Evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate as a Dosimetric Quantity for Electromagnetic Fields Bioeffects

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

  Panagopoulos, Dimitris J ^a,b   Johansson, Olle ^c   Carlo, George L ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b Radiation and Environmental Biophysics Research Centre   (Greece)

^c KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^d The Science and Public Policy Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONDUCTANCE; DOSIMETRY; ELECTRIC FIELD; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; ENERGY ABSORPTION; NONHUMAN; RADIATION ABSORPTION; RADIATION ENERGY; RADIATION EXPOSURE; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT;

ABSORPTION; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; NONLINEAR DYNAMICS; RADIOBIOLOGY; RADIOMETRY; TEMPERATURE; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84878636059     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062663     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, et al. (1994) Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc, NY, USA.
2. Panagopoulos DJ, Margaritis LH (2003) Theoretical Considerations for the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, In: Stavroulakis P, ed. "Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields", Springer: 5-33.
3. Neher E, Sakmann B, (1992) The patch clamp technique. Scientific American 266: 28-35.
4. Stryer L (1996) Biochemistry, 4th ed., WH Freeman and Co, NY, U S A.
5. Panagopoulos DJ, Messini N, Karabarbounis A, Philippetis AL, Margaritis LH, (2000) A mechanism for action of oscillating electric fields on cells. Biochem. Biophys Res Commun 272: 634-640.
6. Panagopoulos DJ, Karabarbounis A Margaritis LH, (2002) Mechanism for action of electromagnetic fields on cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 298(1): 95-102.
7. Dertinger H, Jung H (1970) Molecular Radiation Biology. Springer, Berlin.
8. Coggle J (1983) Biological Effects of Radiation. Taylor & Francis.
9. Hall EJ, Giaccia AJ (2006) Radiobiology for the Radiologist. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
10. Panagopoulos DJ (2011a) Analyzing the Health Impacts of Modern Telecommunications Microwaves. In: Berhardt LV, ed. Advances in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 17.Nova Science Publishers, Inc, New York, USA.
11. Johansson O, (2009) Disturbance of the immune system by electromagnetic fields-A potentially underlying cause for cellular damage and tissue repair reduction which could lead to disease and impairment. Pathophysiology 16(2-3): 157-77.
12. Carlo GL (1998) Wireless Phones and Health: Scientific Progress. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston MA, xiii, 413 pages.
13. Carlo GL, Jenrow RS (2000) Scientific progress - wireless phones and brain cancer: current state of the science. Med Gen Med 2(3): E40. Wireless Technology Research, Washington, DC, USA.
14. Carlo GL, Thibodeaux PG (2001) Wireless Phones and Health: State of the Science. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston MA, xii, 287 pages.
15. Mandl F (1988) Statistical Physics. Wiley, 2nd edition.
16. Dawe, Smith B, Thomas DW, Greedy S, Vasic N, et al. (2006) A small temperature rise may contribute towards the apparent induction by microwaves of heat-shock gene expression in the nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans. Bioelectromagnetics 27(2): 88-97.
17. Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Nezis IP, Margaritis LH, (2007) Cell Death induced by GSM 900MHz and DCS 1800MHz Mobile Telephony Radiation. Mutation Research 626: 69-78.
18. Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Margaritis LH, (2010) Bioeffects of Mobile Telephony Radiation in relation to its Intensity or Distance from the Antenna. International Journal of Radiation Biology 86(5): 345-357.
19. Kwee S, Raskmark P, (1998) Changes in cell proliferation due to environmental non-ionizing radiation 2. Microwave radiation. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 44: 251-255.
20. Velizarov S, Raskmark P, Kwee S, (1999) The effects of radiofrequency fields on cell proliferation are non-thermal. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 48: 177-180.
21. Elder JA, Chou CK, (2003) Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy. Bioelectromagnetics. 6: S162-73.
22. Adair RK (1991) Biological Effects on the Cellular Level of Electric Field Pulses. Health Physics 61(3).
23. Kruglikov Dertinger, (1994) Stochastic resonance as a possible mechanism of amplification of weak electric signals in living cells. Bioelectromagnetics. (6): 539-47.
24. Verschaeve L, Juutilainen J, Lagroye I, Miyakoshi J, Saunders R, et al. (2010) In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of radiofrequency fields. Mutat Res. 705(3): 252-68.
25. Lai H, Singh NP, (1995) Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics 16(3): 207-10.
26. Lai H, Singh NP, (1997) Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics 18(6): 446-54.
27. Lai H, Singh NP, (1996) Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 69(4): 513-21.
28. Panagopoulos DJ, Margaritis LH (2008) Mobile Telephony Radiation Effects on Living Organisms. In Harper A.C. and Buress R.V. eds, "Mobile Telephones: Networks, Applications and Performance", Nova Science Publishers, New York, 107-149.
29. Panagopoulos DJ, (2012) Effect of Microwave Exposure on the Ovarian Development of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 63: 121-132.
30. Phillips JL, Singh NP, Lai H, (2009) Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. Pathophysiology. 16(2-3): 79-88.
