Large-scale atmospheric circulation driving extreme climate events in the mediterranean and its related impacts

The Climate of the Mediterranean Region

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 347-417

  Xoplaki, Elena ^a,b   Trigo, Ricardo M ^c   García Herrera, Ricardo ^d   Barriopedro, David ^c,d   D'Andrea, Fabio ^e   Fischer, Erich M ^f   Gimeno, Luis ^g   Gouveia, Celia ^c   Hernández, Emiliano ^d   Kuglitsch, Franz G ^b   Mariotti, Annarita ^h   Nieto, Raquel ^g   Pinto, Joaquim G ⁱ   Pozo Vázquez, David ^j   Saaroni, Hadas ^k   Toreti, Andrea ^a   Trigo, Isabel F ^c   Vicente Serrano, Sergio M ^l   Yiou, Pascal ^m   Ziv, Baruch ⁿ  

^a JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

^d UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

^e LABORATOIRE DE MÉTÉOROLOGIE DYNAMIQUE   (France)

^f Land Climate Dynamics Group   (Switzerland)

^g UNIVERSITY OF VIGO   (Spain)

^h NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^j UNIVERSITY OF JAÉN   (Spain)

^k TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^l INSTITUTO PIRENAICO DE ECOLOGÍA   (Spain)

^m LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DU CLIMAT ET DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

ⁿ OPEN UNIVERSITY OF ISRAEL   (Israel)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877902939     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-416042-2.00006-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (273)

1. Adler R.F., Huffman G.J., Chang A., Ferraro R., Xie P.-P., Janowiak J., et al. The version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present). J. Hydrometeorol. 2003, 4:1147-1167.
2. Alexander L. Climate science: extreme heat rooted in dry soils. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4:12-13. 10.1038/ngeo1045.
3. Meteorological drought-policy statement. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1997, 78:847-849. AMS.
4. APAT, 2006. Aggiornamento sulle osservazioni dei livelli di marea nella laguna di Venezia, Rapporto no. 69/2006. Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services, Venice.
5. Atkinson M.D., Kettlewell P.S., Hollins P.D., Stephenson D.B., Hardwick N.V. Summer climate mediates UK wheat quality response to winter North Atlantic Oscillation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2005, 130:27-37.
6. Austin R.B., Cantero-Martínez C., Arrúe J.L., Playán E., Cano-Marcellán P. Yield-rainfall relationships in cereal cropping systems in the Ebro river valley of Spain. Eur. J. Agron. 1998, 8:239-248.
7. Barnston A.G., Livezey R.E. Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Mon. Weather Rev. 1987, 115:1083-1126.
8. Barriopedro D., García-Herrera R., Lionello P., Pino C. A discussion of the links between solar variability and high-storm-surge events in Venice. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:D13101. 10.1029/2009JD013114.
9. Barriopedro D., García-Herrera R., Trigo R.M. Application of blocking diagnosis methods to general circulation models. Part I: a novel detection scheme. Clim. Dyn. 2010, 35:1373-1391. 10.1007/s00382-010-0767-5.
10. Barriopedro D., Fischer E.M., Luterbacher J., Trigo R.M., García-Herrera R. The hot summer of 2010: redrawing the temperature record map of Europe. Science 2011, 332:220-224. 10.1126/science.1201224.
11. Beniston M. The 2003 heat wave in Europe: a shape of things to come? An analysis based on Swiss climatological data and model simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L02202. 10.1029/2003GL018857.
12. Beniston M., Diaz H. The 2003 heat wave as an example of summers in a greenhouse climate? Observations and climate model simulations for Basel, Switzerland. Global Planet. Change 2004, 44:73-81.
13. Beniston M., Stephenson D.B., Christensen O.B., Ferro C.A.T., Frei C., Goyette S., et al. Future extreme events in European climate: an exploration of regional climate model projections. Clim. Change 2007, 81:71-95. 10.1007/s10584-006-9226-z.
14. Berry D.I., Kent E.C. A new air-sea interaction gridded dataset from ICOADS with uncertainty estimates. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2009, 90:645-656. 10.1175/2008BAMS2639.1.
15. Black E., Sutton R. The influence of oceanic conditions on the hot European summer of 2003. Clim. Dyn. 2007, 28:53-66. 10.1007/s00382-006-0179-8.
16. Black E., Blackburn M., Harrison G., Hoskins B., Methven J. Factors contributing to the summer 2003 European heatwave. Weather 2004, 59:217-221.
17. Blackwell K.G. Tropical plumes in a barotropic model: a product of Rossby wave generation in the tropical upper troposphere. Mon. Weather Rev. 2000, 128:2288-2302.
18. Briffa K.R., Jones P.D., Hulme M. Summer moisture variability across Europe, 1892-1991: an analysis based on the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Int. J. Climatol. 1994, 14:475-506.
19. Brönnimann S. Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on European climate. Rev. Geophys. 2007, 45:RG3003.
20. Brönnimann S., Xoplaki E., Casty C., Pauling A., Luterbacher J. ENSO influence on Europe during the last centuries. Clim. Dyn. 2007, 28:181-197.
21. Burton I., Kates R.W., White G.F. The Environment as Hazard 1978, Oxford University Press, New York, p. 240.
22. Buzzi A., Tibaldi S. Cyclogenesis in the lee of the Alps: a case Study. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1978, 104:271-287.
23. Camuffo D. Analysis of the sea surges at Venice from A.D. 782 to 1990. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 1993, 47:1-14.
24. Camuffo D., Sturaro G. Use of proxy-documentary and instrumental data to assess the risk factors leading to sea flooding in Venice. Global Planet. Change 2004, 40:93-103.
25. Camuffo D., Secco C., Brimblecombe P., Martin-Vide J. Sea storms in the Adriatic Sea and the western Mediterranean during the last millennium. Clim. Change 2000, 46:209-223.
26. Cantelaube P., Terres J.-M., Doblas-Reyes F.J. Climate variability influences on European agriculture. Analysis for winter wheat production. Clim. Res. 2004, 27:135-144.
27. Cassou C., Terray L., Phillips A.S. Tropical Atlantic influence on European heat waves. J. Clim. 2005, 18:2805-2811.
28. Cattiaux J., Vautard R., Yiou P. Origins of the extremely warm European fall of 2006. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L06713.
29. Changnon S.A., Easterling W.E. Measuring drought impacts: the Illinois case. Water Resour. Bull. 1989, 25:27-42.
30. Changnon S.A., Kunkel K.E., Reinke B.C. Impacts and responses to the 1995 heat wave: a call to action. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1996, 77:1497-1506.
