Secondary eyewall formation and eyewall replacement cycles in a simulated hurricane: Effect of the net radial force in the hurricane boundary layer

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 70, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 1317-1341

  Wang, Xingbao ^a   Ma, Yimin ^a   Davidson, Noel ^a  

^a Bureau of Meteorology Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HORIZONTAL GRID SPACING; HURRICANE BOUNDARY LAYERS; NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCHES; PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY; QUIESCENT ENVIRONMENTS; RAPID INTENSIFICATION; SECONDARY CIRCULATION; SIMULATION OUTPUTS;

BOUNDARY LAYERS; CLIMATOLOGY;

HURRICANES;

BOUNDARY LAYER; CONVECTIVE CLOUD; HURRICANE; RADIAL FLOW; VORTEX; WIND FORCING;

EID: 84877345225     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-12-017.1     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Abarca, S. F., and K. L. Corbosiero, 2011: Secondary eyewall formation in WRF simulations of Hurricanes Rita and Katrina (2005). Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L07802, doi:10.1029/ 2011GL047015.
2. Bell, M. M., and Montgomery M. T., 2008: Observed structure, evolution, and potential intensity of category 5 Hurricane Isabel (2003) from 12 to 14 September. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2023-2046.
3. Bell, M. M., Montgomery M. T., and W.-C. Lee, 2012: An axisymmetric view of concentric eyewall evolution in Hurricane Rita (2005). J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2414-2432.
4. Betts, A. K., and M. J. Miller, 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and Arctic air-mass data sets. Quart J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 693-709.
5. Black, M. L., and H. E. Willoughby, 1992: The concentric eyewall cycle of Hurricane Gilbert. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 947-957.
6. Blackadar, A. K., 1979: High resolution models of the planetary boundary layer. Advances in Environmental Science and Engineering, J. R. Pfafflin and E. N. Ziegler, Eds., Vol. 1, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 50-85.
7. Bui, H. H., R. K. Smith, M. T. Montgomery, and J. Peng, 2009: Balanced and unbalanced aspects of tropical-cyclone intensification. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1715-1731.
8. Carr, L. E., and R. T. Williams, 1989: Barotropic vortex stability to perturbations from axisymmetry. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3177-3191.
9. Case, K. M., 1960: Stability of plane couette flow. Phys. Fluids, 8, 143-148.
10. Chen, Y., and M. K. Yau, 2001: Spiral bands in a simulated hurricane. Part I: Vortex Rossby wave verification. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2128-2145.
11. Delsol, F., K. Miyakoda, and R. H. Clarke, 1971: Parameterized processes in the surface boundary layer of an atmospheric circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 97, 181-208.
12. Didlake, A. C., and R. A. Houze, 2011: Kinematics of the secondary eyewall observed in Hurricane Rita (2005). J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1620-1636.
13. Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077-3107.
14. Dudhia, J.,, 1993: A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model: Validation tests and the simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1943-1519.
15. Eliassen, A., 1971: On the Ekman layer in a circular vortex. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 49, 784-789.
16. Eliassen, A., and M. Lystadt, 1977: The Ekman layer of a circular vortex: A numerical and theoretical study. Geophys. Norv., 31, 1-16.
17. Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585-605.
18. Fiorino, M., and R. L. Elsberry, 1989: Some aspects of vortex structure related to tropical cyclone motion. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 975-990.
19. Fortner, L. E., 1958: Typhoon Sarah, 1956. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 39, 633-639.
20. Gray, W. M., and D. J. Shea, 1973: The hurricane's inner core region. II. Thermal stability and dynamic characteristics. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 565-1576.
21. Gray, W. M., D. J. Shea, E. Ruprecht, and R. Phelps, 1975: Relative humidity in tropical weather systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 685-690.
22. Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, 1995: A description of the fifth generation Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5). NCAR Tech Note NCAR/TN-3981+STR, 138 pp. [Available from NCAR Publications Office, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000.]
23. Hawkins, H. F., 1983: Hurricane Allen and island obstacles. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1360-1361.
24. Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, and S. M. Imbembo, 1976: The structure of a small, intense hurricane-Inez 1966. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 418-442.
