메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 181, Issue SUPPL., 2013, Pages

Predicting and detecting reciprocity between indirect ecological interactions and evolution

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOTTOM-UP CONTROL; CONSUMER-RESOURCE INTERACTION; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; FOOD WEB; MUTUALISM; PREDICTION; RECIPROCITY; TOP-DOWN CONTROL;

EID: 84876369995     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/668120     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (41)

References (264)
  • 1
    • 0033800176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Character shifts of prey species that share predators
    • Abrams, P. A. 2000. Character shifts of prey species that share predators. American Naturalist 156(suppl.):S45-S61.
    • (2000) American Naturalist , vol.156 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 3
    • 57949094455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do introduced North American beavers engineer differently in southern South America? an overview with implications for restoration
    • Anderson, C. B., G. M. Pastur, M. V. Lencinas, P. K. Wallem, M. C. Moorman, and A. D. Rosemond. 2009. Do introduced North American beavers engineer differently in southern South America? an overview with implications for restoration. Mammal Review 39:33-52.
    • (2009) Mammal Review , vol.39 , pp. 33-52
    • Anderson, C.B.1    Pastur, G.M.2    Lencinas, M.V.3    Wallem, P.K.4    Moorman, M.C.5    Rosemond, A.D.6
  • 5
    • 53049094415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bald eagles and sea otters in the Aleutian Archipelago: Indirect effects of trophic cascades
    • Anthony, R. G., J. A. Estes, M. A. Ricca, A. K. Miles, and E. D. Forsman. 2008. Bald eagles and sea otters in the Aleutian Archipelago: indirect effects of trophic cascades. Ecology 89:2725-2735
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 2725-2735
    • Anthony, R.G.1    Estes, J.A.2    Ricca, M.A.3    Miles, A.K.4    Forsman, E.D.5
  • 8
    • 2142799632 scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey role reversal in a marine benthic ecosystem
    • Barkai, A., and C. McQuaid. 1988. Predator-prey role reversal in a marine benthic ecosystem. Science 242:62-64.
    • (1988) Science , vol.242 , pp. 62-64
    • Barkai, A.1    McQuaid, C.2
  • 9
    • 37749000332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks: The architecture of biodiversity
    • Bascompte, J., and P. Jordano. 2007. The structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks: the architecture of biodiversity. Annual Re-view of Ecology and Systematics 38:567-593.
    • (2007) Annual Re-view of Ecology and Systematics , vol.38 , pp. 567-593
    • Bascompte, J.1    Jordano, P.2
  • 13
    • 66749121926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances
    • Baum, J. K., and B. Worm. 2009. Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances. Journal of Animal Ecology 70:699-714.
    • (2009) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 699-714
    • Baum, J.K.1    Worm, B.2
  • 14
    • 0034903637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: Grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian Neotropical migrants
    • Berger, J., P. B. Stacey, L. Bellis, and M. P. Johnson. 2001. A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian Neotropical migrants. Ecological Applications 11:947-960.
    • (2001) Ecological Applications , vol.11 , pp. 947-960
    • Berger, J.1    Stacey, P.B.2    Bellis, L.3    Johnson, M.P.4
  • 15
    • 0032824116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying variation in the strengths of species interactions
    • Berlow, E. L., S. A. Navarrete, C. J. Briggs, M. E. Power, and B. A. Menge. 1999. Quantifying variation in the strengths of species interactions. Ecology 80:2206-2224.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 2206-2224
    • Berlow, E.L.1    Navarrete, S.A.2    Briggs, C.J.3    Power, M.E.4    Menge, B.A.5
  • 16
    • 69249210877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States
    • Beschta, R. L., and W. J. Ripple. 2009. Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biological Conservation 142:2401-2414.
    • (2009) Biological Conservation , vol.142 , pp. 2401-2414
    • Beschta, R.L.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 17
    • 0001419319 scopus 로고
    • Keystone species
    • in E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, eds., Springer, Berlin
    • Bond, W. 1993. Keystone species. Pages 237-253 in E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, eds. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer, Berlin.
    • (1993) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function , pp. 237-253
    • Bond, W.1
  • 18
    • 84876361300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumer control by megafauna and fire
    • in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds., Island, Washington, DC
    • Bond, W. 2010. Consumer control by megafauna and fire. Pp. 275-286 in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds. Trophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Island, Washington, DC.
    • (2010) Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and The Changing Dynamics of Nature , pp. 275-286
    • Bond, W.1
  • 19
    • 0037566215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral, ecological, and life-history correlates of mammal extinctions in West Africa
    • Brashares, J. S. 2003. Behavioral, ecological, and life-history correlates of mammal extinctions in West Africa. Conservation Biology 17: 733-743.
    • (2003) Conservation Biology , vol.17 , pp. 733-743
    • Brashares, J.S.1
  • 21
    • 2642702566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of highly unsaturated fatty acids in aquatic food web processes
    • Brett, M. T., and D. C. Muller-Navarra. 1997. The role of highly unsaturated fatty acids in aquatic food web processes. Freshwater Biology 38:483-499.
    • (1997) Freshwater Biology , vol.38 , pp. 483-499
    • Brett, M.T.1    Muller-Navarra, D.C.2
  • 22
    • 20844439760 scopus 로고
    • Predation, body size, and composition of plankton
    • Brooks, J. L., and S. I. Dodson. 1965. Predation, body size, and composition of plankton. Science 150:28-35.
    • (1965) Science , vol.150 , pp. 28-35
    • Brooks, J.L.1    Dodson, S.I.2
  • 23
    • 33845705092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivore vs. nutrient control of marine primary producers: Context-dependent effects
    • Burkepile, D. E., and M. E. Hay. 2006. Herbivore vs. nutrient control of marine primary producers: context-dependent effects. Ecology 87:3128-3139.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 3128-3139
    • Burkepile, D.E.1    Hay, M.E.2
  • 24
    • 35348924510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator release of the gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum increases predation on gorgonian corals
    • Burkepile, D. E., and M. E. Hay. 2007. Predator release of the gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum increases predation on gorgonian corals. Oecologia (Berlin) 154: 167-173.
    • (2007) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.154 , pp. 167-173
    • Burkepile, D.E.1    Hay, M.E.2
  • 26
    • 0032463673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cephalopod and groundfish landings: Evidence for ecological change in global fisheries?
    • Caddy, J. F., and P. G. Rodhouse. 1998. Cephalopod and groundfish landings: evidence for ecological change in global fisheries? Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 8:431-444.
    • (1998) Reviews In Fish Biology and Fisheries , vol.8 , pp. 431-444
    • Caddy, J.F.1    Rodhouse, P.G.2
  • 29
    • 0001488965 scopus 로고
    • Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity
    • Carpenter, S. R., J. F. Kitchell, and J. R. Hodgson. 1985. Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity. BioScience 35:634-649.