31. Charles S.P., Bates B.C., Whetton P.H., Hughes J.P. Validation of downscaling models for changed climate conditions: case study of southwestern Australia. Clim. Res. 1999, 12:1-14.
32. Chen D., Cane M.A., Kaplan A., Zebiak S.E., Huang D.J. Predictability of El Niño over the past 148 years. Nature 2004, 428:733-736.
33. Chen M.Y., Xie P., Janowiak J.E., Arkin P.A. Global land precipitation: a 50-yr monthly analysis based on gauge observations. J. Hydrometeorol. 2002, 3:249-266.
34. Chiacchio M., Wild M. Influence of NAO and clouds on long-term seasonal variations of surface solar radiation in Europe. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:D00D22. 10.1029/2009JD012182.
35. Christensen J.H., Hewitson B., Busuioc A., Chen A., Gao X., Held I., et al. Regional climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.).
36. Ciais P., Reichstein M., Viovy N., Granier A., Ogée J., Allard V., et al. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 2005, 437:529-533.
37. Colombaroli D., Marchetto A., Tinner W. Long-term interactions between Mediterranean climate, vegetation and fire regime at Lago di Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy). J. Ecol. 2007, 95:755-770.
38. Conti S., Meli P., Minelli G., Solimini R., Toccaceli V., Vichi M., et al. Epidemiologic study of mortality during the summer 2003 heatwave in Italy. Environ. Res. 2005, 98:390-399.
39. Cook B.I., Mann M.E., D'Odorico P., Smith T.M. Statistical simulation of the influence of the NAO on European winter surface temperatures: applications to phenological modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:D16106. 10.1029/2003JD004305.
40. Cullen H.M., deMenocal P.B. North Atlantic influence on Tigris-Euphrates streamflow. Int. J. Climatol. 2000, 20:853-863.
41. Dai A. Drought under global warming: a review. Advanced Review, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2011, 2:45-65. 10.1002/wcc.81.
42. Dai A., Fung I.Y., Del Genio A.D. Surface observed global land precipitation variations during 1900-88. J. Clim. 1997, 10:2943-2962.
43. Dai A.G., Trenberth K.E., Qian T.T. A global dataset of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870-2002: relationship with soil moisture and effects of surface warming. J. Hydrometeorol. 2004, 5:1117-1130.
44. D'Andrea F., Tibaldi S., Blackburn M., Boer G., Deque M., Dix M.R., et al. Northern hemisphere atmospheric blocking as simulated by 15 general circulation models in the period 1979-1988. Clim. Dyn. 1998, 14:385-407.
45. Dayan U., Abramski R. Heavy rain in the Middle East related to unusual jet stream properties. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1983, 64:1138-1140.
46. Della-Marta P.M., Luterbacher J., von Weissenfluh H., Xoplaki E., Brunet M., Wanner H. Summer heat waves over western Europe 1880-2003, their relationship to large scale forcings and predictability. Clim. Dyn. 2006, 29:251-275.
47. Della-Marta P.M., Haylock M.R., Luterbacher J., Wanner H. Doubled length of western European summer heatwaves since 1880. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:D15103.
48. DeMelo R.W., Fontana D.C., Berlato M.A., Ducati J.R. An agrometeorological-spectral model to estimate soybean yield, applied to southern Brazil. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2008, 29:4013-4028.
49. Díaz J., García-Herrera R., Trigo R.M., Linares C., Valente M.A., De Migule J.M., et al. The impact of summer 2003 heat wave in Iberia: how should we measure it?. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2006, 50:159-166.
50. Diffenbaugh N.S., Pal J.S., Giorgi F., Xuejie G. Heat stress intensification in the Mediterranean climate change hotspot. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L11706. 10.1029/2007GL030000.
51. Drumond A., Nieto R., Gimeno L., Ambrizzi T. A Lagrangian identification of major sources of moisture over Central Brazil and La Plata Basin. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:D14128. 10.1029/2007JD009547.
52. Dünkeloh A., Jacobeit J. Circulation dynamics of Mediterranean precipitation variability 1948-1998. Int. J. Climatol. 2003, 23:1843-1866.
53. Durán-Quesada A., Gimeno L., Amador J.A., Nieto R. Moisture sources for Central America: identification of moisture sources using a Lagrangian analysis technique. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:D05103. 10.1029/2009JD012455.
54. ESRA-European Solar Radiation Atlas, 2000. Fourth edition. Edited by J. Greif, K. Scharmer. Scientific advisors: R. Dogniaux, J. K. Page. Authors: L. Wald, M. Albuisson, G. Czeplak, B. Bourges, R. Aguiar, H. Lund, A. Joukoff, U. Terzenbach, H. G. Beyer, E. P. Borisenko. Published for the Commission of the European Communities by Presses de l'Ecole, Ecole des Mines de Paris, France.
55. European Commission, 2008. Forest Fires in Europe 2007. EUR 23492 EN. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, p. 77.
56. Fagherazzi S., Fosser G., D'Alpaos L., D'Odorico P. Climatic oscillations influence the flooding of Venice. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L19710. 10.1029/2005GL023758.
57. Fang H., Liang S., Hoogenboom G., Teasdale J., Cavigelli M. Corn-yield estimation through assimilation of remotely sensed data into the CSM-CERES-Maize model. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2008, 29:3011-3032.
58. Feio, M., 1991. Clima e Agricultura. Ministério da Agricultura, Pescas e Alimentação-DGPA, p. 266.
59. Fernández J., Sáenz J., Zorita E. Analysis of the wintertime atmosphere moisture transport and its variability over the Mediterranean Basin. Clim. Res. 2003, 23:195-215.
60. Ferranti L., Viterbo P. The European summer of 2003: sensitivity to soil water initial conditions. J. Clim. 2006, 19:3659-3680.
61. Ferris R., Ellis R.H., Wheeler T.R., Hadley P. Effect of high temperature stress at anthesis on grain yield and biomass of field-grown crops of wheat. Ann. Bot. 2011, 82(5):631-639.
62. Feudale L., Shukla J. Role of Mediterranean SST in enhancing the European heat wave of summer 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L03811. 10.1029/2006GL027991.
63. Fink A., Brücher T., Krüger A., Leckebusch G., Pinto J., Ulbrich U. The 2003 European summer heat waves and drought-synoptic diagnosis and impacts. Weather 2004, 59:209-216.
64. Fischer, E.M., Schär, C., 2009. Future changes in daily summer temperature variability: driving processes and role for temperature extremes. Clim. Dyn., 33, 917-935, doi: 10.1007/s00382-008-0473-8.
