Biological impacts, action mechanisms, dosimetry and protection issues of mobile telephony radiation

Mobile Phones: Technology, Networks and User Issues

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-54

  Panagopoulos, Dimitris J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b Radiation and Environmental Biophysics Research Centre   (Greece)

Author keywords

Biological effects; Cell death; DNA damage; Drosophila; Electromagnetic fields; ELF; GSM; Health effects; Intensity windows; Mobile telephony radiation; Non ionizing electromagnetic radiation; Reproductive capacity; RF; SAR

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878665697     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (104)

1. Adair R. K., (1991): "Biological Effects on the Cellular Level of Electric Field Pulses", Health Physics, Vol. 61(3).
2. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. (2008): Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 89(1):124-8
3. Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, Sharma R., (2009): Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 92(4):1318-25.
4. Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV. (2005): Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline.Int J Androl., 28(3): 171-9.
5. Alberts B., Bray D., Lewis J., Raff M, Roberts K., Watson J.D., (1994): "Molecular Biology of the Cell", Garland Publishing, Inc., N.Y., USA
6. Armstrong JS. (2006): Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization: the sine qua non for cell death. Bioessays. 28(3):253-60. Review.
7. Bacandritsos N, Granato A, Budge G, Papanastasiou I, Roinioti E, Caldon M, Falcaro C, Gallina A, Mutinelli F. (2010) Sudden deaths and colony population decline in Greek honey bee colonies. J Invertebr Pathol. Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print]
8. Balmori A, (2005): Possible effects of electromagnetic fields from phone masts on a population of White Stork (Ciconia ciconia), Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 24(2): 109-119.
9. Barzilai A, Yamamoto K., (2004): DNA damage responses to oxidative stress. DNA Repair, 3(8-9): 1109-15.Review.
10. Batellier F, Couty I, Picard D, Brillard JP. (2008): Effects of exposing chicken eggs to a cell phone in "call" position over the entire incubation period. Theriogenology. 69(6): 737-45.
11. Baum JS, St George JP, McCall K. (2005): Programmed cell death in the germline. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 16(2):245-59.
12. Bawin, S.M, Kaczmarek, L.K. and Adey, W.R., (1975): "Effects of modulated VMF fields, on the central nervous system", Annals of the N.Y. Academy of Sciences, 247, 74-81.
13. Bawin,S.M., Adey, W.R., Sabbot,I.M., (1978), "Ionic factors in release of 45Ca 2+ from chick cerebral tissue by electromagnetic fields", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 75, 6314-6318.
14. Belyaev IY, Hillert L, Protopopova M, Tamm C, Malmgren LO, Persson BR, Selivanova G, Harms-Ringdahl M., (2005): 915 MHz microwaves and 50 Hz magnetic field affect chromatin conformation and 53BP1 foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons. Bioelectromagnetics. 26(3):173-84.
15. Bezanilla F., White M.M.and Taylor R.E., (1982): "Gating currents associated with potassium channel activation", Nature 296, pp.657-659.
16. BioInitiative Report: A Rationale for a Biologically-based Public Exposure Standard for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF), (2007), http://www.bioinitiative.org/index.htm.
17. Blackman,C.F., Benane,S.G., Elder,J.A., House, D.E., Lampe, J.A. and Faulk,J.M., (1980). "Induction of calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue by radiofrequency radiation: Effect of sample number and modulation frequency on the power-density window". Bioelectromagnetics, (N.Y.), 1, 35-43.
18. Blackman C.F., Kinney L.S., House D.E., Joines W.T., (1989), "Multiple power-density windows and their possible origin", Bioelectromagnetics, 10(2), 115-128.
19. Cavaliere V, Taddei C, Gargiulo G. (1998). Apoptosis of nurse cells at the late stages of oogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. Development Genes and Evolution, 208(2): 106-12.