25. Hawkins, J. D., M. Helveston, T. F. Lee, F. J. Turk, K. Richardson, C. Sampson, J. Kent, and R. Wade, 2006: Tropical cyclone multiple eyewall configurations. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Monterey, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 6B.1. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/27Hurricanes/techprogram/paper_108864.htm.]
26. Hendricks, E. A., M. T. Montgomery, and C. A. Davis, 2004: On the role of "vortical" hot towers in formation of tropical cyclone Diana (1984). J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1209-1232.
27. Hill, K. A., and G. M. Lackmann, 2009: Influence of environmental humidity on tropical cyclone size. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3294-3315.
28. Hoose, H. M., and J. A. Colon, 1970: Some aspects of the radar structure of Hurricane Beulah on September 9, 1967. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 529-533.
29. Houze, R. A., Jr., 2010: Clouds in tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 293-344.
30. Houze, R. A., Jr.,, and Coauthors, 2006: The hurricane rainband and intensity change experiment: Observations and modeling of hurricanes Katrina, Ophelia, and Rita. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1503-1521.
31. Houze, R. A., Jr.,, and Coauthors, S. S. Chen, B. F. Smull, W. C. Lee, and M. M. Bell, 2007: Hurricane intensity and eyewall replacement. Science, 315, 1235-1239.
32. Huang, Y.-H., M. T. Montgomery, and C.-C. Wu, 2012: Concentric eyewall formation in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008). Part II: Axi-symmetric dynamical processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 662-674.
33. Judt, F., and S. S. Chen, 2010: Convectively generated potential vorticity in rainbands and formation of the secondary eyewall in Hurricane Rita of 2005. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3581-3599.
34. Kepert, J. D., 2001: The dynamics of boundary layer jets within the tropical cyclone core. Part I: Linear theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2469-2484.
35. Kepert, J. D., 2010: Comparing slab and height-resolving models of the tropical cyclone boundary layer. Part I: Comparing the simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1689-1699.
36. Kepert, J. D., and Y. Wang, 2001: The dynamics of boundary layer jets within the tropical cyclone core. Part II: Nonlinear enhancement. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2485-2501.
37. Kimball, S. K., and F. C. Dougherty, 2006: The sensitivity of idealized hurricane structure and development to the distribution of vertical levels in MM5. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1987-2008.
38. Knaff, J. A., J. P. Kossin, and M. DeMaria, 2003: Annular hurricanes. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 204-223.
39. Kossin, J. P., and M. Sitkowski, 2009: An objective model for identifying secondary eyewall formation in hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 876-892.
40. Kossin, J. P., and M. Sitkowski, W. H. Schubert, and M. T. Montgomery, 2000: Unstable interactions between a hurricane's primary eyewall and a secondary ring of enhanced vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3893-3917.
41. Kuo, H.-C., C.-P. Chang, Y.-T. Yang, and H.-J. Jiang, 2009: Western North Pacific typhoons with concentric eyewalls. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3758-3770.
42. Low-Nan, S., and C. Davis, 2001: Development of a tropical cyclone bogussing scheme for the MM5 system. 11th PSU/NCAR MM5 Users' Workshop, NCAR, 130-134.
43. Malkus, J. S., 1958: On the structure and maintenance of the mature hurricane eye. J. Meteor., 15, 337-349.
44. Martinez, Y., G. Brunet, M. K. Yau, and X. Wang, 2011: On the dynamics of concentric eyewall genesis: Space-time empirical normal modes diagnosis. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 457-476.
45. Melander, M. V., J. C. McWilliams, and N. J. Zabusky, 1987: Axisymmetrization and vorticity-gradient intensification of an isolated two-dimensional vortex through filamentation. J. Fluid Mech., 178, 137-159.
46. Molinari, J., and D. Vollaro, 1990: External influences on hurricane intensity. Part II: Vertical structure and response of the hurricane vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1902-1918.
47. Montgomery, M. T., and R. J. Kallenbach, 1997: A theory for vortex Rossby waves and its application to spiral bands and intensity changes in hurricanes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 435-465.
48. Montgomery, M. T., and R. J. Kallenbach, M. E. Nicholls, T. A. Cram, and A. B. Saunders, 2006: A vortical hot tower route to tropical cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 355-386.
49. Nguyen, M. C., M. J. Reeder, N. E. Davidson, R. K. Smith, and M. T. Montgomery, 2011: Inner-core vacillation cycles during the intensification of Hurricane Katrina. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 829-844, doi:10.1002/qj.823.
50. Nong, S., and K. A. Emanuel, 2003: A numerical study of the genesis of concentric eyewalls in hurricanes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 3323-3338.