65. Fischer E.M., Schär C. Consistent geographical patterns of changes in high-impact European heatwaves. Nat. Geosci. 2010, 3:398-403. 10.1038/NGEO866.
66. Fischer E.M., Seneviratne S.I., Lüthi D., Schär C. Contribution of land-atmosphere coupling to recent European heatwaves. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L06707.
67. Fischer E.M., Seneviratne S.I., Vidale P.L., Lüthi D., Schär C. Soil moisture-atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heatwave. J. Clim. 2007, 20:5081-5099.
68. Founda D., Papadopoulos K.H., Petrakis M., Giannakopoulos C., Good P. Analysis of mean, maximum and minimum temperatures in Athens from 1897 to 2001 with emphasis to the last decade: trends, warm and cold events. Global Planet. Change 2004, 44:27-38.
69. Fraedrich K., Müller K. Climate anomalies in Europe associated with ENSO extremes. Int. J. Clim. 1992, 12:25-31.
70. Frassetto R. The facts of relative sea-level rise in Venice. Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge 2005, 29-40. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. C.A. Fletcher, T. Spencer (Eds.).
71. Frei C., Schär C. A precipitation climatology of the Alps from high-resolution rain-gauge observations. Int. J. Clim. 1998, 18:873-900.
72. García-Herrera R., Paredes D., Trigo R.M., Trigo I.F., Hernández H., Barriopedro D., et al. The outstanding 2004/05 drought in the Iberian Peninsula: associated atmospheric circulation. J. Hydrometeorol. 2007, 8:483-498.
73. García-Herrera R., Díaz J., Trigo R.M., Luterbacher J., Fischer E.M. A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 40:267-306.
74. Gibelin A.L., Deque M. Anthropogenic climate change over the Mediterranean region simulated by a global variable resolution model. Clim. Dyn. 2003, 20:327-339.
75. Gimeno L., Ribera P., Iglesias R., Torre L., Garcia R., Hernández E. Identification of empirical relationships between indices of ENSO and NAO and agricultural yields in Spain. Clim. Res. 2002, 21:165-172.
76. Gimeno L., Drumond A., Nieto R., Trigo R.M., Stohl A. On the origin of continental precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37(, L13804). 10.1029/2010GL043712.
77. Gimeno L., Nieto R., Trigo R.M., Vicente-Serrano S.M., López-Moreno J.I. Where does the Iberian Peninsula moisture come from? An answer based on a Largrangian approach. J. Hydrometeorol. 2010, 11:421-436. 10.1175/2009JHM1182.1.
78. Giorgi F. Climate change hot-spots. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L08707.
79. Giorgi F., Lionello P. Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Global Planet. Change 2008, 63:90-104. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005.
80. Giorgi F., Bi X.Q., Pal J. Mean interannual variability and trends in a regional climate change experiment over Europe II: climate change scenarios (2071-2100). Clim. Dyn. 2004, 23:839-858.
81. González-Hidalgo J.C., Lopez-Bustins J.A., Stepanek P., Martin-Vide J., de Luis M. Monthly precipitation trends on the Mediterranean façade of the Iberian Peninsula during the second half of the 20th century (1951-2000). Int. J. Climatol. 2009, 29:1415-1429.
82. Goodess C.M., Jones P.D. Links between circulation and changes in the characteristics of Iberian rainfall. Int. J. Climatol. 2002, 22:1593-1615.
83. Gosling S.N., Lowe J.A., McGregor G.R., Pelling M., Malamud B.D. Associations between elevated atmospheric temperature and human mortality: a critical review of the literature. Clim. Change 2009, 92:299-341.
84. Gouveia C., Trigo R.M. Influence of climate variability on wheat production in Portugal. geoENV VI-Geostatistics for Environmental Applications 2008, 335-348. 10.1007/978-1-4020-6448-7_28. A. Soares, C.M.J. Pereira, R. Dimitrakopoulos (Eds.).
85. Gouveia C., Trigo R.M., DaCamara C.C., Libonati R., Pereira J.M.C. The North Atlantic Oscillation and European vegetation dynamics. Int. J. Climatol. 2008, 28:1835-1847. 10.1002/joc.1682.
86. Gouveia C., Trigo R.M., DaCamara C.C. Drought and vegetation stress monitoring in Portugal using satellite data. Nat. Hazards Earth. Syst. Sci. 2009, 9:185-195.
87. Grazzini F., Viterbo P. Record breaking warm sea surface temperature of the Mediterranean Sea. ECMWF Newsletter 2003, 98:30-31.
88. Grize L., Huss A., Thommen O., Schindler C., Braun-Fahrländer C. Heatwave 2003 and mortality in Switzerland. Swiss. Med. Wkly. 2005, 135:200-205.
89. Havens A.V. Drought and agriculture. Weatherwise 1954, 7:51-55.
90. Haylock M.R., Goodess C.M. Interannual variability of European extreme winter rainfall and links with mean large-scale circulation. Int. J. Climatol. 2004, 24:759-776.
91. Hurrell J., Hoerling M., Phillips A., Xu T. Twentieth century North Atlantic climate change. Part I: assessing determinism. Clim. Dyn. 2004, 23:371-390.
92. Hurrell J.W. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 1995, 269:676-679.
93. Hurrell, J.W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., Visbeck, M., (Eds.) 2003. The North Atlantic Oscillation: climate significance and environmental impact, Geophysical Monograph Series, 134, p. 279.
94. IEA, 2010. Energy Technology Perspectives 2010-Scenarios & Strategies to 2050. ISBN: 978-92-64-08597-8. OECD Publication Service, Paris, p. 650.
95. Iglesias A., Quiroga S. Measuring the risk of climate variability to cereal production at five sites in Spain. Clim. Res. 2007, 34:47-57.
96. Iglesias E., Garrido A., Gomez-Ramos A. Evaluation of drought management in irrigated areas. Agric. Econ. 2003, 29:211-229.
97. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 996.
98. Iskenderian H. A 10-year climatology of Northern Hemisphere tropical cloud plumes and their composite flow patterns. J. Clim. 1995, 8:1630-1637.
99. Jansá A., Genovés A., Campins J., Picornell M.A., Riosalido R., Carretero O. Western Mediterranean cyclones and heavy rain. Part 2: statistical approach. Meteorol. Appl. 2001, 8:43-56.
100. Julien Y., Sobrino J.A., Verhoef W. Changes in land surface temperatures and NDVI values over Europe between 1982 and 1999. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 103:43-55.