    • (1985) BioScience , vol.35 , pp. 634-649
    • Carpenter, S.R.1    Kitchell, J.F.2    Hodgson, J.R.3
  • 31
    • 0032846891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the effects of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on wetland loss
    • Carter, J., A. L. Foote, and L. A. Johnson-Randall. 1999. Modeling the effects of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on wetland loss. Wetlands 19:209-219.
    • (1999) Wetlands , vol.19 , pp. 209-219
    • Carter, J.1    Foote, A.L.2    Johnson-Randall, L.A.3
  • 35
    • 0037995249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density and gorgonian host-occupation patterns by flamingo tongue snails (Cyphoma gibbosum) in the Florida Keys
    • Chiappone, M., H. Dienes, D. W. Swanson, and S. L. Miller. 2003. Density and gorgonian host-occupation patterns by flamingo tongue snails (Cyphoma gibbosum) in the Florida Keys. Caribbean Journal of Science 39:116-127.
    • (2003) Caribbean Journal of Science , vol.39 , pp. 116-127
    • Chiappone, M.1    Dienes, H.2    Swanson, D.W.3    Miller, S.L.4
  • 36
    • 0020930734 scopus 로고
    • The effects of sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) predation on red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) populations: An experimental analysis
    • Cowen, R. K. 1983. The effects of sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) predation on red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) populations: an experimental analysis. Oecologia (Berlin) 58:249-255.
    • (1983) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.58 , pp. 249-255
    • Cowen, R.K.1
  • 37
    • 0032805414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of deer biomass supports the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems
    • Crête, M. 1999. The distribution of deer biomass supports the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. Ecology Letters 2:223-227.
    • (1999) Ecology Letters , vol.2 , pp. 223-227
    • Crête, M.1
  • 38
    • 0344404396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent suppression in dwarf birch after release from heavy summer browsing by caribou
    • Crête, M., and G. J. Doucet. 1998. Persistent suppression in dwarf birch after release from heavy summer browsing by caribou. Arctic and Alpine Research 30:126-132.
    • (1998) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.30 , pp. 126-132
    • Crête, M.1    Doucet, G.J.2
  • 39
    • 84887749623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem impacts of the decline of large whales in the North Pacific
    • in J. A. Estes, D. P. DeMaster, D. F. Doak, T. M. Williams, and R. L. Brownell Jr., eds., University of California Press, Berkeley
    • Croll, D. A., R. Kadula, and B. R. Tershy. 2006. Ecosystem impacts of the decline of large whales in the North Pacific. Pages 202-214 in J. A. Estes, D. P. DeMaster, D. F. Doak, T. M. Williams, and R. L. Brownell Jr., eds. Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley.
    • (2006) Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems , pp. 202-214
    • Croll, D.A.1    Kadula, R.2    Tershy, B.R.3
  • 40
    • 15544366149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra
    • Croll, D. A., J. L. Maron, J. A. Estes, E. M. Danner, and G. V. Byrd. 2005. Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra. Science 307:1959-1961.
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , pp. 1959-1961
    • Croll, D.A.1    Maron, J.L.2    Estes, J.A.3    Danner, E.M.4    Byrd, G.V.5
  • 41
    • 0033526979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented ecosystem
    • Crooks, K. R., and M. E. Soulé. 1999. Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented ecosystem. Nature 400:563-566.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 563-566
    • Crooks, K.R.1    Soulé, M.E.2
  • 42
    • 73849093977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant defenses at no cost? the recovery of tundra scrubland following heavy grazing by gray-sided voles (Myodes rufocanus)
    • Dahlgren, J., L. Oksanen, J. Olofsson, and T. Oksanen. 2009. Plant defenses at no cost? the recovery of tundra scrubland following heavy grazing by gray-sided voles (Myodes rufocanus). Evolutionary Ecology Research 11:1205-1216.
    • (2009) Evolutionary Ecology Research , vol.11 , pp. 1205-1216
    • Dahlgren, J.1    Oksanen, L.2    Olofsson, J.3    Oksanen, T.4
  • 44
    • 34547639864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive indirect effects of reef fishes on kelp performance: The importance of mesograzers
    • Davenport, A. C., and T. W. Anderson. 2007. Positive indirect effects of reef fishes on kelp performance: the importance of mesograzers. Ecology 88:1548-1561.
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 1548-1561
    • Davenport, A.C.1    Anderson, T.W.2
  • 45
    • 0001156950 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies of algal-canopy interactions in a sea otter-dominated kelp community at Amchitka Island, Alaska
    • Dayton, P. K. 1975. Experimental studies of algal-canopy interactions in a sea otter-dominated kelp community at Amchitka Island, Alaska. Fishery Bulletin 73:230-237.
    • (1975) Fishery Bulletin , vol.73 , pp. 230-237
    • Dayton, P.K.1
  • 46
    • 0002447754 scopus 로고
    • University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 118. University of California Press, Berkeley
    • Domning, D. P. 1978. Sirenian evolution in the North Pacific Ocean. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 118. University of California Press, Berkeley.
    • (1978) Sirenian Evolution In the North Pacific Ocean
    • Domning, D.P.1
  • 47
    • 0025682789 scopus 로고
    • Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti-Mara woodlands
    • Dublin, H. T., A. R. E. Sinclair, and J. McGlade. 1990. Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti-Mara woodlands. Journal of Animal Ecology 59:1147-1164.
    • (1990) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.59 , pp. 1147-1164
    • Dublin, H.T.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    McGlade, J.3
  • 48
    • 0024910695 scopus 로고
    • Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems
    • Duggins, D. O., C. A. Simenstad, and J. A. Estes. 1989. Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems. Science 245:170-173.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 170-173
    • Duggins, D.O.1    Simenstad, C.A.2    Estes, J.A.3
  • 49
    • 2542455159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coral reef cascades and the indirect effects of predator removal by exploitation
    • Dulvy, N. K., R. P. Freckleton, and N. V. C. Polunin. 2004. Coral reef cascades and the indirect effects of predator removal by exploitation. Ecology Letters 7:410-416.
    • (2004) Ecology Letters , vol.7 , pp. 410-416
    • Dulvy, N.K.1    Freckleton, R.P.2    Polunin, N.V.C.3
  • 50
    • 41149129841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Above and below ground impacts of terrestrial mammals and birds in a tropical forest
    • Dunham, A. E. 2008. Above and below ground impacts of terrestrial mammals and birds in a tropical forest. Oikos 117:571-579.
    • (2008) Oikos , vol.117 , pp. 571-579
    • Dunham, A.E.1
  • 51
    • 0000651050 scopus 로고
    • Butterflies and plants: A study in coevolution
    • Ehrlich, P. R., and P. H. Raven. 1964. Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution 18:586-608.
    • (1964) Evolution , vol.18 , pp. 586-608
    • Ehrlich, P.R.1    Raven, P.H.2
  • 53
    • 84858116771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in open ocean ecosystems
    • in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds., Island, Washington, DC
    • Essington, T. 2010. Trophic cascades in open ocean ecosystems. Pages 91-105 in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds. Trophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Island, Washington, DC.
