Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on heart rate variability at rest and during acute stress in adults with moderate hypertriglyceridemia

Psychosomatic Medicine

Volumn 75, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 382-389

  Sauder, Katherine A ^a   Skulas Ray, Ann C ^a   Campbell, Tavis S ^b   Johnson, Jillian A ^b   Kris Etherton, Penny M ^a   West, Sheila G ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

acute stress; docosahexaenoic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; heart rate variability; omega 3 fatty acids

Indexed keywords

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; OMEGA 3 ACID ETHYL ESTER; PLACEBO; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ACUTE STRESS; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; FEMALE; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HUMAN; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; LABORATORY TEST; LOW DRUG DOSE; MALE; MOOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REST; RISK FACTOR; TASK PERFORMANCE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 84877580909     PISSN: 00333174     EISSN: 15347796     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318290a107     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) Fact Sheet 2011: Available at: http: //www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/index. html. Accessed June 15, 2012.
2. Christensen JH, Svensson M, Strandhave C, Madsen T, Schmidt EB. N-3 fatty acids and cardiac autonomic function in humans. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2010; 56: 131-9.
3. Grassi G, Esler M. How to assess sympathetic activity in humans. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 719-34.
4. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996; 93: 1043-65.
5. Akselrod S, Gordon D, Ubel FA, Shannon DC, Berger AC, Cohen RJ. Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science 1981; 213: 220-2.
6. Eckberg DL. Sympathovagal balance: a critical appraisal. Circulation 1997; 96: 3224-32.
7. Moak JP, Goldstein DS, Eldadah BA, Saleem A, Holmes C, Pechnik S, Sharabi Y. Supine low-frequency power of heart rate variability reflects baroreflex function, not cardiac sympathetic innervation. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4: 1523-9.
8. Liao D, Cai J, Barnes RW, Tyroler HA, Rautaharju P, Holme I, Heiss G. Association of cardiac autonomic function and the development of hypertension: the ARIC study. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 1147-56.
9. Liao D, Cai J, Rosamond WD, Barnes RW, Hutchinson RG, Whitsel EA, Rautaharju P, Heiss G. Cardiac autonomic function and incident coronary heart disease: a population-based case-cohort study. The ARIC Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 696-706.
10. Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJ Jr, Manders ES, Evans JC, Feldman CL, Levy D. Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1996; 94: 2850-5.
11. Matthews KA, Salomon K, Brady SS, Allen MT. Cardiovascular reactivity to stress predicts future blood pressure in adolescence. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 410-5.
12. Steptoe A, Marmot M. Impaired cardiovascular recovery following stress predicts 3-year increases in blood pressure. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 529-36.
13. Gianaros PJ, Salomon K, Zhou F, Owens JF, Edmundowicz D, Kuller LH, Matthews KA. A greater reduction in high-frequency heart rate variability to a psychological stressor is associated with subclinical coronary and aortic calcification in postmenopausal women. Psychosom Med 2005; 67: 553-60.
14. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC, Deadman NM. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART). Lancet 1989; 2: 757-61.
15. GISSI-Prevenzione. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSIPrevenzione trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 447-55.
16. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith Jr SC, Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Executive summary. Cardiol Rev 2005; 13: 322-7.
17. Kris-EthertonPM, HarrisWS,Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 2747-57.
18. Christensen JH, Skou HA, Fog L, Hansen V, Vesterlund T, Dyerberg J, Toft E, Schmidt EB. Marine n-3 fatty acids, wine intake, and heart rate variability in patients referred for coronary angiography. Circulation 2001; 103: 651-7.
19. Christensen JH, Skou HA, Madsen T, Torring I, Schmidt EB. Heart rate variability and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med 2001; 249: 545-52.
20. Mozaffarian D, Stein PK, Prineas RJ, Siscovick DS. Dietary fish and omega-3 fatty acid consumption and heart rate variability in US adults. Circulation 2008; 117: 1130-7.