20. Chavdoula ED, Panagopoulos DJ and Margaritis LH, (2010), Comparison of biological effects between continuous and intermittent exposure to GSM-900 MHz mobile phone radiation. Detection of apoptotic cell death features, Mutation Research, 700, 51-61.
21. Chiabrera A., Bianco B., Moggia E. and Tommasi T., (1994), Interaction mechanism between electromagnetic fields and ion absorption: endogenous forces and collision frequency, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 35, 33-37.
22. Clark M.P., Networks and Telecommunications, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2001.
23. Coggle J.E., Biological Effects of Radiation, Taylor and Francis, 1983.
24. Creasey W.A. and Goldberg R.B., (2001), A new twist on an old mechanism for EMF bioeffects?, EMF Health Report, 9 (2), 1-11.
25. Curwen P and Whalley J, (2008): Mobile Communications in the 21st Century, In Harper A.C. and Buress R.V. (Eds),-Mobile Telephones: Networks, Applications and Performance, Nova Science Publishers, 29-75.
26. De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ., (2009): Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One. 4(7): e6446.
27. Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O, Rudiger H., (2005). Non-thermal DNA breakage by mobile-phone radiation (1800 MHz in human fibroblasts and in transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells in vitro. Mutat Res. 583(2): 178-83.
28. Drummond-Barbosa D. and Spradling A.C., (2001), Stem cells and their progeny respond to nutritional changes during Drosophila oogenesis, Dev. Biol. 231, pp. 265-278.
29. Eberhardt JL, Persson BRR, Brun AE, Salford LG, Malmgren LOG, (2008): Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 27:215-229
30. Everaert J, Bauwens D. (2007): A possible effect of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone base stations on the number of breeding house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Electromagn Biol Med.26(1):63-72.
31. Foley K, Cooley L. (1998). Apoptosis in late stage Drosophila nurse cells does not require genes within the H99 deficiency. Development. 125(6): 1075-82.
32. Franzellitti S, Valbonesi P, Ciancaglini N, Biondi C, Contin A, Bersani F, Fabbri E., (2010): Transient DNA damage induced by high-frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM 1.8 GHz) in the human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cell line evaluated with the alkaline comet assay. Mutat Res. 683(1-2):35-42.
33. French PW, Penny R, Laurence JA, McKenzie DR. (2001): Mobile phones, heat shock proteins and cancer. Differentiation. 67(4-5):93-7.
34. Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Sasson SA. (1992): Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol. 119(3): 493-501.
35. Goldsworthy A., (2007): The Biological Effects of Weak Electromagnetic Fields, Mast-Victims.org Forums/Health, Apr 18.
36. Goodman E.M., Greenebaum B. and Marron M.T., (1995), "Effects of Electro-magnetic Fields on Mollecules and Cells", International Rev. Cytol. 158, 279-338.
37. Grigor'ev IUG. (2003): Biological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on chick embryo (risk assessment using the mortality rate), Radiats Biol Radioecol 43(5): 541-3.
38. Gul A, Celebi H, Uǧraş S., (2009): The effects of microwave emitted by cellular phones on ovarian follicles in rats. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 280(5):729-33.
39. Guler G, Tomruk A, Ozgur E, Seyhan N., (2010): The effect of radiofrequency radiation on DNA and lipid damage in non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits and their newborns. Gen Physiol Biophys. 29(1):59-66
40. Hall E. J. and Giaccia A.J., (2006): Radiobiology for the Radiologist, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
41. Hamnerius I, Uddmar Th, (2000): Microwave exposure from mobile phones and base stations in Sweden, Proceedings, International Conference on Cell Tower Siting, Salzburg, p.52-63, www.land-salzburg.gv.at/celltower
42. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F, Mild KH, Morgan LL. (2007): Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for > or =10 years. Occup Environ Med. 64(9):626-32. Review.
43. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K., (2009): Epidemiological evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor diseases. Pathophysiology. 16(2-3): 113-22. Hillebrand F. (Ed), GSM and UTMS, Wiley, 2002.