    • (2010) Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and The Changing Dynamics of Nature , pp. 91-105
    • Essington, T.1
  • 55
    • 0028976890 scopus 로고
    • Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm
    • Estes, J. A., and D. O. Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecological Monographs 65:75-100.
    • (1995) Ecological Monographs , vol.65 , pp. 75-100
    • Estes, J.A.1    Duggins, D.O.2
  • 56
    • 27244444402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of large body size in abalones (Haliotis): Patterns and implications
    • Estes, J. A., D. R. Lindberg, and C. Wray. 2005. Evolution of large body size in abalones (Haliotis): patterns and implications. Paleobiology 31:591-606.
    • (2005) Paleobiology , vol.31 , pp. 591-606
    • Estes, J.A.1    Lindberg, D.R.2    Wray, C.3
  • 58
    • 0001432192 scopus 로고
    • Sea otter predation and community organization in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska
    • Estes, J. A., N. S. Smith, and J. F. Palmisano. 1978. Sea otter predation and community organization in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Ecology 59:822-833.
    • (1978) Ecology , vol.59 , pp. 822-833
    • Estes, J.A.1    Smith, N.S.2    Palmisano, J.F.3
  • 59
    • 0023701211 scopus 로고
    • Predation, herbivory, and kelp evolution
    • Estes, J. A., and P. D. Steinberg. 1988. Predation, herbivory, and kelp evolution. Paleobiology 14:19-36.
    • (1988) Paleobiology , vol.14 , pp. 19-36
    • Estes, J.A.1    Steinberg, P.D.2
  • 61
    • 77955914331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using ecological function to develop recovery criteria for depleted species: Sea otters and kelp forests in the Aleutian Archipelago
    • Estes, J. A., M. T. Tinker, and J. L. Bodkin. 2010. Using ecological function to develop recovery criteria for depleted species: sea otters and kelp forests in the Aleutian Archipelago. Conservation Biology 24:852-860.
    • (2010) Conservation Biology , vol.24 , pp. 852-860
    • Estes, J.A.1    Tinker, M.T.2    Bodkin, J.L.3
  • 62
    • 0035055480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable carbon isotope ratios of river biota: Implications for energy flow in lotic food webs
    • Finlay, J. C. 2001. Stable carbon isotope ratios of river biota: implications for energy flow in lotic food webs. Ecology 82:1052-1064.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 1052-1064
    • Finlay, J.C.1
  • 64
    • 0028165013 scopus 로고
    • Community-wide consequences of trout introduction in New Zealand streams
    • Flecker, A. S., and C. R. Townsend. 1994. Community-wide consequences of trout introduction in New Zealand streams. Ecological Applications 4:798-807.
    • (1994) Ecological Applications , vol.4 , pp. 798-807
    • Flecker, A.S.1    Townsend, C.R.2
  • 65
    • 55049139359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for top predator control of a grazing system
    • Frank, D. A. 2008. Evidence for top predator control of a grazing system. Oikos 117:1718-1724.
    • (2008) Oikos , vol.117 , pp. 1718-1724
    • Frank, D.A.1
  • 66
    • 20644435140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem
    • Frank, K. T., B. Petrie, J. S. Choi, and W. C. Leggett. 2005. Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308: 1621-1623.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 1621-1623
    • Frank, K.T.1    Petrie, B.2    Choi, J.S.3    Leggett, W.C.4
  • 67
    • 80052396033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient dynamics of an altered large marine ecosystem
    • Frank, K. T., B. Petrie, J. A. D. Fisher, and W. C. Leggett. 2011. Transient dynamics of an altered large marine ecosystem. Nature 477:86-89.
    • (2011) Nature , vol.477 , pp. 86-89
    • Frank, K.T.1    Petrie, B.2    Fisher, J.A.D.3    Leggett, W.C.4
  • 68
    • 0001274937 scopus 로고
    • The regulation of plant communities by food chains exploiting them
    • Fretwell, S. D. 1977. The regulation of plant communities by food chains exploiting them. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 20: 169-185.
    • (1977) Perspectives In Biology and Medicine , vol.20 , pp. 169-185
    • Fretwell, S.D.1
  • 69
    • 0023501823 scopus 로고
    • Food chain dynamics: The central theory of ecology?
    • Fretwell, S. D. 1987. Food chain dynamics: the central theory of ecology? Oikos 50:291-301.
    • (1987) Oikos , vol.50 , pp. 291-301
    • Fretwell, S.D.1
  • 70
    • 0031681398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal dynamics of fish communities on an exposed shoreline in Hawaii
    • Friedlander, A. M., and J. D. Parrish. 1998. Temporal dynamics of fish communities on an exposed shoreline in Hawaii. Environmental Biology of Fishes 53:1-18.
    • (1998) Environmental Biology of Fishes , vol.53 , pp. 1-18
    • Friedlander, A.M.1    Parrish, J.D.2
  • 73
    • 0000257592 scopus 로고
    • The effects of herbivory on vegetation on islands in Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana
    • Fuller, D. A., C. E. Sasser, W. B. Johnson, and J. G. Gosselink. 1985. The effects of herbivory on vegetation on islands in Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana. Wetlands 4:105-114.
    • (1985) Wetlands , vol.4 , pp. 105-114
    • Fuller, D.A.1    Sasser, C.E.2    Johnson, W.B.3    Gosselink, J.G.4
  • 75
    • 34248583921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Savanna herbivore dynamics in a livestock-dominated landscape. II. Ecological, conservation, and management implications of predator restoration
    • Georgiadis, N. J., F. Ihwagi, J. G. N. Olwero, and S. S. Romanach. 2007. Savanna herbivore dynamics in a livestock-dominated landscape. II. Ecological, conservation, and management implications of predator restoration. Biological Conservation 137:473-483.
    • (2007) Biological Conservation , vol.137 , pp. 473-483
    • Georgiadis, N.J.1    Ihwagi, F.2    Olwero, J.G.N.3    Romanach, S.S.4
  • 76
    • 70450177178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America
    • Gill, J. L., J. W. Williams, S. T. Jackson, K. B. Lininger, and G. S. Robinson. 2009. Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America. Science 326:1100-1103.
    • (2009) Science , vol.326 , pp. 1100-1103
    • Gill, J.L.1    Williams, J.W.2    Jackson, S.T.3    Lininger, K.B.4    Robinson, G.S.5
  • 77
    • 0042157255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of marine reserve protection on the trophic relationships of reef fishes on the Great Barrier Reef
    • Graham, N. A. J., R. D. Evans, and G. R. Russ. 2003. The effects of marine reserve protection on the trophic relationships of reef fishes on the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation 30:200-208.