101. Jung T., Ferranti L., Tompkins A.M. Response to the summer 2003 Mediterranean SST anomalies over Europe and Africa. J. Clim. 2006, 19:5439-5454.
102. Kahana R., Ziv B., Enzel Y., Dayan U Synoptic climatology of major floods in the Negev desert, Israel. Int. J. Climatol. 2002, 22:867-882.
103. Kalnay E., Kanamitsu M., Kistler R., Collins W., Deaven D., Gandin L., et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-tear reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1996, 77:437-471.
104. Karabörk M.C., Kahya E. The links between the categorised Southern Oscillation indicators and climate and hydrologic variables in Turkey. Hydrol. Process. 2009, 23:1927-1936.
105. Karabörk M.C., Kahya E., Kömüşçü A.Ü. Analysis of Turkish precipitation data: homogeneity and the Southern Oscillation forcings on frequency distributions. Hydrol. Process. 2007, 21:3203-3210.
106. Kiladis G.N. Observations of Rossby waves linked to convection over the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci. 1998, 55:321-339.
107. Kiladis G.N., Weickmann K.M. Circulation anomalies associated with tropical convection during northern winter. Mon. Weather Rev. 1992, 120:1900-1923.
108. Kiladis G.N., Weickmann K.M. Extratropical forcing of tropical Pacific convection during northern winter. Mon. Weather Rev. 1992, 120:1924-1938.
109. Karl T., Knight R. Secular trends of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in the United States. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1997, 79:1107-1119.
110. Kistler R., Kalnay E., Collins W., Saha S., White G., Woolen J., et al. The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2001, 82:247-267.
111. Klein-Tank A., Können G. Trends in indices of daily temperature and precipitation extremes in Europe, 1946-99. J. Clim. 2003, 16:3665-3680.
112. Knippertz P. Tropical-extratropical interactions associated with an Atlantic tropical plume and subtropical jet stream. Mon. Weather Rev. 2005, 133:1-18.
113. Knippertz P., Martin J.E. Tropical plumes and extreme precipitation in subtropical and tropical West Africa. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2005, 131:2337-2365.
114. Knippertz P., Fink A.H., Reiner A., Speth P. Three late summer/early autumn cases of tropical-extratropical interactions causing precipitation in northwest Africa. Mon. Weather Rev. 2003, 131:116-135.
115. Knippertz P., Wernli H. A Lagrangian climatology of tropical moisture exports to the Northern hemispheric extratropics. J. Clim. 2007, 23:987-1003. 10.1175/2009JCLI3333.1.
116. Knowlton K., Rotkin-Ellman M., King G., Margolis H.G., Smith D., Solomon G., et al. The 2006 California heat wave: impacts on hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:61-67.
117. Kostopoulou E., Jones P.D. Assessment of climate extremes in the eastern Mediterranean. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 2005, 89:69-85.
118. Kovats R., Koppe C. Heatwaves: past and future impacts. Integration of Public Health With Adaptation to Climate Change: Lessons Learned and New Directions 2005, 136-160. Taylor & Francis, Leiden, The Netherlands. K. Ebi, J. Smith, I. Burton (Eds.).
119. Krichak S.O., Alpert P. Role of large scale moist dynamics in November 1-5, 1994, hazardous Mediterranean weather. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:19453-19468.
120. Krichak S.O., Alpert P., Dayan M. Role of atmospheric processes associated with hurricane Olga in December 2001 floods in Israel. J. Hydrometeorol. 2004, 5:1259-1270.
121. Krichak S.O., Alpert P., Dayan M. An evaluation of the role of hurricane Olga (2001) in an extreme rainy event in Israel using dynamic tropopause maps. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 2007, 98:35-53. 10.1007/s00703-006-0230-7.
122. Kuglitsch, F.G., 2010. Extreme temperature events in the Mediterranean region. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, p. 117.
123. Kuglitsch F.G., Toreti A., Xoplaki E., Della-Marta P.M., Luterbacher J., Wanner H. Homogenization of daily maximum temperature series in the Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D15108.
124. Kuglitsch F.G., Toreti A., Xoplaki E., Della-Marta P.M., Zerefos C.S., Türkes M., et al. Heat wave changes in the eastern Mediterranean since 1960. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37:L04802. 10.1029/2009GL041841.
125. Kuhnel I. Tropical-extratropical cloudband climatology based on satellite data. Int. J. Climatol. 1989, 9:441-463.
126. Lakshmi V., Piechota T., Narayan U., Tang C. Soil moisture as an indicator of weather extremes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L11401. 10.1029/2004GL019930.
127. Lázaro R., Rodrigo F.S., Gutiérrez L., Domingo F., Puigdefábregas J. Analysis of a 30-year rainfall record (1967-1997) in semi-arid SE Spain for implications on vegetation. J. Arid Environ. 2001, 48:373-395.
128. Lenderink G., van Ulden A., van den Hurk B., van Meijgaard E. Summertime inter-annual temperature variability in an ensemble of regional model simulations: analysis of the surface energy budget. Clim. Change 2007, 81:233-247.
129. Lionello P. Extreme surges in the Gulf of Venice: present and future climate. Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge 2005, 59-70. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. C.A. Fletcher, T. Spencer (Eds.).
130. Lionello, P., 2012. The climate of the Venetian and North Adriatic region: variability, trends and future change. Phys. Chem. Earth. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2012.02.002.
131. Lionello P., Bhend J., Buzzi A., Della-Marta P.M., Krichak S.O., Jansá A., et al. Cyclones in the Mediterranean region: climatology and effects on the environment. Mediterranean Climate Variability 2006, 326-372. Elsevier, The Netherlands. P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, R. Boscolo (Eds.).
132. Lionello P., Cavaleri L., Nissen K.M., Pino C., Raicich F., Ulbrich U. Severe marine storms in the Northern Adriatic: characteristics and trends. Phys. Chem. Earth 2010, 10.1016/j.pce.2010.10.002.
133. Lloyd-Hughes B., Saunders M.A. A drought climatology for Europe. Int. J. Climatol. 2002, 22:1571-1592.
134. Lloyd-Hughes B., Saunders M.A. Seasonal prediction of European spring precipitation from El Niño-Southern Oscillation and local sea-surface temperatures. Int. J. Climatol. 2002, 22:1-14.
135. Lohmann S., Schillings C., Mayer B., Meyer R. Long-term variability of solar direct and global irradiance derived from ISCCP data and comparison with re-analysis data. Sol. Energy 2006, 80:1390-1401. 10.1016/j.solener.2006.03.004.