44. Honig B.H., Hubbell W.L., Flewelling R.F., (1986): "Electrostatic Interactions in Membranes and Proteins", Ann.Rev.Biophys.Biophys.Chem.,15.
45. Horne-Badovinac S and Bilder D, (2005): Mass Transit: Epithelial morphogenesis in the Drosophila egg chamber, Developmental Dynamics, 232: 559-574.
46. Hutter H-P, Moshammer H, Wallner P Kundi M, (2006): Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations. Occupational and Environmental Medicine; 63:307-313.
47. Hyland G.J., (2000): Physics and Biology of Mobile Telephony, Lancet, 356, 1833-36.
48. ICNIRP (1998): "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300GHz)", Health Phys. 74, 494-522.
49. Johansson O., (2009): Disturbance of the immune system by electromagnetic fields-A potentially underlying cause for cellular damage and tissue repair reduction which could lead to disease and impairment. Pathophysioloy. 16(2-3):157-77.
50. Khurana V.G., Teo C., Kundi M., Hardell L., Carlberg M., (2009): Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data, Surgical Neurology, 72(3): 205-14.
51. King R.C. (1970), Ovarian Development in Drosophila Melanogaster. Academic Press.
52. Lai H, Singh NP. (1995): Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells,.Bioelectromagnetics, 16(3): 207-10.
53. Lai H, Singh NP. (1996): Single-and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. Apr;69(4):513-21.
54. Lai H, Singh NP, (1997): Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics,18(6):446-54.
55. Lee KS, Choi JS, Hong SY, Son TH, Yu K. (2008): Mobile phone electromagnetic radiation activates MAPK signaling and regulates viability in Drosophila. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(5): 371-9.
56. Liman E.R., Hess P., Weaver F., Koren G., 1991: "Voltage-sensing residues in the S4 region of a mammalian K+ channel", Nature 353, pp.752-756.
57. Lixia S, Yao K, Kaijun W, Deqiang L, Huajun H, Xiangwei G, Baohong W, Wei Z, Jianling L, Wei W., (2006): Effects of 1.8 GHz radiofrequency field on DNA damage and expression of heat shock protein 70 in human lens epithelial cells. Mutat Res. 602 (1-2): 135-42.
58. Luukkonen J, Hakulinen P, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J., (2009): Enhancement of chemically induced reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Mutat Res. 662(1-2):54-8.
59. Maber, J., (1999): "Data Analysis for Biomolecular Sciences", Longman, England.
60. Magras, I.N.; Xenos, T.D. RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice. Bioelectromagnetics 1997, 18, 455-461.
61. Mailankot M, Kunnath AP, Jayalekshmi H, Koduru B, Valsalan R., (2009): Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 64(6):561-5.
62. Markova E, Hillert L, Malmgren L, Persson BR, Belyaev IY. (2005): Microwaves from GSM mobile telephones affect 53BP1 and gamma-H2AX foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons. Environ Health Perspect. 113(9): 1172-7.
63. Mausset-Bonnefont AL, Hirbec H, Bonnefont X, Privat A, Vignon J, de Sèze R., (2004). Acute exposure to GSM 900-MHz electromagnetic fields induces glial reactivity and biochemical modifications in the rat brain. Neurobiol Dis., 17(3): 445-54.
64. McCall K., (2004): Eggs over easy: cell death in the Drosophila ovary, Developmental Biology, 274(1), 2004, 3-14.
65. Miller C, (2000), An overview of the potassium channel family, Genome Biology, 1(4).
66. Moulder, J.E., Erdreich, L.S., Malyapa, R.S., Merritt, J., Pickard, W.F and Vijayalaxmi, (1999): "Cell Phones and Cancer. What is the Evidence for a Connection?", Radiation Research, 151, 513-531.
