Western pacific warm pool and ENSO asymmetry in CMIP3 models

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 940-953

  Sun, Yan ^a,b,c   Sun, De Zheng ^c   Wu, Lixin ^b   Wang, Fan ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^b OCEAN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

CMIP3 model; ENSO asymmetry; ENSO time mean effect; warm pool

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876442304     PISSN: 02561530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00376-012-2161-1     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. AchutaRao, K., and K. R. Sperber, 2002: Simulation of the El Niño Southern Oscillation: Results from the coupled model intercomparison project. Climate Dyn., 19, 191-209.
2. An, S.-I., Y.-G. Ham, J.-S. Kug, F.-F. Jin, and I.-S. Kang, 2005: El Niño-La Niña asymmetry in the coupled model intercomparison project simulations. J. Climate, 18, 2617-2627.
3. Boville, B. A., and P. R. Gent, 1998: The NCAR climate system model, version one. J. Climate, 11, 1115-130.
4. Burgers, G., and D. B. Stephenson, 1999: The "normality" of El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1027-1030.
5. Clement, A. C., R. Seager, M. A. Cane, and S. E. Zebiak, 1996: An ocean dynamical thermostat. J. Climate, 9(9), 2190-2196.
6. Clement, A. C., R. Seager, and R. Murtugudde, 2005: Why are there tropical warm pools? J. Climate, 18(24), 5294-5311.
7. Davey, M., and Coauthors, 2002: STOIC: A study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions. Climate Dyn., 18, 403-420.
8. Delworth, T., and Coauthors, 2006: GFDL's CM2 global coupled climate models. Part I: Formulation and simulation characteristics. J. Climate, 19, 643-674.
9. Dijkstra, H. A., and J. D. Neelin, 1995: Oceanatmosphere interaction and the tropical climatology Part II: Why the Pacific cold tongue is in the east. J. Climate, 8, 1343-1359.
10. Furevik, T., M. Bentsen, H. Drange, I. K. T. Kindem, N. G. Kvamsto, and A. Sorteberg, 2003: Description and evaluation of the Bergen climate model: ARPEGE coupled with MICOM. Climate Dyn., 21, 27-51.
11. Goosse, H., and T. Fichefet, 1999: Importance of iceocean interactions for the global ocean circulation: A model study. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23337-23355.
12. Gordon, C., C. Cooper, C. A. Senior, H. T. Banks, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, J. F. B. Mitchell, and R. A. Wood, 2000: The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dyn., 16, 147-168.
13. Gordon, H. B., and Coauthors, 2002: The CSIRO Mk3 climate system model. aspendale: CSIRO atmospheric research. (CSIRO atmospheric research technical paper; no. 60). 130pp. [Available online at http://www. cawcr. gov. au/publications/technicalreports/CTR 021. pdf.].
14. Hannachi, A., D. B. Stephenson, and K. R. Sperber, 2003: Probability-based methods for quantifying nonlinearity in the ENSO. Climate Dyn.,. doi: 10. 1007/s00382-002-0263-7.
15. 2: Where should humanity aim? The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2, 217-231, doi: 10. 2174/1874282300802010217.
16. Held, I. M., and A. Y. Hou, 1980: Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 515-533.
17. Hou, A. Y., 1998: Hadley circulation as a modulator of the extratropical climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2437-2457.
18. Jin, F.-F., 1996: Tropical ocean interaction, Pacific cold tongue, and El Niño Southern Oscillation. Science, 274, 76-78.
19. Johns, T. C., and Coauthors, 2006: The new Hadley Centre climate model (HadGEM1): Evaluation of coupled simulations. J. Climate, 19, 1327-1353.
20. Kiehl, J. T., 1998: Simulation of the tropical Pacific warm-pool with the NCAR climate system model. J. Climate, 11, 1342-1355.
21. Kiehl, J. T., and P. R. Gent, 2004: The community climate system model, version 2. J. Climate, 17, 3666-3682.
22. Kug, J.-S., J. Choi, S.-I. An, F.-F. Jin, and A. T. Wittenberg, 2010: Warm pool and cold tongue El Niño events as simulated by the GFDL 2. 1 coupled GCM. J. Climate, 23, 1226-1239.
23. Latif, M., and Coauthors, 2001: ENSIP: The El Niño simulation intercomparison project. Climate Dyn., 18, 255-276.
24. Leloup, J., M. Lengaigne, and J.-P. Boulanger, 2008: Twentieth century ENSO characteristics in the IPCC database. Climate Dyn., 30, 277-291.
25. Liang, J., X.-Q. Yang, and D.-Z. Sun, 2012: The effect of ENSO events on the tropical Pacific mean climate: Insights from an analytical model. J. Climate, 25, 7590-7606.