136. López-Moreno, J.I., Garćýa-Ruiz, J.M., 2007. Hydrological effects of reservoirs in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. In: Robinson, P.J., Jones, J.A.A., Woo, M.-K. (Eds.), Managing Water Resources in a Changing Physical and Social Environment. IGU Home of Geography Publication Series, Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, pp. 103-114, 177.
137. López-Moreno J., Vicente-Serrano S., Gimeno L., Nieto R. Stability of the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the Mediterranean region: Observations since 1950 and projections for the 21st century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L10703. 10.1029/2009GL037956.
138. López-Moreno J.I., Vicente-Serrano S.M. Extreme phases of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and drought occurrence over Europe: a multi-temporal-scale approach. J. Clim. 2008, 21:1220-1243.
139. López-Moreno J.I., Beguería S., Vicente-Serrano S.M., García-Ruiz J.M. Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on water resources in central Iberia: precipitation, streamflow anomalies, and reservoir management strategies. Water Resour. Res. 2007, 43:W09411. 10.1029/2007WR005864.
140. Lozier M.S., Stewart N.M. On the temporally-varying northward penetration of Mediterranean overflow waters. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2008, 38:2097-2103.
141. Luterbacher J., Dietrich D., Xoplaki E., Grosjean M., Wanner H. European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends and extremes since 1500. Science 2004, 303:1499-1503.
142. Luterbacher J., Liniger M.A., Menzel A., Estrella N., Della-Marta P.M., Pfister C., et al. The exceptional European warmth of Autumn 2006 and Winter 2007: historical context, the underlying dynamics and its phenological impacts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L12704. 10.1029/2007GL029951.
143. Maignan F., Bréon F.-M., Bacour C., Demarty J., Poirson A. Interannual vegetation phenology estimates from global AVHRR measurements. Comparison with in situ data and applications. Remote Sens. Environ. 2008, 112:496-505.
144. Mariotti A. Recent changes in Mediterranean water cycle: a pathway toward long-term regional hydroclimatic change?. J. Clim. 2010, 23:1513-1525.
145. Mariotti A., Dell'Aquila A. Decadal climate variability in the Mediterranean region: roles of large-scale forcings and regional processes. Clim. Dyn. 2003, 38:1129-1145. 10.1007/s00382-011-1056-7.
146. Mariotti A., Struglia M.V., Zeng N., Lau K.-M. The hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean region and implications for the water budget of the Mediterranean Sea. J. Clim. 2002, 15:1674-1690.
147. Mariotti A., Zeng N., Lau K.-M. Euro-Mediterranean rainfall and ENSO-a seasonally varying relationship. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29:1621. 10.1029/2001GL014248.
148. Mariotti A., Zeng N., Yoon J., Artale V., Navarra A., Alpert P., et al. Mediterranean water cycle changes: transition to drier 21st century conditions in observations and CMIP3 simulations. Environ. Res. Lett. 2008, 3:044001. 10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/044001.
149. Martius O., Zenklusen E., Schwierz C., Davies H.C. Episodes of Alpine heavy precipitation with an overlying elongated stratospheric intrusion: a climatology. Int. J. Climatol. 2006, 26:1149-1164. 10.1002/joc.1295.
150. Massacand A.C., Wernli H., Davies H.C. Heavy precipitation on the Alpine southside: an upper-level precursor. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:1435-1438.
151. McGuirk J.P. Impact of increased TOVS signal on the NMC global spectral model: a tropical-plume case study. Mon. Weather Rev. 1993, 121:695-712.
152. McGuirk J.P., Ulsh D.J. Evolution of tropical plumes in VAS water vapor imagery. Mon. Weather Rev. 1990, 118:1758-1766.
153. McGuirk J.P., Thompson A.H., Smith N.R. Moisture bursts over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Mon. Weather Rev. 1987, 115:787-798.
154. McGuirk J.P., Thompson A.H., Schaefer J.R. An eastern Pacific tropical plume. Mon. Weather Rev. 1988, 116:2505-2521.
155. McKee, T.B.N., Doesken, J., Kleist, J., 1993. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology. American Meteorological Society, Anaheim, CA, pp. 179-184.
156. Mecikalski J.R., Tripoli G.J. Inertial available kinetic energy and the dynamics of tropical plume formation. Mon. Weather Rev. 1998, 126:2200-2216.
157. Meehl G.A., Tebaldi C. More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. Science 2004, 305:994-997.
158. Menzel A. Plant phenological anomalies in Germany and their relation to air temperature and NAO. Clim. Change 2003, 57:243-263.
159. Michelangeli P.-A., Vautard R., Legras B. Weather regimes: recurrence and quasi-stationarity. J. Atmos. Sci. 1995, 52:1237-1256.
160. Mishra A.K., Singh V.P. A review of drought concepts. J. Hydrol. 2010, 391:202-216.
161. Mitchell T.D., Jones P.D. An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids. Int. J. Climatol. 2005, 25:693-712.
162. Moberg A., Jones P.D. Trends in indices for extremes in daily temperature and precipitation in central and western Europe 1901-1999. Int. J. Climatol. 2005, 25:1173-1188.
163. Morales A., Olcina J., Rico A.M. Diferentes percepciones de la sequía en España: adaptación, catastrofismo e intentos de corrección. Investigaciones Geográficas 2000, 23:5-46.
164. Mukougawa H., Sato H. Multiple weather regimes in the summertime North Atlantic circulation. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 1999, 77:483-494.
165. Munich Re TOPICS geo 2003 2004, Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft, Munich.
166. Navarra, A., Tubiana, L., in press. Regional Assessment of Climate Change in the Mediterranean. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
167. New M., Hulme M., Jones P.D. Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part II: development of 1901-96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate. J. Clim. 2000, 13:2217-2238.
168. Nieto R., Gimeno L., Trigo R.M. A Lagrangian identification of major sources of Sahel moisture. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L18707. 10.1029/2006GL027232.
169. Nieto R., Gimeno L., Drumond A., Hernandez E. A Lagrangian identification of the main moisture sources and sinks affecting the Mediterranean area. WSEAS Trans. Environ. Dev. 2010, 5:365-374.
170. Ogi M., Yamazaki K., Tachibana Y. The summer northern annular mode and abnormal summer weather in 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L04706. 10.1029/2004GL021528.
171. van Oldenborgh G.J. How unusual was autumn 2006 in Europe?. Clim. Past 2007, 3:659-668.
172. van Oldenborgh G.J., Burgers G., Klein T.A. On the El Niño teleconnection to spring precipitation in Europe. Int. J. Climatol. 2000, 20:565-574.