67. Navarro A. Enrique, J. Segura, M. Portolés, Claudio Gómez-Perretta de Mateo, (2003): The Microwave Syndrome: A Preliminary Study in Spain, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 22 (2-3), 161-169.
68. Nezis IP, Stravopodis DJ, Papassideri I, Robert-Nicoud M, Margaritis LH. (2000). Stage-specific apoptotic patterns during Drosophila oogenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 79:610-620.
69. Nezis IP, Stravopodis DJ, Papassideri I, Robert-Nicoud M, Margaritis LH. (2002). Dynamics of apoptosis in the ovarian follicle cells during the late stages of Drosophila oogenesis. Cell and Tissue Research 307: 401-409.
70. Nikolova T, Czyz J, Rolletschek A, Blyszczuk P, Fuchs J, Jovtchev G, Schuderer J, Kuster N, Wobus AM., (2005). Electromagnetic fields affect transcript levels of apoptosis-related genes in embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. FASEB J. 19(12): 1686-8.
71. Noda M., Ikeda T., Kayano T., Suzuki H., Takeshima H., Kurasaki M., Takahashi H.and Numa S., (1986), "Existence of distinct sodium channel messenger RNAs in rat brain", Nature 320, pp.188-192.
72. Palmer L.G., (1986), in "New Insights into Cell and Membrane Transport Processes", (G.Poste and S.T.Crooke, Eds.), p. 331, Plenum Press, New York.
73. Panagopoulos DJ, Messini N, Karabarbounis A, Filippetis AL, and Margaritis LH, (2000): "A Mechanism for Action of Oscillating Electric Fields on Cells", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 272(3), 634-640.
74. Panagopoulos D.J., Karabarbounis, A. and Margaritis L.H., (2002), "Mechanism for Action of Electromagnetic Fields on Cells", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 298(1), 95-102.
75. Panagopoulos D.J. and Margaritis L.H., (2003), Theoretical Considerations for the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, In: Stavroulakis P. (Ed.)-Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, Springer, 5-33.
76. Panagopoulos D.J., Karabarbounis A., and Margaritis L.H., (2004), Effect of GSM 900-MHz Mobile Phone Radiation on the Reproductive Capacity of Drosophila melanogaster, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 23(1), 29-43.
77. Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Nezis IP and Margaritis LH, (2007a): Cell Death induced by GSM 900MHz and DCS 1800MHz Mobile Telephony Radiation, Mutation Research, 626, 69-78.
78. Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Karabarbounis A, and Margaritis LH, (2007b): Comparison of Bioactivity between GSM 900 MHz and DCS 1800 MHz Mobile Telephony Radiation, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 26(1), 33-44.
79. Panagopoulos DJ and Margaritis LH, (2008): Mobile Telephony Radiation Effects on Living Organisms, In Harper A.C. and Buress R.V. (Eds),-Mobile Telephones: Networks, Applications and Performance, Nova Science Publishers, 107-149.
80. Panagopoulos and Margaritis LH, (2009): Biological and Health effects of Mobile Telephony Radiations, International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, Vol. 15, Issue 1/2, 33-76.
81. Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED and Margaritis LH, (2010): Bioeffects of Mobile Telephony Radiation in relation to its Intensity or Distance from the Antenna, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 86(5), 345-357.
82. Panagopoulos and Margaritis LH, (2010a): The effect of Exposure Duration on the Biological Activity of Mobile Telephony Radiation, Mutation Research, 699(1/2), 17-22.
83. Panagopoulos DJ and Margaritis LH, (2010b): The Identification of an Intensity "Window" on the Bioeffects of Mobile Telephony Radiation, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 86(5), 358-366.
84. Phillips JL, Singh NP, Lai H., (2009): Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. Pathophysiology. 16(2-3): 79-88.
85. Salama OE, Abou El Naga RM., (2004): Cellular phones: are they detrimental? J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 79(3-4):197-223.