51. Qiu, X., Z.-M. Tan, and Q.-N. Xiao, 2010: The roles of vortex Rossby waves in hurricane secondary eyewall formation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2092-2109.
52. Rosenthal, S. L., 1962: A theoretical analysis of the field motion in the hurricane boundary layer. National Hurricane Research Project Rep. 56, 12 pp.
53. Rotunno, R., and K. A. Emanuel, 1987: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary study using a nonhydrostatic axisymmetric numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 542-561.
54. Rozoff, C. M., W. H. Schubert, D. Brian, and J. Kossin, 2006: Rapid filamentation zones in intense tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 325-340.
55. Samsury, C. E., and E. J. Zipser, 1995: Secondary wind maxima in hurricanes: Airflow and relationship to rainbands. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3502-3517.
56. Shapiro, L. J., 1983: The asymmetric boundary layer flow under a translating hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1984-1998.
57. Shapiro, L. J., and H. E. Willoughby, 1982: The response of balanced hurricanes to local sources of heat and momentum. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 378-394.
58. Sitkowski, M., J. Kossin, and C. M. Rozoff, 2011: Intensity and structure changes during hurricane eyewall replacement cycles. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 3829-3847.
59. Smith, R. K., 1968: The surface boundary layer of a hurricane. Tellus, 20, 473-484.
60. Smith, R. K., 1980: Tropical cyclone eye dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 12271232.
61. Smith, R. K., 2003: A simple model of the hurricane boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 1007-1027.
62. Smith, R. K., and S. Vogl, 2008: A simple model of the hurricane boundary layer revisited. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 337-351.
63. Smith, R. K., and S. Vogl, M. T. Montgomery, and S. V. Nguyen, 2009: Tropical cyclone spin-up revisited. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1321-1335.
64. Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1993: Goddard cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Model description. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 4, 35-72.
65. Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, and M. McCumber, 1989: Ice water saturation adjustment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 231-235.
66. Terwey, W. D., and M. T. Montgomery, 2008: Secondary eyewall formation in two idealized, full-physics modeled hurricanes. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12112, doi:10.1029/2007JD008897.
67. Vallis, G. K., and M. E. Maltrud, 1993: Generation of mean flows and jets on a beta plane and over topography. J. Phys. Oce-anogr., 23, 1346-1362.
68. Wang, X., and D.-L. Zhang, 2003: Potential vorticity diagnosis of a simulated hurricane. Part I: Formulation and quasi-balanced flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1593-1607.
69. Wang, Y., 2002a: Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part I: Overall structure, potential vorticity, and kinetic energy budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1213-1238.
70. Wang, Y., 2002b: Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part II: The role in tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1239-1262.
71. Wang, Y., 2008: Rapid filamentation zone in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone model. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1158-1181.
72. Wang, Y., 2009: How do outer spiral rainbands affect tropical cyclone structure and intensity? J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1250-1273.
73. Willoughby, H. E., 1990: Gradient balance in tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 265-274.
74. Willoughby, H. E., 2007: Forecasting Hurricane intensity and impacts. Science, 315, 1232-1233.
75. Willoughby, H. E., J. A. Clos, and M. G. Shoreibah, 1982: Concentric eyewalls, secondary wind maxima, and the evolution of the hurricane vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 395-411.
76. Wu, C.-C., Y.-H. Huang, and G.-Y. Lien, 2012: Concentric eyewall formation in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008). Part I: Assimilation of T-PARC data based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 506-527.
77. Zhang, A. J., R. F. Rogers, D. S. Nolan, and F. D. Marks Jr., 2011: On the characteristic height scales of the hurricane boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 2523-2535.
78. Zhang, D.-L., and R. A. Anthes, 1982: A high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer sensitivity tests and comparisons with SESAME-79 data. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 15941609.
79. Zhang, D.-L., and R. A. Anthes, Y. Liu, and M. K. Yau, 2001: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part IV: Unbalanced flows. Mon. Wea Rev, 129, 92-107.
80. Zhou, X., and B. Wang, 2011: Mechanism of concentric eyewall replacement cycles and associated intensity change. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 972-988.