26. Lu, P., J. P. McCreary Jr., and B. A. Klinger, 1998: Meridional circulation cells and the source waters of the Pacific equatorial undercurrent. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 62-84.
27. Mechoso, M. R., and Coauthors, 1995: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825-2838.
28. Meehl, G. A., C. Covey, T. Delworth, M. Latif, B. McAvaney, J. F. B. Mitchell, R. J. Stouffer, and K. E. Taylor, 2007: The WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset: A new era in climate change research. BAMS, 88, 1383-1394, doi: 10. 1175/BAMS-88-9-1383.
29. Newell, R. E., 1979: Climate and the ocean. Amer. Sci., 67, 405-416.
30. Nozawa, T., T. Nagashima, H. Shiogama, and S. A. Crooks, 2005: Detecting natural influence on surface air temperatures change in the early twentieth century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, L20719, doi: 10. 1029/2005GL023540.
31. Philander, S. G., 1990: El Niño, La Niña and the Southern Oscillation. Elsevier, New York, 293pp.
32. Pierrehumbert, R. T., 1995: Thermostats, radiator fins, and the runaway greenhouse. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1784-1806.
33. Ramananthan, V., and W. Collins, 1991: Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Niño. Nature, 27-32.
34. Rayner, N., A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4407, doi: 10. 1029/2002JD002670.
35. Rodgers, K. B., P. Friederichs, and M. Latif, 2004: Tropical Pacific decadal variability and its relation to decadal modulation of ENSO. J. Climate, 17, 3761-3774.
36. Russell, G. L., J. R. Miller, and D. Rind, 1995: A coupled atmosphere-ocean model for transient climate change studies. Atmos.-Ocean, 33(4), 683-730.
37. Salas-Mélia, and Coauthors, 2005: Description and validation of the CNRM-CM3 global coupled model, CNRM working note 103.
38. Schmidt, G., and Coauthors, 2006: Present-day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in situ, satellite, and reanalysis data. J. Climate, 19, 153-192.
39. Schopf, P. S., and R. J. Burgman, 2006: A simple mechanism for ENSO residuals and asymmetry. J. Climate, 19, 3167-3179.
40. Spencer, R. W., 1993: Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979-91 and comparisons to other climatologies. J. Climate, 6, 1301-1326.
41. Sun, D.-Z., 2000: Global climate change and ENSO: A theoretical framework. El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation, Multiscale variability and Global and Regional Impacts. H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, Eds., 476pp, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 443-463.
42. Sun, D.-Z., 2003: A possible effect of an increase in the warm-pool SST on the magnitude of El Niño warming. J. Climate, 16, 185-205.
43. Sun, D.-Z., 2007: The role of ENSO in regulating its background state. Nonlinear Dynamics in Geosciences, J. Elsner and A. Tsonis, Eds., Springer New York, 537-555.
44. Sun, D.-Z., 2010: The diabatic and nonlinear aspects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Implications for its past and future behavior. Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary? AGU Geophysical Monograph, D.-Z. Sun and F. Bryan, Eds., Amer. Geophys. Union, 79-104.
45. Sun, D.-Z., and Z. Liu, 1996: Dynamic ocean-atmosphere coupling: A thermostat for the tropics. Science, 272, 1148-1150.
46. Sun, D.-Z., and K. E. Trenberth, 1998: Coordinated heat removal from the equatorial Pacific during the 1986-87 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2659-2662.
47. Sun, D.-Z., and T. Zhang, 2006: A regulatory effect of ENSO of ENSO on the time-mean thermal stratification of the equatorial upper ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07710, doi: 10. 1029/2005GL025296.
48. Sun, F. P., and J.-Y. Yu, 2009: A 10-15-yr modulation cycle of ENSO intensity. J. Climate, 22, 1718-1735.
49. Trenberth, K. E., and A. Solomon, 1994: The global heat balance: Heat transports in the atmosphere and ocean. Climate Dyn., 10, 107-134.
50. Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, 1992: TOGA COARE: The coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1377-1417.
51. Yu, Y., X. Zhang, and Y. Guo, 2004: Global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models in LASG/IAP. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 21, 444-455.
52. Zhang, T., D.-Z. Sun, R. Neale, and P. Rasch, 2009: An evaluation of ENSO asymmetry in the community climate system Models: A view from the csubsurface. J. Climate, 22, 5933-5961, doi: 10. 1175/2009JCLI2933. 1.