju, K., 1994. 1994 compilation of working values and sample description for 383 geostandards. Geostand. Newslett. 18, 158
31. Gribble, R.F., Stern, R.J., Bloomer, S., Stuben, D., Ohearn, T., Newman, S., 1996. MORB mantle and subduction components interact to generate basalts in the southern Mariana through back-arc basin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 2153-2166.
32. Gruau, G., Toupin, S., Fourcade, S., Blais, S., 1992. Loss of (Nd,O) and chemical (REE) memory during metamorphism of komatiites: new evidence from eastern Findland. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 112, 66-82.
33. Hamilton, W.B., 1993. Evolution of Archean mantle and crust. In: Reed, J.C., Bickford, M.E., Houston, R.S., Link, P.K., Rankin, D.W., Sims, P.K., Van Schmus, W.R. (Eds.), Precam. Contermin. US Geol. Soc. Am., vol. C-2, pp. 597-636.
34. Hamilton, W.B., 1998. Archean tectonics and magmatism. Int. Geol. Rev. 40, 1-39.
35. Hanan, B.B., Graham, D.W., 1996. Lead and helium isotope evidence from oceanic basalts for common deep mantle plumes. Science 272, 991-995.
36. Hards, V.L., Kempton, P.D., Thomson, R.N., 1995. The heterogeneous Iceland plume of the Snaefell volcanic centre. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 152, 1003-1009.
37. Hawkins, J.W., 1995. Evolution of the Lau Basin - insights from ODP Leg 135. In: Taylor, B., Natland, J. (Eds.), Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western Pacific. AGU Geophys. Monograph 88, pp. 125-173.
38. Hemond, C., Arndt, N.T., Lichtenstein, U., Hofmann, A.W., Oskarsson, N., Steinthorsson, S., 1993. The Heterogeneous Iceland plume: Nd-Sr-O isotope and trace element constraints. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 15833-15850.
39. Henry, P., Stevenson, R., Gariépy, C., 1998. Late Archean mantle composition and crustal growth in the westrn Superior Province of Canada: Neodymium and lead isotopic evidence from the Wawa, Quetico, and Wabigoon subprovinces. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 143-157.
40. Herzberg, C.T., 1992. Depth and degree of melting of komatiites at high pressures. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 4521-4540.
41. Hirschmann, M.M., Stolper, E.M., 1996. A possible role for garnet pyroxonite in the origin of the 'garnet signature' in MORE. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 124, 185-208.
42. Hoffman, P.F., 1991. On accretion of granite-greenstone terranes. In: Robert, F., Sheahan, P.A., Green, S.B. (Eds.), Nuna Conference on Greenstone Gold and Crustal Evolution, Val D'or. Geol. Assoc. Canada, pp. 32-45.
43. Hofmann, A.W., 1997. Mantle geochemistry: the message from oceanic volcanism. Nature 385, 219-229.
44. Hofmann, A.W., White, W.M., 1982. Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 57, 421-436.
45. Hollings, P., Wyman, D., Kerrich, R., Polat, A., 1996. Trace and Sm-Nd systematics of the 3 Ga Lumby Lake greenstone belt, Superior Province, Canada: conjunction of an Archean plateau and oceanic volcanic arc. EOS 77, F849
46. Hugon, H., 1984. The Hemlo deposit: mineralization within a dextral shear zone. Ontario Geol. Survey Misc. Paper 119, 212-216.
47. Jahn, B.M., Gruau, G., Glikson, A.Y., 1982. Komatiites of the Onverwatch Group, S. Africa: REE geochemistry, Sm/Nd age and mantle evolution. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 80, 25-40.
48. Jenner, G.A., Longerich, H.P., Jackson, S.E., Fryer, B.J., 1990. ICP-MS a powerful tool for high-precision trace element analysis in earth sciences: evidence from analysis of selected US GS reference samples. Chem. Geol. 83, 133-148.
49. Jochum, K.P., Arndt, N.T., Hofmann, A.W., 1991. Nb-Th-La in komatiites and basalts: constraints on komatiites petrogenesis and mantle evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 107, 272-289.