173. van Oldenborgh G.J., Drijfhout S., van Ulden A., Haarsma R., Sterl A., Severijns C., et al. Western Europe is warming much faster than expected. Clim. Past 2009, 5:1-12. 10.5194/cp-5-1-2009.
174. Page J., Albuisson M., Wald L. The European solar radiation atlas: a valuable digital tool. Sol. Energy 2001, 71:81-83.
175. Pal J.S., Giorgi F., Bi X. Consistency of recent European summer precipitation trends and extremes with future regional climate projections. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L13202. 10.1029/2004GL019836.
176. Papadimas C.D., Fotiadi A.K., Hatzianastassiou N., Vardavas I., Bartzokas A. Regional co-variability and teleconnection patterns in surface solar radiation on a planetary scale. Int. J. Climatol. 2010, 30:2314-2329. 10.1002/joc.2031.
177. Paredes D., Trigo R.M., García-Herrera R., Trigo I.F. Understanding precipitation changes in Iberia in early spring: weather typing and storm-tracking approaches. J. Hydrometeorol. 2006, 7:101-113.
178. Pausas J.G. Changes in fire and climate in the eastern Iberian Peninsula (Mediterranean basin). Clim. Change 2004, 63:337-350.
179. Peixoto J.P., De Almeida M., Rosen R.D., Salstein D.A. Atmospheric moisture transport and the water balance of the Mediterranean Sea. Water Resour. Res. 1982, 18:83-90. 10.1029/WR018i001p00083.
180. Piao S., Ciais P., Friedlingstein P., Peylin P., Reichstein M., Luyssaert S., et al. Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming. Nature 2008, 451:49-52. 10.1038/nature06444.
181. Pinto, J.G., Klawa, M., Ulbrich, U., Rudari, R., Speth, P., 2003. Extreme precipitation events over northwest Italy and their relationship with tropical-extratropical interactions over the Atlantic. In: Deidda, R., Mugnai, A., Siccardi, F. (Eds.), Mediterranean storms. Third Plinius Conference, GNDCI Publication, Publ. No. 2560, pp. 321-332.
182. Pinto, J.G., Ulbrich, S., Boni, G., Parodi, A., Rudari, R., Ulbrich, U., submitted. Identification and ranking of extraordinary rainfall events over Northwest Italy: The role of Atlantic moisture.
183. Pirazzoli P.A. Possible defenses against the sea level rise in Venice area, Italy. J. Coast. Res. 1991, 7:231-248.
184. Poumadère M., Mays C., Le Mer S., Blong R. The 2003 heatwave in France: dangerous climate change here and now. Risk Anal. 2005, 25:1483-1494.
185. Pozo-Vázquez D., Esteban-Parra M.J., Rodrigo F.S., Castro-Díez Y. The association between ENSO and winter atmospheric circulation and temperature in the North Atlantic region. J. Clim. 2001, 14:3408-3420.
186. Pozo-Vázquez D., Tovar-Pescador J., Gamiz-Fortes S.R., Esteban-Parra M.J., Castro-Díez Y. NAO and solar radiation variability in the European North Atlantic region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L05201. 10.1029/2003GL018502.
187. Pozo-Vázquez D., Gámiz-Fortis S.R., Tovar-Pescador J., Esteban-Parra M.J., Castro-Díez Y. El Niño-Southern Oscillation events and associated European winter precipitation anomalies. Int. J. Climatol. 2005, 25:17-31. 10.1002/joc.1097.
188. Quadrelli R., Pavan V., Molteni F. Wintertime Mediterranean precipitation patterns and their links with largescale circulation anomalies. Clim. Dyn. 2001, 7:457-466.
189. Reale O., Feudale L., Turato B. Evaporative moisture sources during a sequence of floods in the Mediterranean region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:2085-2088. 10.1029/2000GL012379.
190. Rebetez M. Summer 2003 maximum and minimum daily temperatures over a 3300m altitudinal range in the Alps. Clim. Res. 2004, 27:45-50.
191. Redmond K.T. The depiction of drought. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2002, 83:1143-1147.
192. 2O fluxes at three Mediterranean evergreen sites: revision of current hypotheses?. Global Change Biol. 2002, 8:999-1017.
193. Reinhold B.B., Pierrehumbert R.T. Dynamics of weather regimes: quasi-stationary waves and blocking. J. Atmos. Sci. 1982, 110:1105-1145.
194. Rex D.F. Blocking action in the middle troposphere and its effect on regional climate. Part I: an aerological study of blocking action. Tellus 1950, 2:196-211.
195. Riemer M., Jones S.C., Davis C.A. The impact of extratropical transition on the downstream flow: an idealized modelling study with a straight jet. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 2008, 134:69-91.
196. Rodó X., Baert E., Comín F.A. Variations in seasonal rainfall in southern Europe during the present century: relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Clim. Dyn. 1997, 13:275-284.
197. Rodríguez-Puebla C., Ayuso S.M., Frias M.D., Garcia-Casado L.A. Effects of climate variation on winter cereal production in Spain. Clim. Res. 2007, 34:223-232.
198. Ropelewski C.F., Halpert M.S. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Weather Rev. 1987, 115:1606-1626.
199. Rowntree P.R., Bolton J.A. Simulation of the atmospheric response to soil moisture anomalies over Europe. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1983, 109:501-526.
200. Rubin S., Ziv B., Paldor N. Tropical Plumes over eastern North Africa as a source of rain in the Middle East. Mon. Weather Rev. 2007, 35:4135-4148.
201. Rudari R., Entekhabi D., Roth G. Large-scale atmospheric patterns associated with mesoscale features leading to extreme precipitation events in northwestern Italy. Adv. Water Resour. 2005, 28:601-614.
202. Sampaio, A.J., 1990. A cultura do Trigo. Ministério da Agricultura, Pescas e Alimentação.
203. Sanchez-Lorenzo A., Calbó J., Martin-Vide J. Spatial and temporal trends in sunshine duration over western Europe (1938-2004). J. Clim. 2008, 21:6089-6098.
204. Sanchez-Lorenzo A., Calbó J., Brunetti M., Deser C. Dimming/brightening over the Iberian Peninsula: trends in sunshine duration and cloud cover, and their relations with atmospheric circulation. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D00D09. 10.1029/2008JD011394.
205. Schär C., Vidale P.L., Lüthi D., Frei C., Häberli C., Liniger M.A., et al. The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heat waves. Nature 2004, 427:332-336.
206. Schneider S.H., Semenov S., Patwardhan A., Burton I., Magadza C.H.D., Oppenheimer M., et al. Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, 779-810. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson (Eds.).