    • (2003) Environmental Conservation , vol.30 , pp. 200-208
    • Graham, N.A.J.1    Evans, R.D.2    Russ, G.R.3
  • 79
    • 33746000736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of character displacement in Darwin's finches
    • Grant, P. R., and B. R. Grant. 2006. Evolution of character displacement in Darwin's finches. Science 313:224-226.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 224-226
    • Grant, P.R.1    Grant, B.R.2
  • 80
    • 9244237619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of top-down and bottom-up forces in a complex terrestrial community
    • Gruner, D. S. 2004. Attenuation of top-down and bottom-up forces in a complex terrestrial community. Ecology 85:3010-3022.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 3010-3022
    • Gruner, D.S.1
  • 81
    • 0001030091 scopus 로고
    • Community structure, population control, and competition
    • Hairston, N. G., F. E. Smith, and L. B. Slobodkin. 1960. Community structure, population control, and competition. American Naturalist 94:421-425.
    • (1960) American Naturalist , vol.94 , pp. 421-425
    • Hairston, N.G.1    Smith, F.E.2    Slobodkin, L.B.3
  • 82
    • 33847731517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ungulate impact on vegetation in a two-level trophic system
    • Hansen, B. B., S. Henriksen, R. Aanes, and B.-E. Sæther. 2007. Ungulate impact on vegetation in a two-level trophic system. Polar Biology 30:549-558.
    • (2007) Polar Biology , vol.30 , pp. 549-558
    • Hansen, B.B.1    Henriksen, S.2    Aanes, R.3    Sæther, B.-E.4
  • 84
  • 85
    • 66249131524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine chemical ecology: Chemical signals and cues structure marine populations, communities, and ecosystems
    • Hay, M. E. 2009. Marine chemical ecology: chemical signals and cues structure marine populations, communities, and ecosystems. Annual Review of Marine Science 1:193-212.
    • (2009) Annual Review of Marine Science , vol.1 , pp. 193-212
    • Hay, M.E.1
  • 86
    • 0024181779 scopus 로고
    • Marine plant-herbivore interactions: The ecology of chemical defense
    • Hay, M. E., and W. Fenical. 1988. Marine plant-herbivore interactions: the ecology of chemical defense. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19:111-145.
    • (1988) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.19 , pp. 111-145
    • Hay, M.E.1    Fenical, W.2
  • 87
    • 20644436238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of nutrient enrichment and small predator density on seagrass ecosystems: An experimental assessment
    • Heck, K. L., Jr., J. R. Pennock, J. F. Valentine, L. D. Coen, and S. A. Sklenar. 2000. Effects of nutrient enrichment and small predator density on seagrass ecosystems: an experimental assessment. Limnology and Oceanography 45:1041-1057.
    • (2000) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.45 , pp. 1041-1057
    • Heck Jr., K.L.1    Pennock, J.R.2    Valentine, J.F.3    Coen, L.D.4    Sklenar, S.A.5
  • 88
    • 0024220861 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient and light limitation of algae in two northern California streams
    • Hill, W. R., and A. W. Knight. 1988. Nutrient and light limitation of algae in two northern California streams. Journal of Phycology 24:125-132.
    • (1988) Journal of Phycology , vol.24 , pp. 125-132
    • Hill, W.R.1    Knight, A.W.2
  • 89
    • 0001561701 scopus 로고
    • Predation as a process structuring coral reef fish communities
    • in P. F. Sale, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • Hixon, M. A. 1991. Predation as a process structuring coral reef fish communities. Pages 475-508 in P. F. Sale, ed. The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
    • (1991) The Ecology of Fishes On Coral Reefs , pp. 475-508
    • Hixon, M.A.1
  • 90
    • 0027388019 scopus 로고
    • Predation, prey refuges, and the structure of coral-reef fish assemblages
    • Hixon, M. A., and J. P. Beets. 1993. Predation, prey refuges, and the structure of coral-reef fish assemblages. Ecological Monographs 63:77-101.
    • (1993) Ecological Monographs , vol.63 , pp. 77-101
    • Hixon, M.A.1    Beets, J.P.2
  • 91
    • 0030848021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic predation, density dependence, and population regulation in marine fish
    • Hixon, M. A., and M. H. Carr. 1997. Synergistic predation, density dependence, and population regulation in marine fish. Science 277: 946-949.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 946-949
    • Hixon, M.A.1    Carr, M.H.2
  • 93
    • 0017544146 scopus 로고
    • Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities
    • Holt, R. D. 1971. Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities. Theoretical Population Biology 12:197-229.
    • (1971) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.12 , pp. 197-229
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 94
    • 20044368637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Planning for success: Serengeti lions seek prey accessibility rather than abundance
    • Hopcraft, J. G. C., A. R. E. Sinclair, and C. Packer. 2005. Planning for success: Serengeti lions seek prey accessibility rather than abundance. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:559-566.
    • (2005) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 559-566
    • Hopcraft, J.G.C.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    Packer, C.3
  • 96
    • 0028162085 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef
    • Hughes, T. P. 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265:1547-1551.
    • (1994) Science , vol.265 , pp. 1547-1551
    • Hughes, T.P.1
  • 99
    • 0022846546 scopus 로고
    • Foraging strategies of glaucous-winged gulls in rocky intertidal communities
    • Irons, D. B., R. G. Anthony, and J. A. Estes. 1986. Foraging strategies of glaucous-winged gulls in rocky intertidal communities. Ecology 67:1460-1474.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1460-1474
    • Irons, D.B.1    Anthony, R.G.2    Estes, J.A.3
  • 100
    • 0031971295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Currents in the high drag environment of a coastal kelp stand off California
    • Jackson, G. A. 1998. Currents in the high drag environment of a coastal kelp stand off California. Continental Shelf Research 17: 1913-1928.
    • (1998) Continental Shelf Research , vol.17 , pp. 1913-1928
    • Jackson, G.A.1
  • 102
    • 0001023445 scopus 로고
    • Coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias in Central America
    • Janzen, D. H. 1966. Coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias in Central America. Evolution 20:249-275.
    • (1966) Evolution , vol.20 , pp. 249-275
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 103
    • 0002195848 scopus 로고
    • The deflowering of Central America
    • Janzen, D. H. 1974. The deflowering of Central America. Natural History 83:48-53.
    • (1974) Natural History , vol.83 , pp. 48-53
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 105
    • 0022219002 scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey ratios in communities of freshwater invertebrates: The role of enemy free space
    • Jeffries, M. J., and J. H. Lawton. 1985. Predator-prey ratios in communities of freshwater invertebrates: the role of enemy free space. Freshwater Biology 15: 105-112.
    • (1985) Freshwater Biology , vol.15 , pp. 105-112
    • Jeffries, M.J.1    Lawton, J.H.2
  • 106
    • 72449168521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eco-evolutionary dynamics of mutualists and exploiters
    • Jones, E. I., R. Ferrière, and J. L. Bronstein. 2009. Eco-evolutionary dynamics of mutualists and exploiters. American Naturalist 174: 780-794.
    • (2009) American Naturalist , vol.174 , pp. 780-794
    • Jones, E.I.1    Ferrière, R.2    Bronstein, J.L.3
  • 107
    • 0023467129 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of mutualistic interactions in pollination and seed dispersal: Connectance, dependence, asymmetries, and coevolution
    • Jordano, P. 1987. Patterns of mutualistic interactions in pollination and seed dispersal: connectance, dependence, asymmetries, and coevolution. American Naturalist 129:657-677.