50. Kerr, A.C., Marriner, G.F., Arndt, N.T., Tarney, J., Nivia, A., Saunders, A.D., Duncan, R.A., 1996. The petrogenesis of Gorgona komatiites, picrites and basalts: new field and petrographic and geochemical constraints. Lithos 37, 245-260.
51. Kerrich, R., Polat, A., Wyman, D.A., Hollings, P., 1998. Trace element systematics of Mg- to Fe-tholeiitic basalt suites of the Superior Province: implications for Archean mantle reservoirs and greenstone belt genesis. Lithos, in press.
52. Kröner, A., 1991. Tectonic evolution in the Archean and Proterozoic. Tectonophysics 187, 393-410.
53. Laflèche, M.R., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., 1992. Tholeiitic volcanic rocks of the late Archean Blake River Group, southern Abitibi greenstone belt: origin and geodynamic implications. Can. J. Earth Sci. 29, 1448-1458.
54. Lahaye, Y., Arndt, N.T., 1996. Alteration of a komatiite flow from Alexo, Ontario, Canada. J. Petrol. 37, 1261-1284.
55. Lahaye, Y. et al., 1995. The influence of alteration on the trace-element and Nd isotopic compositions of komatiites. Chem. Geol. 126, 43-64.
56. Lassiter, J.C., DePaolo, D.J., 1997. Plume/lithosphere interaction in the generation of continental and oceanic flood basalts: Chemical and isotopic constraints. In: Mahoney, J.F., Coffin, M.F. (Eds.), Large Igneous Provinces. AGU Monograph 100, pp. 335-355.
57. 40Ar) data. 1994. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 969-984.
58. Ludden, J., Gelienas, L., Trudel, P., 1982. Archean metavolcanics from the Rouyn-Noranda district, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec. 2. Mobility of trace elements and petrogenetic constraints. Can. J. Earth Sci. 19, 2276-2287.
59. Mahoney, J.J., Jones, W.B., Frey, F.A., Salters, V.J.M., Pyle, D.G., Davies, H.L., 1995. Geochemical characteristics of lavas from Broken Ridge, the Naturaliste Plateau and southernmost Kerguelen Plateau: Cretaceous plateau volcanism in the southeast Indian Ocean. Chem. Geol. 120, 315-345.
60. Mahoney, J.J., Storey, M., Duncan, R.A., Spencer, K.J., Pringle, M., 1993. 1. Geochemistry and geochronology of Leg 130 basement lavas: Nature and origin of the Ontong-Java Plateau. Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Sci. Res. 130, 3-22.
61. McCuaig, T.C., Kerrich, R., Xie, Q., 1994. Phosphorus and high field strength anomalies in Archean high magnesian magmas as possible indicators of source mineralogy and depth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 124, 221-239.
62. McCulloch, M.T., Bennett, V.C., 1994. Progressive growth of the Earth's crust and depleted mantle: Geochemical constraints. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 4717-4738.
63. McDonough, W.F., 1991. Partial melting of subducted oceanic crust and isolation of its residual eclogitic lithology. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 335, 407-418.
64. McKenzie, D., O'Nions, R.K., 1983. Mantle reservoirs and ocean island basalts. Nature 301, 229-231.
65. Muir, T.L., Elliott, C.G., 1987. Hemlo tectono-structures and their implications for the generation of melanges. Ontario Geol. Survey Misc. Paper 137, 117-129.
66. Nesbitt, R.W., Sun, S.-S., Purvis, A.C., 1979. Komatiites: geochemistry and genesis. Can. Miner. 17, 165-186.
67. Ohta, H., Maruyama, S., Takahashi, E., Watanabe, Y., Kato, Y., 1996. Field occurrence, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Archean mid-ocean ridge basalts (AMRORB) of the Cleaverville area, Pilbara Craton, western Australia. Lithos 37, 199-221.
68. Pearce, J.A., Ernewein, M., Bloomer, S.H., Parson, L.M., Murton, B., Johnson, L.E., 1994. Geochemistry of Lau basin volcanic rocks: influence of ridge segmentation and arc proximity. In: Smellie, J.L. (Ed.), Volcanism Associated with Extension at Convergent Plate Margins. Geol. Soc. Special Publication 81, pp. 73-75.
