Irreversible reactions studied with nanosecond transmission electron microscopy movies: Laser crystallization of phase change materials

Applied Physics Letters

Volumn 102, Issue 17, 2013, Pages

  Santala, M K ^a   Reed, B W ^a   Raoux, S ^b   Topuria, T ^c   Lagrange, T ^a   Campbell, G H ^a  

^a LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b IBM T J WATSON RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c IBM ALMADEN RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CURRENT-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION; IRREVERSIBLE REACTIONS; LASER CRYSTALLIZATION; LASER-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION; MULTI-FRAME; ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE; RESISTIVE MEMORY;

CRYSTAL GROWTH; CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS; IMAGING TECHNIQUES; PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

MOTION PICTURES;

EID: 84877247352     PISSN: 00036951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.4803921     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. D. J. Flannigan and A. H. Zewail, Acc. Chem. Res. 45, 1828 (2012). 10.1021/ar3001684
2. T. LaGrange, B. W. Reed, M. K. Santala, J. T. McKeown, A. Kulovits, J. M. K. Wiezorek, L. Nikolova, F. Rosei, B. J. Siwick, and G. H. Campbell, Micron 43, 1108 (2012). 10.1016/j.micron.2012.04.010
3. J. S. Kim, T. LaGrange, B. W. Reed, M. L. Taheri, M. R. Armstrong, W. E. King, N. D. Browning, and G. H. Campbell, Science 321, 1472 (2008). 10.1126/science.1161517
4. L. Nikolova, T. LaGrange, B. W. Reed, M. J. Stern, N. D. Browning, G. H. Campbell, J. C. Kieffer, B. J. Siwick, and F. Rosei, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 203102 (2010). 10.1063/1.3518069
5. M. K. Santala, B. W. Reed, S. Raoux, T. Topuria, T. LaGrange, and G. H. Campbell, Phys. Status Solidi B 249, 1907 (2012). 10.1002/pssb.201200418
6. M. R. Armstrong, K. Boyden, N. D. Browning, G. H. Campbell, J. D. Colvin, W. J. DeHope, A. M. Frank, D. J. Gibson, F. Hartemann, J. S. Kim, W. E. King, T. B. LaGrange, B. J. Pyke, B. W. Reed, R. M. Shuttlesworth, B. C. Stuart, and B. R. Torralva, Ultramicroscopy 107, 356 (2007). 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.09.005
7. B. W. Reed, M. R. Armstrong, N. D. Browning, G. H. Campbell, J. E. Evans, T. LaGrange, and D. J. Masiel, Microsc. Microanal. 15, 272 (2009). 10.1017/S1431927609090394
8. S. Raoux and M. Wuttig, Phase Change Materials: Science and Applications (Springer, Berlin, 2009).
9. S. Raoux, B. Munoz, H.-Y. Cheng, and J. L. Jordan-Sweet, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 143118 (2009). 10.1063/1.3236786
10. G. Bruns, P. Merkelbach, C. Schlockermann, M. Salinga, M. Wuttig, T. D. Happ, J. B. Philipp, and M. Kund, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 043108 (2009). 10.1063/1.3191670
11. S. Raoux, H. Y. Cheng, M. A. Caldwell, and H. S. P. Wong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 071910 (2009). 10.1063/1.3212732
12. E. Huber and E. E. Marinero, Phys. Rev. B 36, 1595 (1987). 10.1103/PhysRevB.36.1595
13. M. Libera and M. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 73, 2272 (1993); 10.1063/1.353132
14. W. Gawelda, J. Siegel, C. N. Afonso, V. Plausinaitiene, A. Abrutis, and C. Wiemer, J. Appl. Phys. 109, 123102 (2011). 10.1063/1.3596562
15. V. Weidenhof, I. Friedrich, S. Ziegler, and M. Wuttig, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 3168 (2001). 10.1063/1.1351868
16. J. Orava, A. L. Greer, B. Gholipour, D. W. Hewak, and C. E. Smith, Nat. Mater. 11, 279 (2012). 10.1038/nmat3275
17. M. Wuttig and C. Steimer, Appl. Phys. A 87, 411 (2007). 10.1007/s00339-007-3931-y
18. Q. M. Lu and M. Libera, J. Appl. Phys. 77, 517 (1995); 10.1063/1.359034
19. A. M. Mio, E. Carria, G. DArrigo, S. Gibilisco, M. Miritello, M. G. Grimaldi, and E. Rimini, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 357, 2197 (2011); 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.02.042
20. M. Salinga, J. Kalb, M. Klein, T. Sontheimer, F. Spaepen, and M. Wuttig, Glass Transition and Crystallization in Phase Change Materials European\Phase Change and Ovonics Symposium. (2007). http://www.epcos.org/library/papers/pdf- 2007/paper2013-Salinga.pdf.
21. A. Bastard, J. C. Bastien, B. Hyot, S. Lhostis, F. Mompiou, C. Bonafos, G. Servanton, C. Borowiak, F. Lorut, N. Bicais-Lepinay, A. Toffoli, C. Sandhya, A. Fantini, L. Perniola, E. Gourvest, S. Maitrejean, A. Roule, V. Sousa, D. Bensahel, and B. Andre, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 243103 (2011). 10.1063/1.3668095
22. M. Chen, K. A. Rubin, and R. W. Barton, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 502 (1986). 10.1063/1.97617
23. A. Schlieper and R. Blachnik, J. Alloy Compd. 235, 237 (1996). 10.1016/0925-8388(95)02032-2
24. J. A. Kalb, F. Spaepen, and M. Wuttig, J. Appl. Phys. 98, 054910 (2005). 10.1063/1.2037870
25. D. Turnbull, Contemp. Phys. 10, 473 (1969). 10.1080/00107516908204405
26. K. F. Kelton and A. L. Greer, in Rapidly Quenched Metals, edited by, S. Steeb, and, H. Warlimont, (Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Würzburg, 1985), Vol. 1, p. 223;
27. K. F. Kelton and A. L. Greer, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 79, 295 (1986). 10.1016/0022-3093(86)90229-2
28. M. K. Santala, B. W. Reed, T. Topuria, S. Raoux, S. Meister, Y. Cui, T. LaGrange, G. H. Campbell, and N. D. Browning, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 024309 (2012). 10.1063/1.3678447
29. See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4803921 E-APPLAB-102-010319 for a description of the finite element analysis modeling of laser-specimen interactions and heat flow, the derivation of Eq. 1 for the crystal growth rate in a thin film, and raw images if Figs. 1 a-b without false color.
30. A. Schlieper, Y. Feutelais, S. G. Fries, B. Legendre, and R. Blachnik, CALPHAD-Comput. Coupling Phase Diagrams Thermochem. 23, 1 (1999). 10.1016/S0364-5916(99)00012-7
31. M. H. R. Lankhorst, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 297, 210 (2002). 10.1016/S0022-3093(01)01034-1
32. D. J. Sarrach, J. P. DeNeufville, and W. L. Haworth, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 22, 245 (1976). 10.1016/0022-3093(76)90057-0
33. F. Herwig and M. Wobst, Z. Metallkd. 82, 917 (1991).
34. R. E. Simpson, P. Fons, A. V. Kolobov, M. Krbal, and J. Tominaga, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 021911 (2012). 10.1063/1.3675635