86. Salford LG, Brun AE, Eberhardt JL, Marmgren L, and Persson BR, (2003): Nerve Cell Damage in Mammalian Brain after Exposure to Microwaves from GSM Mobile Phones, Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(7), 881-883.
87. Santini MT, Ferrante A, Rainaldi G, Indovina P, Indovina PL. (2005): Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields and apoptosis: a review. Int J Radiat Biol. 81(1):1-11. Review.
88. Simkó M. (2007): Cell type specific redox status is responsible for diverse electromagnetic field effects. Curr Med Chem., 14(10):1141-52. Review
89. Sokolovic D, Djindjic B, Nikolic J, Bjelakovic G, Pavlovic D, Kocic G, Krstic D, Cvetkovic T, Pavlovic V. (2008): Melatonin Reduces Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Exposure of Microwave Radiation from Mobile Phones in Rat Brain. J Radiat Res (Tokyo), 49(6), 579-86.
90. Stindl R, Stindl W Jr. (2010) Vanishing honey bees: Is the dying of adult worker bees a consequence of short telomeres and premature aging?, Med Hypotheses. 75(4):387-90.
91. Stuchly MA and Stuchly SS, (1996): Experimental Radio and Microwave Dosimetry, In: Polk C. and Postow E., (Eds), Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, CRC Press, 295-336.
92. Stuhmer W., Conti F., Suzuki H., Wang X., Noda M., Yahagi N., Kubo H. and Numa S., 1989, "Structural parts involved in activation and inactivation of the sodium channel", Nature 339, pp.597-603.
93. Tisal J., (1998), "GSM Cellular Radio Telephony", J.Wiley and Sons, West Sussex, England.
94. Tomruk A, Guler G, Dincel AS., (2010): The influence of 1800 MHz GSM-like signals on hepatic oxidative DNA and lipid damage in nonpregnant, pregnant, and newly born rabbits. Cell Biochem Biophys. 56(1):39-47.
95. van Engelsdorp D, Hayes J Jr, Underwood RM, Pettis J. (2008) A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008. PLoS One. 3(12):e4071.
96. Wang J., Fujiwara O., Kodera S., Watanabe S., (2006): FDTD calculation of whole-body average SAR in adult and child models for frequencies from 30 MHz to 3 GHz., Phys Med Biol., 51(17):4119-27.
97. Wdowiak A, Wdowiak L, Wiktor H. (2007): Evaluation of the effect of using mobile phones on male fertility. Ann Agric Environ Med. 14(1):169-72.
98. Weiss N.A., (1995):-Introductory Statistics, Addison-Wesley Publ.Co.Inc.
99. Yadav AS, Sharma MK, (2008). Increased frequency of micronucleated exfoliated cells among humans exposed in vivo to mobile telephone radiations. Mutat Res. 650(2): 175-80.
100. Yan JG, Agresti M, Bruce T, Yan YH, Granlund A, Matloub HS. (2007): Effects of cellular phone emissions on sperm motility in rats. Fertil Steril., 88(4):957-64.
101. Yao K, Wu W, Wang K, Ni S, Ye P, Yu Y, Ye J, Sun L., (2008): Electromagnetic noise inhibits radiofrequency radiation-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen species increase in human lens epithelial cells. Mol Vis. 14: 964-9.
102. Zareen N, Khan MY, Ali Minhas L., (2009) Derangement of chick embryo retinal differentiation caused by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Congenital Anomalies, 49(1):15-9.
103. Zeni O, Schiavoni A, Perrotta A, Forigo D, Deplano M, Scarfi MR. (2008): Evaluation of genotoxic effects in human leukocytes after in vitro exposure to 1950 MHz UMTS radiofrequency field. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(3):177-84.
104. Zhang DY, Xu ZP, Chiang H, Lu DQ, Zeng QL., (2006): Effects of GSM 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on DNA damage in Chinese hamster lung cells, Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 40(3):149-52.