207. van der Schrier G., Briffa K.R., Jones P.D., Osborn T.J. Summer moisture variability across Europe. J. Clim. 2006, 19:2818-2834.
208. Seneviratne S.I., Lüthi D., Litschi M., Schär C. Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe. Nature 2006, 443:205-209. 10.1038/nature05095.
209. Seneviratne S.I., Corti T., Davin E.L., Hirschi M., Jaeger E.B., Lehner I., et al. Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: a review. Earth Sci. Rev. 2010, 99(3-4):125-161.
210. Shukla J., Mintz Y. Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the Earth's climate. Sci. New Ser. 1982, 215:1498-1501.
211. Smith R.B., Barstad I. A linear theory of orographic precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci. 2004, 61:1377-1391.
212. Smith T.M., Sapiano M.R.P., Arkin P.A. Historical reconstruction of monthly oceanic precipitation (1900-2006). J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:D17115.
213. Smoyer-Tomic K.E., Kuhn R., Hudson A. Heat-wave hazards: an overview of heat-waves impacts on Canada. Nat. Hazards 2003, 28:465-486. 10.1023/A:1022946528157.
214. Sordo C., Frías M.D., Herrera S., Cofiño A.S., Gutiérrez J.M. Interval-based statistical validation of operational seasonal forecasts in Spain conditioned to El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:D17121. 10.1029/2007JD009536.
215. Sousa P., Trigo R.M., Aizpurua P., Nieto R., Gimeno L., García-Herrera R. Trends and extremes of drought indices throughout the 20th century in the Mediterranean. Nat. Hazards Earth. Syst. Sci. 2011, 11:33-51.
216. Steadman R.G. The assessment of sultriness. Part I: a temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1979, 18:861-873.
217. Stockdale T.N., Anderson D.L.T., Alves J.O.S., Balmaseda M.A. Global seasonal rainfall forecast using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Nature 1998, 392:370-373.
218. Stöckli R., Vidale P.L. European plant phenology and climate as seen in a 20-year AVHRR land-surface parameter dataset. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2004, 25:3303-3330.
219. Stohl A., Hittenberger M., Wotawa G. Validation of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART against large scale tracer experiments. Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32:4245-4264.
220. Stott P.A., Stone D.A., Allen M.R. Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003. Nature 2004, 432:610-613.
221. Struglia M.V., Mariotti A., Filograsso A. River discharge into the Mediterranean Sea: climatology and aspects of the observed variability. J. Clim. 2004, 17:4740-4751. 10.1175/JCLI-3225.1.
222. Tebaldi C., Hayhoe K., Arblaster J.M., Meehl G.A. Going to the extremes. Clim. Change 2006, 79:185-211.
223. Thepenier R.M., Cruette D. Formation of cloud bands associated with the American subtropical jet stream and their interactions with midlatitude synoptic disturbances reaching Europe. Mon. Weather Rev. 1981, 109:2209-2220.
224. Tippett M.K., Barnston A.G. Skill of multimodel ENSO probability forecasts. Mon. Weather Rev. 2008, 136:3933-3946.
225. Tomasin A. Forecasting the water level in Venice: physical background and perspectives. Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge 2005, 71-78. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. C.A. Fletcher, T. Spencer (Eds.).
226. Trigo I.F. Climatology and interannual variability of storm tracks in the Euro-Atlantic sector: a comparison between ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. Clim. Dyn. 2006, 26:127-143.
227. Trigo I.F., Davies T.D. Meteorological conditions associated with sea surges in Venice: a 40 year climatology. Int. J. Climatol. 2002, 22:787-803. 10.1002/joc.719.
228. Trigo R.M., Osborn T.J., Corte-Real J.M. The North Atlantic Oscillation influence on Europe: climate impacts and associated physical mechanisms. Clim. Res. 2002, 20:9-17.
229. Trigo R.M., Pozo- Vázquez D., Osborn T.J., Castro-Diez Y., Gámis-Fortis S., Esteban-Parra M.J. North Atlantic Oscillation influence on precipitation, river flow and water resources in the Iberian Peninsula. Int. J. Climatol. 2004, 24:925-944.
230. Trigo R.M., García-Herrera R., Díaz J., Trigo I.F., Valente M.A. How exceptional was the early August 2003 heatwave in France?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L10701. 10.1029/2005GL022410.
231. Trigo R.M., Pereira J.M.C., Pereira M.G., Mota B., Calado M.T., DaCamara C.C., et al. The exceptional fire season of summer 2003 in Portugal. Int. J. Climatol. 2006, 26:1741-1757.
232. Trigo R.M., Valente M.A., Trigo I.F., Miranda P.M., Ramos A.M., Paredes D., et al. The impact of North Atlantic wind and cyclone trends on European precipitation and significant wave height in the Atlantic. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1146:212-234.
233. Trigo R.M., Ramos A.M., Nogueira P.J., Santos F.D., Garcia-Herrera R., Gouveia C., et al. Evaluating the impact of extreme temperature based indices in the 2003 heatwave excessive mortality in Portugal. Environ. Sci. Policy 2009, 12:844-854.
234. Tsimplis M., Marcos M., Somot S. 21st century Mediterranean sea level rise. Regional model prediction. Global Planet. Change 2008, 63:105-111.
235. Turato B., Reale O., Siccardi F. Water vapor sources of the October 2000 Piedmont flood. J. Hydrometeorol. 2004, 5:693-712.
236. Türkeş M., Erlat E. Climatological responses of winter precipitation in Turkey to variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the period 1930-2001. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2005, 81:45-69.
237. Türkeş M., Sümer U.M., Demir I. Re-evaluation of trends and changes in mean, maximum and minimum temperatures of Turkey for the period 1929-1999. Int. J. Climatol. 2002, 22:947-977. 10.1002/joc.777.
238. Vautard R., Yiou P. Control of recent European surface climate change by atmospheric flow. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L22702. 10.1029/2009GL040480.
239. Vautard R., Yiou P., D'Andrea F., de Noblet N., Viovy N., Cassou C., et al. Summertime European heat and drought waves induced by wintertime Mediterranean rainfall deficit. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L07711. 10.1029/2006GL028001.
240. Vicente-Serrano S.M. El Niño and La Niña influence on droughts at different timescales in the Iberian Peninsula. Water Resour. Res. 2005, 41:W12415. 10.1029/2004WR003908.
241. Vicente-Serrano S.M. Spatial and temporal analysis of droughts in the Iberian Peninsula (1910-2000). Hydrol. Sci. J. 2006, 51:83-97.
