Dynamic ocean-atmosphere coupling: A thermostat for the tropics

Science

Volumn 272, Issue 5265, 1996, Pages 1148-1150

  Sun, De Zheng ^a   Liu, Zhengyu ^b  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; SST; SURFACE WINDS;

PACIFIC, (TROPICAL);

EID: 0029768451     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5265.1148     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. T. J. Crowley and G. R. North, Paleoclimatology (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1991).
2. S. G. H. Philander, El Niño, La Niño, and the Southern Oscillation (Academic Press, New York, 1989).
3. V. Ramanathan and W. Collins, Nature 351, 27 (1991).
4. R. Fu, A. D. Del Genio, W. B. Rossow, W. T. Liu, ibid. 358, 394 (1992).
5. D. E. Waliser and N. E. Graham, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 12881 (1993); J. M. Wallace, Nature 357, 230 (1992); D. Hartmann and M. Michelsen, J. Clim. 6, 2049 (1993); R. T. Pierrehumbert, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 1784 (1995).
6. D. E. Waliser and N. E. Graham, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 12881 (1993); J. M. Wallace, Nature 357, 230 (1992); D. Hartmann and M. Michelsen, J. Clim. 6, 2049 (1993); R. T. Pierrehumbert, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 1784 (1995).
7. D. E. Waliser and N. E. Graham, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 12881 (1993); J. M. Wallace, Nature 357, 230 (1992); D. Hartmann and M. Michelsen, J. Clim. 6, 2049 (1993); R. T. Pierrehumbert, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 1784 (1995).
8. D. E. Waliser and N. E. Graham, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 12881 (1993); J. M. Wallace, Nature 357, 230 (1992); D. Hartmann and M. Michelsen, J. Clim. 6, 2049 (1993); R. T. Pierrehumbert, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 1784 (1995).
9. R. S. Lindzen and S. Nigam, J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 2418 (1987).
10. J. C. McWilliams and P. R. Gent, ibid. 35, 963 (1978).
11. The long-term coldness of the equatorial subsurface ocean is maintained by the meridional branch of the wind-driven circulation, which moves heat to the extratropical ocean (11).
12. R. C. Pacanowski, K. W. Dixon, A. Rosati, "The GFDL Modular Ocean Model users guide," GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. 2 (1991).
13. w before it was perturbed to obtain Eq. 6.
14. J. McCreary and P. Lu, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 466 (1994); Z. Liu, G. Philander, R. Pacanowski, ibid., p. 2606.
15. J. McCreary and P. Lu, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 466 (1994); Z. Liu, G. Philander, R. Pacanowski, ibid., p. 2606.
16. D.-Z. Sun and A. H. Oort, J. Clim. 8, 1974 (1995).
17. K. Bryan, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14, 666 (1984).
18. o were used by Ramanathan and Collins (3). The value for water vapor feedback was from Sun and Oort (12).
19. 2 at the end of 50 years of integration. (A few experiments were extended to 1000 years of integration, and no significant differences from the corresponding 50 years of integration were found.)
20. We gratefully acknowledge helpful comments from F. Bryan, P. Gent, I. Held, J. Kiehl, R. Lindzen, J. McWilliams, K. Trenberth, J. Tribbia, P. Webster, and the reviewers. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.