21. Park SK, Tucker KL, O'Neill MS, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Hu H, Schwartz J. Fruit, vegetable, and fish consumption and heart rate variability: the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 778-86.
22. Ninio DM, Hill AM, Howe PR, Buckley JD, Saint DA. Docosahexaenoic acidYrich fish oil improves heart rate variability and heart rate responses to exercise in overweight adults. Br J Nutr 2008; 100: 1097-103.
23. Sjoberg NJ, Milte CM, Buckley JD, Howe PR, Coates AM, Saint DA. Dose-dependent increases in heart rate variability and arterial compliance in overweight and obese adults with DHA-rich fish oil supplementation. Br J Nutr 2010; 103: 243-8.
24. Holguin F, Tellez-Rojo MM, Lazo M, Mannino D, Schwartz J, Hernandez M, Romieu I. Cardiac autonomic changes associated with fish oil vs soy oil supplementation in the elderly. Chest 2005; 127: 1102-7.
25. O'Keefe JH Jr, Abuissa H, Sastre A, Steinhaus DM, Harris WS. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractions. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 1127-30.
26. Christensen JH, Gustenhoff P, Korup E, Aaroe J, Toft E, Moller J, Rasmussen K, Dyerberg J, Schmidt EB. Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1996; 312: 677-8.
27. Villa B, Calabresi L, Chiesa G, Rise P, Galli C, Sirtori CR. Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters increase heart rate variability in patients with coronary disease. Pharmacol Res 2002; 45: 475.
28. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Stein PK, Steinmeyer BC, Harris WS, Rubin EH, Krone RJ, Rich MW. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on heart rate variability in depressed patients with coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 2010; 72: 748-54.
29. Christensen JH, Schmidt EB. Autonomic nervous system, heart rate variability and n-3 fatty acids. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2007; 8(Suppl 1): S19-22.
30. Hamaad A, Kaeng Lee W, Lip GY, MacFadyen RJ. Oral omega n3-PUFA therapy (Omacor) has no impact on indices of heart rate variability in stable post myocardial infarction patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2006; 20: 359-64.
31. Svensson M, Schmidt EB, Jorgensen KA, Christensen JH. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on heart rate variability in patients treated with chronic hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 2007; 17: 243-9.
32. Christensen JH, Christensen MS, Dyerberg J, Schmidt EB. Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 331-7.
33. Dyerberg J, Eskesen DC, Andersen PW, Astrup A, Buemann B, Christensen JH, Clausen P, Rasmussen BF, Schmidt EB, Tholstrup T, Toft E, Toubro S, Stender S. Effects of trans-and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 1062-70.
34. Geelen A, Zock PL, Swenne CA, Brouwer IA, Schouten EG, Katan MB. Effect of n-3 fatty acids on heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in middle-aged subjects. Am Heart J 2003; 146: E4.
35. Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS. The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 979-86.
36. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction. Impact on 6-month survival. JAMA 1993; 270: 1819-25.
37. Anda R,Williamson D, Jones D, Macera C, Eaker E, Glassman A, Marks J. Depressed affect, hopelessness, and the risk of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of U.S. adults. Epidemiology 1993; 4: 285-94.
38. Bush DE, Ziegelstein RC, Tayback M, Richter D, Stevens S, Zahalsky H, Fauerbach JA. Even minimal symptoms of depression increase mortality risk after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 337-41.
39. Dimsdale JE. Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1237-46.
40. Simpson EE, McConville C, Rae G, O'Connor JM, Stewart-Knox BJ, Coudray C, Strain JJ. Salivary cortisol, stress and mood in healthy older adults: the Zenith study. Biol Psychol 2008; 78: 1-9.
41. Carney RM, Saunders RD, Freedland KE, Stein P, Rich MW, Jaffe AS. Association of depression with reduced heart rate variability in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 562-4.
42. Tanskanen A, Hibbeln JR, Hintikka J, Haatainen K, Honkalampi K, Viinamaki H. Fish consumption, depression, and suicidality in a general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 512-3.
43. Li Y, Dai Q, Ekperi LI, Dehal A, Zhang J. Fish consumption and severely depressed mood, findings from the first national nutrition follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 2011; 190: 103-9.
44. Bountziouka V, Polychronopoulos E, Zeimbekis A, Papavenetiou E, Ladoukaki E, Papairakleous N, Gotsis E, Metallinos G, Lionis C, Panagiotakos D. Long-term fish intake is associated with less severe depressive symptoms among elderly men and women: the MEDIS (MEDiterranean ISlands Elderly) epidemiological study. J Aging Health 2009; 21: 864-80.