242. Vicente-Serrano S.M. Differences in spatial patterns of drought on different time scales: an analysis of the Iberian Peninsula. Water Resour. Manage. 2006, 20:37-60.
243. Vicente-Serrano S.M., González-Hidalgo J.C., de Luis M., Raventós J. Spatial and temporal patterns of droughts in the Mediterranean area: the Valencia region (East-Spain). Clim. Res. 2004, 26:5-15.
244. Vicente-Serrano S.M., Cuadrat-Prats J.M., Romo A. Early prediction of crop productions using drought indices at different time scales and remote sensing data: application in the Ebro valley (NE Spain). Int. J. Remote Sens. 2006, 27:511-518.
245. Vicente-Serrano S.M., Beguería S., López-Moreno J.I., Angulo M., El Kenawy A. A new global 0.5° gridded dataset (1901-2006) of a multiscalar drought index: comparison with current drought index datasets based on the Palmer Drought Severity Index. J. Hydrometeorol. 2010, 11:1033-1043. 10.1175/2010JHM1224.1.
246. Vicente-Serrano S.M., Beguería S., López-Moreno J.I. A Multi-scalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index-SPEI. J. Clim. 2010, 23:1696-1718.
247. Vicente-Serrano S.M., Heredia-Laclaustra A. NAO influence on NDVI trends in the Iberian Peninsula (1982-2000). Int. J. Remote Sens. 2004, 25:2871-2879.
248. Vicente-Serrano, S.M., López-Moreno, J.I., Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., El Kenawy, A., Azorin-Molina, C., Morán-Tejeda, E., et al., 2011. The NAO impacts on droughts in the Mediterranean region. In: Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Trigo, R.M. (Eds.), Hydrological, Socioeconomic and Ecological Impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation in the Mediterranean Region. Advances in Global Change Research 46, doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-1372-7_3, Springer.
249. Vidale P.L., Lüthi D., Wegmann R., Schär C. European summer climate variability in a heterogeneous multi-model ensemble. Clim. Change 2007, 81:209-232.
250. Vose, R.S., Schmoyer, R.L., Steurer, P.M., Peterson, T.C., Heim, R., 1992. The Global Historical Climatology Network: long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure, and station pressure data, ORNL/CDIAC-53, NDP-041. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
251. Weisheimer A., Doblas-Reyes F.J., Jung T., Palmer T.N. On the predictability of the extreme summer 2003 over Europe. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L05704. 10.1029/2010GL046455.
252. Wentz F.J., Ricciardulli L., Hilburn K., Mears C. How much more rain will global warming bring?. Science 2007, 317:233-235.
253. Wilhite D.A. Drought Assessment, Management and Planning: Theory and Case Studies 1993, Kluwer, Boston, p. 293.
254. Wilhite D.A. Drought: A Global Assessment. Natural Hazards and Disasters Series 2000, Routledge, London, p. 700.
255. Wilhite D.A., Glantz M.H. Understanding the drought phenomenon: the role of definitions. Water Int. 1985, 10:111-120.
256. World Meteorological Organisation, 2006. Drought monitoring and early warning: concepts, progress and future challenges. WMO-No. 1006. ISBN: 92-63-11006-9.
257. Xoplaki, E., 2002. Climate Variability over the Mediterranean. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Bern, Switzerland, 193 pp.
258. Xoplaki E., González-Rouco J.F., Gyalistras D., Luterbacher J., Rickli R., Wanner H. Interannual summer air temperature variability over Greece and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and Mediterranean SSTs 1950-1999. Clim. Dyn. 2003, 20:537-554.
259. Xoplaki E., González-Rouco J.F., Luterbacher J., Wanner H. Mediterranean summer air temperature variability and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and SSTs. Clim. Dyn. 2003, 20:723-739.
260. Xoplaki E., González-Rouco J.F., Luterbacher J., Wanner H. Wet season Mediterranean precipitation variability: influence of large scale dynamics and predictability. Clim. Dyn. 2004, 23:63-78.
261. Xoplaki E., Luterbacher J., Paeth H., Dietrich D., Steiner N., Grosjean M., et al. European spring and autumn temperature variability and change of extremes over the last half millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L15713.
262. Yiou P., Nogaj M. Extreme climatic events and weather regimes over the North Atlantic: when and where?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L07202. 10.1029/2003GL019119.
263. Yiou P., Vautard R., Naveau P., Cassou C. Inconsistency between atmospheric dynamics and temperatures during the exceptional 2006/2007 fall/winter and recent warming in Europe. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L21808. 10.1029/2007GL031981.
264. Yiou P., Goubanova K., Li Z.X., Nogaj M. Weather regime dependence of extreme value statistics for summer temperature and precipitation. Nonlinear Proc. Geophys. 2008, 15:365-378.
265. Yu, L., Jin, X., Weller, R.A., 2008. Multidecade Global Flux Datasets from the Objectively Analyzed Air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project: Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes, Ocean Evaporation, and Related Surface Meteorological Variables. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution OAFlux Project Technical Report (OA-2008-01).
266. Zaitchik B., Macalady A.K., Bonneau L.R., Smith R.B. Europe's 2003 heat wave: a satellite view of impacts and land-atmosphere feedbacks. Int. J. Climatol. 2006, 26:743-769.
267. Zampieri M., D'Andrea F., Vautard R., Ciais P., de Noblet-Ducoudré N., Yiou P. Hot European summers and the role of soil moisture in the propagation of Mediterranean drought. J. Clim. 2009, 22:4747-4758.
268. Zanchettin D., Rubino A., Traverso P., Tomasino M. Teleconnections force interannual to decadal tidal variability in the Lagoon of Venice (northern Adriatic). J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D07106. 10.1029/2008JD011485.
269. Zangvil A., Isakson A. Structure of water vapor field associated with an early spring rainstorm over the eastern Mediterranean. Israel J. Earth. Sci. 1995, 44:159-168.
270. Ziv B. A subtropical rainstorm associated with a tropical plume over Africa and the Middle-East. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2001, 69:91-102.
271. Zohdy, H.M, 1989. Lateral coupling between extratropical and tropical disturbances over Africa associated with Mediterranean. WMO PSMP Report Series No. 31, pp. 37-75.
272. Zohdy, H.M, 1991. The impact of midlatitude geopotential anomalies on tropical weather systems. WMO PSMP Report Series No. 33, pp. 121-133.
273. Zorita E., Hughes J.P., Lettemaier D.P., von Storch H. Stochastic characterization of regional circulation patterns for climate model diagnosis and estimation of local precipitation. J. Clim. 1995, 8:1023-1042.