31. Goodman EM, Greenebaum B, Marron MT, (1995) Effects of Electro- magnetic Fields on Mollecules and Cells. International Rev. Cytol. 158: 279-338.
32. Carpenter RL, (1968) EM (1968) Evidence For Nonthermal Effects of Microwave Radiation: Abnormal Development of Irradiated Insect Pupae. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 19(2): 173-178.
33. Liboff AR (1985) Cyclotron resonance in membrane transport. In Chiabrera A, Nicolini C, Schwan HP, eds. "Interactions between Electromagnetic Fields and Cells", Plenum Press, London.
34. Liboff AR, McLeod BR, (1988) Kinetics of channelized membrane ions in magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 9: 39.
35. Lednev VV, (1991) Possible mechanism for the influence of weak magnetic fields on biological systems.Bioelectromagnetics. 12: 71-75.
36. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M, (2009) Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surgical Neurology 72(3): 205-14.
37. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F, Mild KH, Morgan LL (2007) Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for > or = 10 years. Occup Environ Med. 64(9): 626-32. Review.
38. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K, (2009) Epidemiological evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor diseases. Pathophysiology. 16(2-3): 113-22.
39. Vignera SL, Condorelli RA, Vicardi E, D'Agata R, Calogero AE, (2012) Effects of the Exposure to Mobile Phones on Male Reproduction: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Andrology 33: 350-356.
40. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J, (2008) Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 89(1): 124-8.
41. Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, et al. (2009) Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 92(4): 1318-25.
42. De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ, (2009) Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One 4(7): e6446.
43. Levitt BB, Lai H, (2010) Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays. Environ. Rev 18: 369-395.
44. Navarro AE, Segura J, Portolés M, Gómez- Perretta de Mateo C, (2003) The Microwave Syndrome: A Preliminary Study in Spain. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 22 (2-3): 161-169.
45. Johansson O, (2006) Electrohypersensitivity: State-of-the-art of a functional impairment. Electromag Biol Med. 25: 245-258.
46. IARC (2011) IARC Classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Press Release, 31 May 2011. Available: http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf.
47. NCRP (1981) Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Properties, quantities and units, biophysical interaction and measurements. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Report No 67, Washington, DC.
48. Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C, (1996a) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 41: 2251-2269.
49. Foster KR, Schwan HP, (1989) Dielectric properties of tissues and biological materials: a critical review. Critical reviews in Biomedical Engineering 17(1): 25-103.
50. Fear EC, Stuchly MA, (1998) A novel equivalent circuit model for gap connected cells. Phys. Med. Biol. 43: 1439-1448.
51. Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C, (1996b) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys. Med. Biol. 41: 2271-93.
52. Spottorno J, Multigner M, Rivero G, Alvarez L, de la Venta J, et al. (2012) In Vivo Measurements of Electrical Conductivity of Porcine Organs at Low Frequency: New Method of Measurement. Bioelectromagnetics 33(7): 612-9.
53. Peyman A, Rezazadeh AA, Gabriel C, (2001) Changes in the dielectric properties of rat tissue as a function of age at microwave frequencies. Phys. Med. Biol. 46(6): 1617-1629.
54. Christ A, Gosselin M-C, Christopoulou M, et al. (2010b) Age-dependent tissue-specific exposure of cell phone users. Phys. Med. Biol. 55: 1767-1783.
55. Haemmerich D, Schutt DJ, dos Santos I, Webster JG, Mahvi DM, (2005) Measurement of temperature-dependent specific heat of biological tissues. Physiol. Meas. 26(1): 59-67.
56. Leonard J, Foster K, Athey T W, (1984) Thermal properties of tissue equivalent phantom materials. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 31: 533-536.
57. IEEE (2002) IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields With Respect to Human Exposure to Such Fields, 100 kHz-300 GHz. IEEE Std C95.3™-2002 (R2008).
58. Panagopoulos DJ (2011b) Biological Impacts, Action Mechanisms, Dosimetry and Protection issues of Mobile Telephony Radiation. In Barnes MC, Meyers NP eds, "Mobile Phones: Technology, Networks and User Issues", Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, USA.
59. Moulder JE, Erdreich LS, Malyapa RS, Merritt J, Pickard WF, et al. (1999) Cell Phones and Cancer. What is the Evidence for a Connection? Radiation Research 151: 513-531.
60. ICNIRP (1998) Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys. 74: 494-522.
61. Wang J, Fujiwara O, Kodera S, Watanabe S, (2006) FDTD calculation of whole-body average SAR in adult and child models for frequencies from 30 Phys Med Biol. 51(17): 4119-27.
62. Flyckt VM, Raaymakers BW, Kroeze H, Lagendijk JJ, (2007) Calculation of SAR and temperature rise in a high-resolution vascularized model of the human eye and orbit when exposed to a dipole antenna at 900, 1500 and 1800 Phys Med Biol. 52(10): 2691-701.
63. Gandhi Om P, Morgan LL, de Salles AA, Han Y-Y, Herberman RB, et al. (2012) Exposure Limits: The underestimation of absorbed cell phone radiation, especially in children. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 31(1): 34-51.