69. Percival, J.A., Stern, R.A., Skulski, T., Card, K.D., Mortensen, J.K., Begin, N.J., 1994. Minto block, Superior province: Missing link in deciphering assembly of the Craton at 2.7 Ga. Geol. 22, 839-842.
70. Perring, C.S., Barnes, S.J., Hill, R.E.T., 1996. Geochemistry of komatiites from Forrestania, southern Cross Province, western Australia: evidence for crustal contamination. Lithos 37, 181-197.
71. Polat, A., Kerrich, R., Wyman, D.A., 1998. The late Archean Schreiber-Hemlo and White River-Dayohessarah greenstone belts, Superior Province: collages of Oceanic plateaus, oceanic arcs, and subduction-accretion complexes. Tectonophysics 289, 295-326.
72. Puchtel, I.S., Zhuravlev, D.Z., Samsonov, A.V., Arndt, N.T., 1993. Petrology and geochemistry of metamorphosed komatiites and basalts from the Tungurcha greenstone belt, Aldan Shield. Precam. Res. 62, 399-417.
73. Puchtel, I.S., Hasee, K.M., Hofmann, A.W., Chauvel, C., Kulikov, V.S., Garbe-Schonberg, C.-D., Nemchin, A.A., 1997a. Petrology and geochemistry of crustally contaminated komatiitic basalts from the Vetreny Belt, southeastern Baltic Shield: Evidence for an early Proterozoic mantle plume beneath rifted Archean continental lithosphere. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 1205-1222.
74. Puchtel, I.S., Hofmann, A.W., Jochum, K.P., Mezger, K., Schipansky, A.A., Samsonov, A.V., 1997b. The Kostomusksha greenstone belt, NW Baltic Shield: remanant of a late Archean oceanic plateau? Terra Nova 9, 87-90.
75. Redman, B.A., Keays, R.R., 1985. Archean volcanism in the eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia. Precam. Res. 30, 113-152.
76. 144Nd, a natural tracer: an application to oceanic basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 31, 269-278.
77. Richard, D., Marty, B., Chaussidon, M., Arndt, N.T., 1996. Helium isotopic evidence for a lower mantle component in depleted Archean mantle. Science 273, 93-95.
78. Salters, V.J., Storey, M., Seving, J.H., Whitechurch, H., 1992. 3. Trace element characteristics of Kerguelen-Head plateau basalts. Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Sci. Res. 120, 55-62.
79. Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J., Tarney, J., 1988. Origin of MORB and chemically-depleted mantle reservoirs: trace element constraints. J. Petrol. (Special Lithosphere Issue), 415-445.
80. Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J., Tarney, J., 1991. Fluid influence on the trace element compositions of subduction zone magmas. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 335, 337-392.
81. Saunders, A.D., Tarney, J., Kerr, A.C., Kent, R.W., 1996. The formation and fate of large oceanic igneous provinces. Lithos 37, 81-95.
82. Saunders, A.D., Fitton, J.G., Kerr, A.C., Norry, M.J., Kent, R.W., 1997. The North Atlantic Igneous Province. In: Mahoney, J.J., Coffin, M.F. (Eds.), Large Igneous Provinces. AGU Geophys. Monograph 100, pp. 45-93.
83. Shirey, S.B., 1991. The Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Re-Os isotopic systems: A summary and comparison of their applications to the cosmochronology and geochemistry of igneous rocks. In: Heaman, L.L., Ludden, J.N. (Eds.), Applications of radiogenic isotope systems to problems in geology. MAC Short Course Handbook, Mineral Assoc. Canada, pp. 103-166.
84. Shirey, S.B., Hanson, G.N., 1986. Mantle heterogeneity and crustal recycling in Archean greenstone belts; evidence from Nd isotopes and trace elements in the Rainy Lake area, Superior Province, Ontario, Canada. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 2631-2651.
85. Silver, P.G., Carlson, R.W., Olson, P., 1988. Deep slabs, chemical heterogeneity, and structure of mantle convection: investigation of an enduring paradox. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 16, 477-541.