45. Appleton KM, Rogers PJ, Ness AR. Updated systematic review and metaanalysis of the effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 757-70.
46. Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Vanden Heuvel JP,Wagner PR, West SG. Dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93: 243-52.
47. Palatini P, Julius S. The role of cardiac autonomic function in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2009; 11: 199-205.
48. Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, West SG. Marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids dose-dependently reduce heart rate and blood pressure and alter impedance cardiography outcomes. Ann Behav Med 2012; 44: 301-308.
49. Sauder KA, Johnston ER, Skulas-Ray AC, Campbell TS, West SG. Effect of meal content on heart rate variability and cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress. Psychophysiology 2012; 49: 470-7.
50. West SG, Krick AL, Klein LC, Zhao G, Wojtowicz TF, McGuiness M, Bagshaw DM, Wagner P, Ceballos RM, Holub BJ, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of diets high in walnuts and flax oil on hemodynamic responses to stress and vascular endothelial function. JAm Coll Nutr 2010; 29: 595-603.
51. West SG, Gebauer SK, Kay CD, Bagshaw DM, Savastano DM, Diefenbach C, Kris-Etherton PM. Diets containing pistachios reduce systolic blood pressure and peripheral vascular responses to stress in adults with dyslipidemia. Hypertension 2012; 60: 58-63.
52. Sherwood A, Allen MT, Fahrenberg J, Kelsey RM, Lovallo WR, van Doornen LJ. Methodological guidelines for impedance cardiography. Psychophysiology 1990; 27: 1-23.
53. Boardman A, Schlindwein FS, Rocha AP, Leite A. A study on the optimum order of autoregressive models for heart rate variability. Physiol Meas 2002; 23: 325-36.
54. Berntson GG, Bigger JT Jr, Eckberg DL, Grossman P, Kaufmann PG, Malik M, Nagaraja HN, Porges SW, Saul JP, Stone PH, van der Molen MW. Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology 1997; 34: 623-48.
55. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 1983; 24: 385-96.
56. Cohen S, Williamson G. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In: Spacapan S, Oskamp S, editors. The Social Psychology of Health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1988: 31-67.
57. Spielberger C. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press; 1983.
58. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 54: 1063-70.
59. Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale. Appl Psychol Meas 1977; 1: 385-401.
60. Bagiella E, Sloan RP, Heitjan DF. Mixed-effects models in psychophysiology. Psychophysiology 2000; 37: 13-20.
61. Stein PK, Bosner MS, Kleiger RE, Conger BM. Heart rate variability: a measure of cardiac autonomic tone. Am Heart J 1994; 127: 1376-81.
62. May O, Arildsen H. Long-term predictive power of heart rate variability on all-cause mortality in the diabetic population. Acta Diabetol 2011; 48: 55-9.
63. Singh JP, Larson MG, Tsuji H, Evans JC, O'Donnell CJ, Levy D. Reduced heart rate variability and new-onset hypertension: insights into pathogenesis of hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 1998; 32: 293-7.
64. Lovallo WR, Gerin W. Psychophysiological reactivity: mechanisms and pathways to cardiovascular disease. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 36-45.
65. Greiser KH, Kluttig A, Schumann B, Swenne CA, Kors JA, Kuss O, Haerting J, Schmidt H, Thiery J, Werdan K. Cardiovascular diseases, risk factors and short-term heart rate variability in an elderly general population: the CARLA study 2002-2006. Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 24: 123-42.
66. Crawford JR, Henry JD. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol 2004; 43: 245-65.
67. Kemp AH, Quintana DS, Gray MA, Felmingham KL, Brown K, Gatt JM. Impact of depression and antidepressant treatment on heart rate variability: a review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67: 1067-74.
68. Guinjoan SM, de Guevara MS, Correa C, Schauffele SI, Nicola-Siri L, Fahrer RD, Ortiz-Fragola E, Martinez-Martinez JA, Cardinali DP. Cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction related to depression in older adults with acute coronary syndromes. J Psychosom Res 2004; 56: 83-8.
69. Huikuri HV, Pikkujamsa SM, Airaksinen KE, Ikaheimo MJ, Rantala AO, Kauma H, Lilja M, Kesaniemi YA. Sex-related differences in autonomic modulation of heart rate in middle-aged subjects. Circulation 1996; 94: 122-5.
70. Liao D, Barnes RW, Chambless LE, Simpson RJ Jr, Sorlie P, Heiss G. Age, race, and sex differences in autonomic cardiac function measured by spectral analysis of heart rate variabilityVthe ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 906-12.
71. Katan MB, Deslypere JP, van Birgelen AP, Penders M, Zegwaard M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 1997; 38: 2012-22.