64. Bawin SM, Kaczmarek LK, Adey WR, (1975) Effects of modulated VMF fields, on the central nervous system. Annals of the N.Y. Academy of Sciences 247: 74-81.
65. Bawin SM, Adey WR, (1976) Sensitivity of calcium binding in cerebral tissue to weak environmental electric fields oscillating at low frequency.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 73: 1999-2003.
66. Bawin SM, Adey WR, Sabbot IM, (1978) Ionic factors in release of 45Ca 2+from chick cerebral tissue by electromagnetic fields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 75: 6314-6318.
67. Blackman CF, Benane SG, Elder JA, House DE, Lampe JA, et al. (1980) Induction of calcium - ion efflux from brain tissue by radiofrequency radiation: Effect of sample number and modulation frequency on the power - density window. Bioelectromagnetics, (NY) 1: 35 - 43.
68. Eberhardt JL, Persson BRR, Brun AE, Salford LG, Malmgren LOG, (2008)-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 27: 215-229.
69. Stam R, (2010) Electromagnetic fields and the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res Rev. 65(1): 80-97.
70. Blackman CF, Kinney LS, House DE, Joines WT, (1989) Multiple power-density windows and their possible origin. Bioelectromagnetics 10(2): 115-128.
71. Liboff AR (2003) Ion cyclotron resonance in biological systems: experimental evidence. In: Stavroulakis P. ed. "Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields", Springer, 76-113.
72. Panagopoulos DJ, Margaritis LH, (2010) The Identification of an Intensity "Window" on the Bioeffects of Mobile Telephony Radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 86(5): 358-366.
73. Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA, (2003) HORMESIS: The Dose-Response Revolution. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 43: 175-197.
74. Samoilov MO, Lazarevich EV, Semenov DG, Mokrushin AA, Tyul'kova EI, et al. (2003) The Adaptive Effects of Hypoxic Preconditioning of Brain Neurons. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 33(1): 1-11.
75. Mitchel RE, (2006) Low doses of radiation are protective in vitro and in vivo: evolutionary origins. Dose Response. (2): 75-90.
76. Lenie S, Cortvrindt R, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Smitz J, (2008) Continuous exposure to bisphenol A during in vitro follicular development induces meiotic abnormalities. Mutat Res. (1-2): 71-81.
77. Averbeck D, (2010) Non-targeted a paradigm breaking evidence. Mutat Res. (1-2): 7-12.
78. Kundrát P, Friedland W, (2012) Non-linear response of cells to signals leads to revised characteristics of bystander effects inferred from their modelling. Int J Radiat Biol. (10): 743-50.
79. Lin-Liu S, Adey WR, (1982) Low frequency amplitude modulated microwave fields change calcium efflux rates from synaptosomes. Bioelectromagnetics. (3): 309-22.
80. Somosy Z, Thuroczy G, Kubasova T, Kovacs J, Szabo LD, (1991) Effects of modulated and continuous microwave irradiation on the morphology and cell surface negative charge of 3T3 fibroblasts. Scanning Microsc 5(4): 1145-1155.
81. Veyret B, Bouthet C, Deschaux P, de Seze R, Geffard M, et al. (1991) Antibody responses of mice exposed to low-power microwaves under combined, pulse-and-amplitude modulation. Bioelectromagnetics 12(1): 47-56.
82. Bolshakov MA, Alekseev SI, (1992) Bursting responses of Lymnea neurons to microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 13(2): 119-129.
83. Thuroczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo LD, (1994) Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Rev Environ Health 10(2): 135-148.
84. Penafiel LM, Litovitz T, Krause D, Desta A, Mullins MJ, (1997) Role of modulation on the effect of microwaves on ornithine decarboxylase activity in L929 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 18(2): 132-41.
85. Höytö A, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J, (2008) Proliferation, oxidative stress and cell death in cells exposed to 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation and oxidants. Radiat. Res. 170(2): 235-243.
86. Franzellitti S, Valbonesi P, Ciancaglini N, Biondi C, Contin A, et al. (2010) Transient DNA damage induced by high-frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM 1.8 GHz) in the human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cell line evaluated with the alkaline comet assay. Mutat Res. 683(1-2): 35-42.
87. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, et al. (2010) Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Neurosci Lett. 31 473(1): 52-55.
88. Detlavs I, Dombrovska L, Turauska A, Shkirmante B, Slutskii L, (1996) Experimental study of the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on animals with soft tissue wounds. Sci Total Environ 180(1): 35-42.
89. Markovà E, Hillert L, Malmgren L, Persson BR, (2005) Belyaev (2005) Microwaves from GSM mobile telephones affect 53BP1 and gamma-H2AX foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons. Environ Health Perspect. (9): 1172-7.
90. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Tomson R, Tuulik V, (2008) Effect of 7, 14 and 21 Hz modulated 450 MHz microwave radiation on human electroencephalographic rhythms. Int J Radiat Biol. 84(1): 69-79.