86. Sleep, N., 1992. Archean plate tectonics: what can we learn from continental geology? Can. J. Earth Sci. 29, 2066-2071.
87. Smith, A.D., Ludden, J.N., 1990. Nd isotopic evolution of the Precambrian mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 93, 14-22.
88. Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., Lucas, S.B., 1995. Geochemistry of 1.9 Ga MORB and OIB basalts like from the Amisk collage, Flin Flon belt, Canada: evidence for an intra-oceanic origin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 3131-3154.
89. Storey, M., Mahoney, J.J., Kroenke, L.W., Saunders, A.D., 1991. Are oceanic plateaus sites of komatiite formation? Geol. 19, 376-379.
90. Stott, G.M., Mahoney, K.L., Zwiers, W.G., 1994. Geology of the Dayohessarah Lake area. 10. Project unit 94-05. Summary of field work and other activities. Ontario Geol. Survey Misc. Paper 163, 48-51.
91. Sun, S.-S., McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (Eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geol. Soc. London Special Publication 42, pp. 313-345.
92. Sun, S.-S., Nesbitt, R.W., 1977. Chemical heterogeneity of the Archean mantle, composition of the Earth and mantle evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 35, 429-448.
93. Sun, S.-S., Nesbitt, R.W., McCulloch, M.T., 1989. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Archean and early Proterozoic siliceous high magnesian basalts. In: Crawford, A.J. (Ed.), Bononites and Related Rocks. Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 149-173.
94. Taylor, S.T., McLennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, p. 312.
95. Thurston, P.C. (Ed.), 1990. Early Precambrian Basic Rocks of The Canadian Shield. Early Precambrian Basic Magmatism. Blackie, London.
96. Thurston, P.C., Chivers, K.M., 1990. Secular variations in greenstone sequence development emphasizing Superior Province, Canada. Precam. Res. 46, 21-58.
97. Thurston, P.C., Osmani, L.A., Stone, D., 1991. Northwestern Superior province: Review and terrane analysis. In: Thurston, P.C., Williams, H.R., Sutclife, H.R., Stott, G.M. (Eds.), Geology of Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 4(1), 81-144.
98. Walker, R.J., Shirey, S.B., Strecher, O., 1988. Comparative, Re-Os, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope and trace element systematics for Archean komatiite flows from Munro Township, Abitibi belt, Ontario. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 87, 1-12.
99. Weaver, B.L., 1991. The origin of ocean island basalts end member compositions: trace element and isotopic constraints. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 104, 381-397.
100. West, H.B., Garcia, M.O., Gerlach, D.C., Romano, J., 1992. Geochemistry of tholeiites from Lanai, Hawaii. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 112, 520-542.
101. Williams, H.R., Stott, G.M., Heather, K.B., Muir, T.L., Sage, R.P., 1991. Wawa Subprovince. In: Thurston, P.C., Williams, H.R., Sutclife, H.R., Stott, G.M. (Eds.), Geology of Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 4(1), 485-539.
102. Wilson, M., 1993. Geochemical signature of oceanic and continental basalts: a key to mantle dynamics. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 150, 977-990.
103. Winchester, J.A., Floyd, P.A., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chem. Geol. 20, 325-343.
104. Windley, B.F., 1993. Uniformitarianism today: plate tectonics is the key to the past. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 150, 7-19.
105. Windley, B.F., 1995. Evolving Continents. Wiley, Chichester, p. 526.
106. Xie, Q., Kerrich, R., 1994. Silicate-perovskite and majorite signature komatiites from the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt: Implications for early mantle differentiation and stratification. J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 99, 15799-15812.
107. Xie, Q., Kerrich, R., Application of isotope for precise measurements of Zr and Hf in low-abundance samples and international reference materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: implications for Zr (Hf)/REE fractionations in komatiites. 1995. Chem. Geol. 123, 17-27.
108. Xie, Q., Kerrich, R., Fan, J., 1993. HFSE/REE fractionations recorded in the three komatiite-basalt sequence, Archean Abitibi belt: implications for multiple plume sources and depth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 4111-4118.
109. Zindler, A., Hart, S., 1986. Chemical geodynamics. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 14, 493-571.