Hurricane intensity and eyewall replacement

Science

Volumn 315, Issue 5816, 2007, Pages 1235-1239

  Houze Jr , Robert A ^a   Chen, Shuyi S ^b   Smull, Bradley F ^a   Lee, Wen Chau ^c   Bell, Michael M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FORECASTING METHOD; HURRICANE; NUMERICAL MODEL;

AIRCRAFT; ARTICLE; CLOUD; DYNAMICS; FORECASTING; HURRICANE; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 33847669219     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1135650     Document Type: Article

References (37)

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12. Precipitation particles are liquid drops or ice particles heavy enough to be falling relative to Earth's surface. Most meteorological radars, including those deployed on the aircraft in RAINEX, detect precipitation but do not see smaller, non-falling cloud particles. Therefore, the intensity of the radar signal is related to precipitation intensity. The radar also detects the Doppler shift between emitted and received signals, which indicates the speed of movement of the precipitation particles along the beam of the radar. The wind speed and direction can be inferred from the Doppler velocities when the same precipitation particles are observed in more than one radar beam.
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19. When air subsides, its relative humidity decreases because the air temperature increases adiabatically. Consequently, saturation vapor pressure rises while the water vapor content remains constant.
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26. The hurricane-strength categories 1 to 5 represent, in ascending order, the degree of damage that can be done by the storm. For further details, see (27, 31).
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28. The range of the observed winds can be found at (32).
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35. In RAINEX, the high-resolution MM5 was run with input from four different global models. The input from NOGAPS (33) gave the best result for Hurricane Rita. Also see (7).
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37. Aircraft operations in RAINEX were under the direction of C. Newman (NRL aircraft) and J. MacFadden (NOAA aircraft). Lead airborne missions scientists for RAINEX included R. Rogers, M. Black (NOAA Hurricane Research Division), and D. Jorgensen (NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory). Daily aircraft mission planning was led by J. Moore and G. Stossmeister (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research), and D. Nolan (University of Miami) contributed scientific guidance to the planning. Engineering support for ground control of flights was provided by C. Burghart and J. Scannel (NCAR), P. Chang (NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service), J. Carswell (Remote Sensing Solutions, Inc.), and S. Brodzik (University of Washington). Engineering support for the radar and dropsonde measurements was directed by E. Loew, M. Strong, H.-Q. Cai, and E. Korn (NCAR). Real-time high-resolution model runs were carried out by W. Zhao (University of Miami). Forecasting for flight operations was done by J. Cangialosi and D. Ortt (University of Miami). G. Stossmeister and J. Meitín (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research) provided web support and data management for the project. B. Tully (University of Washington) coordinated the graphics. This research was supported by NSF grants ATM-0432623 and ATM-0432717.