    • (1987) American Naturalist , vol.129 , pp. 657-677
    • Jordano, P.1
  • 108
    • 0034602311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery and management options for spring/summer chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin
    • Kareiva, P., M. Marvier, and M. McClure. 2000. Recovery and management options for spring/summer chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin. Science 290:977-979.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 977-979
    • Kareiva, P.1    Marvier, M.2    McClure, M.3
  • 109
    • 77950619593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Groundfish overfishing, diatom decline, and the marine silica cycle: Lessons from Saanich Inlet, Canada, and the Baltic Sea cod crash
    • Katz, T., G. Yahel, R. Yahel, V. Tunnicliffe, B. Herut, P. Snelgrove, J. Crusius, and B. Lazar. 2009. Groundfish overfishing, diatom decline, and the marine silica cycle: lessons from Saanich Inlet, Canada, and the Baltic Sea cod crash. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23:GB4032.
    • (2009) Global Biogeochemical Cycles , vol.23
    • Katz, T.1    Yahel, G.2    Yahel, R.3    Tunnicliffe, V.4    Herut, B.5    Snelgrove, P.6    Crusius, J.7    Lazar, B.8
  • 110
    • 77956562807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? a landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade
    • Kauffman, M. J., J. F. Brodie, and E. S. Jules. 2010. Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? a landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. Ecology 91:2742-2755.
    • (2010) Ecology , vol.91 , pp. 2742-2755
    • Kauffman, M.J.1    Brodie, J.F.2    Jules, E.S.3
  • 111
    • 0000629587 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic change in species-rich freshwater ecosystems
    • Kaufman, L. 1992. Catastrophic change in species-rich freshwater ecosystems. BioScience 42:846-858.
    • (1992) BioScience , vol.42 , pp. 846-858
    • Kaufman, L.1
  • 112
    • 84889091670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fishing down the coast: Historical expansion and collapse of oyster fisheries along continental margins
    • Kirby, M. X. 2004. Fishing down the coast: historical expansion and collapse of oyster fisheries along continental margins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107:12163-12167.
    • (2004) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , vol.107 , pp. 12163-12167
    • Kirby, M.X.1
  • 113
    • 0035313748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in invasion biology: Predicting invaders
    • Kolar, C. S., and D. M. Lodge. 2001. Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:199-204.
    • (2001) Trends In Ecology and Evolution , vol.16 , pp. 199-204
    • Kolar, C.S.1    Lodge, D.M.2
  • 114
    • 6344239147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fishing for lobsters indirectly increases epidemics in sea urchins
    • Lafferty, K. D. 2004. Fishing for lobsters indirectly increases epidemics in sea urchins. Ecological Applications 14:1566-1573.
    • (2004) Ecological Applications , vol.14 , pp. 1566-1573
    • Lafferty, K.D.1
  • 118
    • 0030805282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small mammals of a woodland-savannah ecosystem in Zimbabwe. I. Density and habitat occupancy patterns
    • Linzey, A. V., and M. H. Kesner. 1997. Small mammals of a woodland-savannah ecosystem in Zimbabwe. I. Density and habitat occupancy patterns. Journal of Zoology 243:137-152.
    • (1997) Journal of Zoology , vol.243 , pp. 137-152
    • Linzey, A.V.1    Kesner, M.H.2
  • 119
    • 35748938762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator control, mesopredator release, and impacts on bird nesting success: A field test
    • Lloyd, P. 2007. Predator control, mesopredator release, and impacts on bird nesting success: a field test. African Zoology 42:180-186.
    • (2007) African Zoology , vol.42 , pp. 180-186
    • Lloyd, P.1
  • 121
    • 0001761646 scopus 로고
    • Heteromorphic life histories of certain marine algae as adaptations to variation in herbivory
    • Lubchenco, J., and J. Cubit. 1980. Heteromorphic life histories of certain marine algae as adaptations to variation in herbivory. Ecology 61:676-687.
    • (1980) Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 676-687
    • Lubchenco, J.1    Cubit, J.2
  • 122
    • 0025694548 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive significance of schooling as an antipredator defense in fish
    • Magurran, A. E. 1990. The adaptive significance of schooling as an antipredator defense in fish. Annales Zoologici Fennici 27:51-66.
    • (1990) Annales Zoologici Fennici , vol.27 , pp. 51-66
    • Magurran, A.E.1
  • 123
    • 0030304872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of summer grazing by caribou on composition and productivity of vegetation: Community structure and landscape level
    • Manseau, M., J. Huot, and M. Crête. 1996. Effects of summer grazing by caribou on composition and productivity of vegetation: community structure and landscape level. Journal of Ecology 84:503-513.
    • (1996) Journal of Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 503-513
    • Manseau, M.1    Huot, J.2    Crête, M.3
  • 124
    • 49949113342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counting the cost of vulture decline: An appraisal of the human health and other benefits of vultures in India
    • Markandra, A., T. Taylor, A. Longo, N. M. Murty, S. Murty, and K. Dhavala. 2008. Counting the cost of vulture decline: an appraisal of the human health and other benefits of vultures in India. Ecological Economics 67:194-204.
    • (2008) Ecological Economics , vol.67 , pp. 194-204
    • Markandra, A.1    Taylor, T.2    Longo, A.3    Murty, N.M.4    Murty, S.5    Dhavala, K.6
  • 125
    • 84866984780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rockfish recruitment and trophic dynamics on the west coast of Vancouver Island: Fishing, ocean climate and sea otters
    • University of British Columbia, Vancouver
    • Markel, R. W. 2011. Rockfish recruitment and trophic dynamics on the west coast of Vancouver Island: fishing, ocean climate and sea otters. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
    • (2011) PhD Dissertation
    • Markel, R.W.1
  • 126
    • 0028162666 scopus 로고
    • Insectivorous birds increase growth of white oak through consumption of leaf-chewing insects
    • Marquis, R. J., and C. J. Whelan. 1994. Insectivorous birds increase growth of white oak through consumption of leaf-chewing insects. Ecology 75:2007-2014.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 2007-2014
    • Marquis, R.J.1    Whelan, C.J.2
  • 129
    • 0000512216 scopus 로고
    • The importance of algae in a shaded headwater stream as food for an abundant caddisfly (Trichoptera)
    • Mayer, M. S., and G. E. Likens. 1987. The importance of algae in a shaded headwater stream as food for an abundant caddisfly (Trichoptera). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 6:262-269.
    • (1987) Journal of the North American Benthological Society , vol.6 , pp. 262-269
    • Mayer, M.S.1    Likens, G.E.2
  • 130
    • 84889100743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovering evolutionary ecology: Bringing together ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press
    • Mayhew, P. J. 2006. Discovering evolutionary ecology: bringing together ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (2006) Oxford
    • Mayhew, P.J.1
  • 131
    • 68949213235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the removal of large herbivores on fleas of small mammals
    • McCauley, D. J., F. Keesing, T. Young, and K. Dittmar. 2008. Effects of the removal of large herbivores on fleas of small mammals. Journal of Vector Ecology 33:263-268.
    • (2008) Journal of Vector Ecology , vol.33 , pp. 263-268
    • McCauley, D.J.1    Keesing, F.2    Young, T.3    Dittmar, K.4
  • 132
    • 34548034994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of carnivores, trophic cascades, and diversity in coral reef marine parks
    • in J. C. Ray, K. H. Redford, R. S. Steneck, and J. Berger, eds., Island, Washington, DC
    • McClanahan, T. R. 2005. Recovery of carnivores, trophic cascades, and diversity in coral reef marine parks. Pages 247-267 in J. C. Ray, K. H. Redford, R. S. Steneck, and J. Berger, eds. Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Island, Washington, DC.
    • (2005) Large Carnivores and The Conservation of Biodiversity , pp. 247-267
    • McClanahan, T.R.1
  • 134
    • 0002633353 scopus 로고
    • The visual world of coral reef fishes
    • in P. F. Sale, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • McFarland, W. N. 1991. The visual world of coral reef fishes. Pages 16-38 in P. F. Sale, ed. The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
    • (1991) The Ecology of Fishes On Coral Reefs , pp. 16-38
    • McFarland, W.N.1
  • 135
    • 0029663702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between fish, grazing invertebrates and algae in a New Zealand stream: A trophic cascade mediated by fish-induced changes to grazer behaviour?
    • McIntosh, A. R., and C. R. Townsend. 1996. Interactions between fish, grazing invertebrates and algae in a New Zealand stream: a trophic cascade mediated by fish-induced changes to grazer behaviour? Oecologia (Berlin) 108:174-181.
    • (1996) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.108 , pp. 174-181
    • McIntosh, A.R.1    Townsend, C.R.2
  • 136
    • 0028668989 scopus 로고
    • Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale
    • McLaren, B. E., and R. O. Peterson. 1994. Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 266:1555-1558.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1555-1558
    • McLaren, B.E.1    Peterson, R.O.2
  • 137
    • 0000533876 scopus 로고
    • Grazing as an optimization process: Grassungulate relationships in the Serengeti
    • McNaughton, S. J. 1979. Grazing as an optimization process: grassungulate relationships in the Serengeti. American Naturalist 113: 691-703.
    • (1979) American Naturalist , vol.113 , pp. 691-703
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 138
    • 0001578138 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: The Serengeti
    • McNaughton, S. J. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55:259-294.
    • (1985) Ecological Monographs , vol.55 , pp. 259-294
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 139
    • 0001389491 scopus 로고
    • Large mammals and process dynamics in African ecosystems
    • McNaughton, S. J., R. W. Ruess, and S. W. Seagle. 1988. Large mammals and process dynamics in African ecosystems. BioScience 38: 794-800.
    • (1988) BioScience , vol.38 , pp. 794-800
    • McNaughton, S.J.1    Ruess, R.W.2    Seagle, S.W.3
  • 141
    • 0032869198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of a plant-pollinator food web
    • Memmott, J. 1999. The structure of a plant-pollinator food web. Ecology Letters 2:276-280.
    • (1999) Ecology Letters , vol.2 , pp. 276-280
    • Memmott, J.1
  • 142
    • 14844347457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geographical selection mosaic for squirrels, crossbills and Aleppo pine
    • Mezquida, E. T., and C. W. Benkman. 2005. The geographical selection mosaic for squirrels, crossbills and Aleppo pine. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18:348-357.
    • (2005) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.18 , pp. 348-357
    • Mezquida, E.T.1    Benkman, C.W.2
  • 143
    • 0000196071 scopus 로고
    • Autotrophy in stream ecosystems
    • Minshall, G. W. 1978. Autotrophy in stream ecosystems. BioScience 28:767-771.
    • (1978) BioScience , vol.28 , pp. 767-771
    • Minshall, G.W.1
  • 144
    • 0000591949 scopus 로고
    • Trophic relations and ontogenetic niche shifts in aquatic ecosystems
    • in B. Ebenman and L. Persson, eds., Springer, Berlin
    • Mittelbach, G. G., C. W. Osenberg, and M. A. Leibold. 1988. Trophic relations and ontogenetic niche shifts in aquatic ecosystems. Pages 219-235 in B. Ebenman and L. Persson, eds. Size-structured populations. Springer, Berlin.
    • (1988) Size-structured Populations , pp. 219-235
    • Mittelbach, G.G.1    Osenberg, C.W.2    Leibold, M.A.3
  • 145
    • 0027834968 scopus 로고
    • Lemming grazing on snowbed vegetation during a population peak, northern Norway
    • Moen, J., P. A. Lundberg, P. Ekerholm, and L. Oksanen. 1993. Lemming grazing on snowbed vegetation during a population peak, northern Norway. Arctic and Alpine Research 25:130-135.
    • (1993) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.25 , pp. 130-135
    • Moen, J.1    Lundberg, P.A.2    Ekerholm, P.3    Oksanen, L.4
  • 146
    • 77950207226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary trade-offs in plants mediate the strength of trophic cascades
    • Mooney, K. A., R. Halitschke, A. Kessler, and A. A. Agrawal. 2010. Evolutionary trade-offs in plants mediate the strength of trophic cascades. Science 327:1642-1644.
    • (2010) Science , vol.327 , pp. 1642-1644
    • Mooney, K.A.1    Halitschke, R.2    Kessler, A.3    Agrawal, A.A.4
  • 147
    • 84876393390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant effects on herbivoreenemy interactions in natural systems
    • in T. Ohgushi, O. Schmitz, and R. D. Holt, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Mooney, K. A., and M. S. Singer. 2012. Plant effects on herbivoreenemy interactions in natural systems. Pages 107-130 in T. Ohgushi, O. Schmitz, and R. D. Holt, eds. Trait-mediated indirect interactions: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (2012) Trait-mediated Indirect Interactions: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives , pp. 107-130
    • Mooney, K.A.1    Singer, M.S.2
  • 148
    • 33644878846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal ecosystem engineers of streams
    • Moore, J. W. 2006. Animal ecosystem engineers of streams. Bio-Science 56:237-246.
    • (2006) Bio-Science , vol.56 , pp. 237-246
    • Moore, J.W.1
  • 149
    • 34447095170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotic control of stream fluxes: Spawning salmon drive nutrient and matter export
    • Moore, J. W., D. E. Schindler, J. L. Carter, J. L. Fox, J. Griffiths, and G. W. Holtgrieve. 2007. Biotic control of stream fluxes: spawning salmon drive nutrient and matter export. Ecology 88:1278-1291.
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 1278-1291
    • Moore, J.W.1    Schindler, D.E.2    Carter, J.L.3    Fox, J.L.4    Griffiths, J.5    Holtgrieve, G.W.6
  • 150
    • 0037626644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-way coexistence in obligate mutualist-exploiter interactions: The potential role of competition
    • Morris, W. F., J. L. Bronstein, and W. G. Wilson. 2003. Three-way coexistence in obligate mutualist-exploiter interactions: the potential role of competition. American Naturalist 161:860-875.
    • (2003) American Naturalist , vol.161 , pp. 860-875
    • Morris, W.F.1    Bronstein, J.L.2    Wilson, W.G.3
  • 152
    • 34147110810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean
    • Myers, R. A., J. K. Baum, T. D. Shepherd, S. P. Powers, and C. H. Peterson. 2007. Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science 315:1846-1850.
    • (2007) Science , vol.315 , pp. 1846-1850
    • Myers, R.A.1    Baum, J.K.2    Shepherd, T.D.3    Powers, S.P.4    Peterson, C.H.5
  • 153
    • 0030823534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large animals and system-level characteristics in river corridors
    • Naiman, R. J., and K. H. Rogers. 1997. Large animals and system-level characteristics in river corridors. BioScience 47:521-529.
    • (1997) BioScience , vol.47 , pp. 521-529
    • Naiman, R.J.1    Rogers, K.H.2
  • 154
    • 0001069818 scopus 로고
    • Diel foraging patterns of the sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus as a predator avoidance strategy
    • Nelson, B. V., and R. R. Vance. 1979. Diel foraging patterns of the sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus as a predator avoidance strategy. Marine Biology 51:251-258.
    • (1979) Marine Biology , vol.51 , pp. 251-258
    • Nelson, B.V.1    Vance, R.R.2
  • 155
    • 33750005066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of Caribbean coral reef communities across a large gradient of fish biomass
    • Newman, M. J. H., G. A. Paredes, E. Sala, and J. B. C. Jackson. 2006. Structure of Caribbean coral reef communities across a large gradient of fish biomass. Ecology Letters 9:1216-1227.
    • (2006) Ecology Letters , vol.9 , pp. 1216-1227
    • Newman, M.J.H.1    Paredes, G.A.2    Sala, E.3    Jackson, J.B.C.4
  • 157
    • 43049138745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of large herbivorous mammals on bird diversity and abundance in an African savanna
    • Ogada, D. L., M. E. Gadd, R. S. Ostfeld, T. P. Young, and F. Keesing. 2008. Impacts of large herbivorous mammals on bird diversity and abundance in an African savanna. Oecologia (Berlin) 156:387-397.
    • (2008) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.156 , pp. 387-397
    • Ogada, D.L.1    Gadd, M.E.2    Ostfeld, R.S.3    Young, T.P.4    Keesing, F.5
  • 158
    • 0000916638 scopus 로고
    • Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: Formation of halos around West Indian patch reefs
    • Ogden, J. C., R. A. Brown, and N. Salesky. 1973. Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: formation of halos around West Indian patch reefs. Science 182:715-717.
    • (1973) Science , vol.182 , pp. 715-717
    • Ogden, J.C.1    Brown, R.A.2    Salesky, N.3
  • 159
    • 0038735500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO, rainfall and temperature influences on extreme population declines among African savanna ungulates
    • Ogutu, J. O., and N. Owen-Smith. 2003. ENSO, rainfall and temperature influences on extreme population declines among African savanna ungulates. Ecology Letters 6:412-419.
    • (2003) Ecology Letters , vol.6 , pp. 412-419
    • Ogutu, J.O.1    Owen-Smith, N.2
  • 160
    • 0021091567 scopus 로고
    • Trophic exploitation and arctic phytomass patterns
    • Oksanen, L. 1983. Trophic exploitation and arctic phytomass patterns. American Naturalist 122:45-52.
    • (1983) American Naturalist , vol.122 , pp. 45-52
    • Oksanen, L.1
  • 161
  • 162
    • 0034045554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems
    • Oksanen, L., and T. Oksanen. 2000. The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. American Naturalist 155: 703-723.
    • (2000) American Naturalist , vol.155 , pp. 703-723
    • Oksanen, L.1    Oksanen, T.2
  • 163
    • 78650398247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades result in large-scale coralline algae loss through differential grazer effects
    • O'Leary, J. K., and T. R. McClanahan. 2010. Trophic cascades result in large-scale coralline algae loss through differential grazer effects. Ecology 91:3584-3597.
    • (2010) Ecology , vol.91 , pp. 3584-3597
    • O'Leary, J.K.1    McClanahan, T.R.2
  • 164
    • 4043054475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of large and small herbivores for the plant community structure in the forest-tundra ecotone
    • Olofsson, J., P. E. Hulme, O. Suominen, and L. Oksanen. 2004a. Importance of large and small herbivores for the plant community structure in the forest-tundra ecotone. Oikos 106:324-334.
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.106 , pp. 324-334
    • Olofsson, J.1    Hulme, P.E.2    Suominen, O.3    Oksanen, L.4
  • 165
    • 0035089031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of summer grazing by reindeer on vegetation structure, productivity and nutrient cycling in the North Fennoscandian tundra
    • Olofsson, J., H. Kitti, P. Rautiainen, S. Stark, and L. Oksanen. 2001. Effects of summer grazing by reindeer on vegetation structure, productivity and nutrient cycling in the North Fennoscandian tundra. Ecography 24:13-24.
    • (2001) Ecography , vol.24 , pp. 13-24
    • Olofsson, J.1    Kitti, H.2    Rautiainen, P.3    Stark, S.4    Oksanen, L.5
  • 167
    • 1942489155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reindeer influence ecosystem processes on the tundra
    • Olofsson, J., S. Stark, and L. Oksanen. 2004b. Reindeer influence ecosystem processes on the tundra. Oikos 105:386-396.
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.105 , pp. 386-396
    • Olofsson, J.1    Stark, S.2    Oksanen, L.3
  • 168
    • 3042710970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are predators good for your health? evaluating evidence for top-down regulation of zoonotic disease reservoirs
    • Ostfeld, R. S., and R. D. Holt. 2004. Are predators good for your health? evaluating evidence for top-down regulation of zoonotic disease reservoirs. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2: 13-20.
    • (2004) Frontiers In Ecology and The Environment , vol.2 , pp. 13-20
    • Ostfeld, R.S.1    Holt, R.D.2
  • 169
    • 42949149293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shifting prey selection generates contrasting herbivore dynamics within a large-mammal predator-prey web
    • Owen-Smith, N., and M. G. L. Mills. 2008. Shifting prey selection generates contrasting herbivore dynamics within a large-mammal predator-prey web. Ecology 89:1120-1133.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 1120-1133
    • Owen-Smith, N.1    Mills, M.G.L.2
  • 171
    • 0002596015 scopus 로고
    • Food web complexity and species diversity
    • Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
    • (1966) American Naturalist , vol.100 , pp. 65-75
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 172
    • 0000149002 scopus 로고
    • Food webs: Linkage, interaction strength, and community infrastructure
    • Paine, R. T. 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength, and community infrastructure. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:667-685.
    • (1980) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.49 , pp. 667-685
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 173
    • 0026472030 scopus 로고
    • Food-web analysis through field measurement of per capita interaction strength
    • Paine, R. T. 1992. Food-web analysis through field measurement of per capita interaction strength. Nature 355:73-75.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.355 , pp. 73-75
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 176
    • 34250899089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culling prey promotes predator recovery: Alternative states in a whole-lake experiment
    • Persson, L., P. A. Amundsen, A. M. de Roos, A. Klemetsen, R. Knudsen, and R. Primicerio. 2007. Culling prey promotes predator recovery: alternative states in a whole-lake experiment. Science 316: 1743-1745.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 1743-1745
    • Persson, L.1    Amundsen, P.A.2    de Roos, A.M.3    Klemetsen, A.4    Knudsen, R.5    Primicerio, R.6
  • 177
    • 0345604453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive habitat use in sizestructured populations: Linking individual behavior to population processes
    • Persson, L., and A. M. de Roos. 2003. Adaptive habitat use in sizestructured populations: linking individual behavior to population processes. Ecology 84:1129-1139.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1129-1139
    • Persson, L.1    de Roos, A.M.2
  • 178
  • 179
    • 0003951187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6th ed. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco
    • Pianka, E. R. 2000. Evolutionary ecology. 6th ed. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
    • (2000) Evolutionary Ecology
    • Pianka, E.R.1
  • 180
    • 0003103466 scopus 로고
    • Animal population regulation by the genetic feed-back mechanism
    • Pimentel, D. 1961. Animal population regulation by the genetic feed-back mechanism. American Naturalist 95:65-79.
    • (1961) American Naturalist , vol.95 , pp. 65-79
    • Pimentel, D.1
  • 181
    • 0034729694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem size determines food chain length in lakes
    • Post, D. M., M. L. Pace, and N. G. Hairston Jr. 2000. Ecosystem size determines food chain length in lakes. Nature 405:1047-1049.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 1047-1049
    • Post, D.M.1    Pace, M.L.2    Hairston Jr., N.G.3
  • 183
    • 0025694323 scopus 로고
    • Effect of fish in river food webs
    • Power, M. E. 1990. Effect of fish in river food webs. Science 250: 811-815.
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 811-815
    • Power, M.E.1
  • 184
    • 0026592785 scopus 로고
    • Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: Do plants have primacy?
    • Power, M. E. 1992. Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: do plants have primacy? Ecology 73:733-746.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 733-746
    • Power, M.E.1
  • 186
    • 0022172673 scopus 로고
    • Grazing minnows, piscivorous bass, and stream algae: Dynamics of a strong interaction
    • Power, M. E., W. J. Matthews, and A. J. Stewart. 1985. Grazing minnows, piscivorous bass, and stream algae: dynamics of a strong interaction. Ecology 66:1448-1456.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 1448-1456
    • Power, M.E.1    Matthews, W.J.2    Stewart, A.J.3
  • 187
    • 63849310030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal reassembly of a river food web: Floods, droughts, and impacts of fish
    • Power, M. E., M. S. Parker, and W. E. Dietrich. 2008. Seasonal reassembly of a river food web: floods, droughts, and impacts of fish. Ecological Monographs 78:263-282.
    • (2008) Ecological Monographs , vol.78 , pp. 263-282
    • Power, M.E.1    Parker, M.S.2    Dietrich, W.E.3
  • 189
    • 0024179670 scopus 로고
    • Grazer control of algae in an Ozark Mountain stream: Effects of short-term exclusion
    • Power, M. E., A. J. Stewart, and W. J. Matthews. 1988. Grazer control of algae in an Ozark Mountain stream: effects of short-term exclusion. Ecology 69:1894-1898.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1894-1898
    • Power, M.E.1    Stewart, A.J.2    Matthews, W.J.3
  • 191
    • 40449132810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elephants as agents of habitat creation for small vertebrates at the patch scale
    • Pringle, R. M. 2008. Elephants as agents of habitat creation for small vertebrates at the patch scale. Ecology 89:26-33.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 26-33
    • Pringle, R.M.1
  • 193
    • 2342590766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: A predator's size determines its prey size range
    • Radloff, F. G. T., and J. Du Toit. 2004. Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range. Journal of Animal Ecology 73:410-423.
    • (2004) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 410-423
    • Radloff, F.G.T.1    Toit, J.D.2
  • 194
    • 0000715217 scopus 로고
    • Grazing effect on sea grasses by herbivorous reef fishes in the West Indies
    • Randall, J. E. 1965. Grazing effect on sea grasses by herbivorous reef fishes in the West Indies. Ecology 46:255-260.
    • (1965) Ecology , vol.46 , pp. 255-260
    • Randall, J.E.1
  • 195
    • 0028980544 scopus 로고
    • Limitation of collared lemming population growth at low densities by predation mortality
    • Reid, D. G., C. J. Krebs, and A. Kenney. 1995. Limitation of collared lemming population growth at low densities by predation mortality. Oikos 73:387-398.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.73 , pp. 387-398
    • Reid, D.G.1    Krebs, C.J.2    Kenney, A.3
  • 196
    • 29144454891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect food web interactions: Sea otters and kelp forest fishes in the Aleutian Archipelago
    • Reisewitz, S. E., J. A. Estes, and C. A. Simenstad. 2005. Indirect food web interactions: sea otters and kelp forest fishes in the Aleutian Archipelago. Oecologia (Berlin) 146:623-631.
    • (2005) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.146 , pp. 623-631
    • Reisewitz, S.E.1    Estes, J.A.2    Simenstad, C.A.3
  • 197
    • 84876370249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical look at reciprocity in ecology and evolution: Introduction to the symposium
    • doi:10.1086/670030
    • Reznick, D. N. 2013. A critical look at reciprocity in ecology and evolution: introduction to the symposium. American Naturalist 181(suppl.):S1-S8, doi:10.1086/670030.
    • (2013) American Naturalist , vol.181 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Reznick, D.N.1
  • 199
    • 33751347605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking a cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park
    • Ripple, W. J., and R. L. Beschta. 2006. Linking a cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park. Biological Conservation 133:397-408.
    • (2006) Biological Conservation , vol.133 , pp. 397-408
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 200
    • 77954958945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators, deer, and trophic cascades in boreal and temperate ecosystems
    • in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds., Island, Washington, DC
    • Ripple, W. J., T. P. Rooney, and R. L. Beschta. 2010. Large predators, deer, and trophic cascades in boreal and temperate ecosystems. Pp. 141-161 in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds. Trophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Island, Washington, DC.
    • (2010) Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and The Changing Dynamics of Nature , pp. 141-161
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Rooney, T.P.2    Beschta, R.L.3
  • 202
    • 0011835720 scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity and sustainability of wetland rice production: Role and potential of microorganisms and invertebrates
    • in D. L. Hawksworth, ed., CAB International, Wallingford, UK
    • Roger, P.-A., K. L. Heong, and P. S. Teng. 1991. Biodiversity and sustainability of wetland rice production: role and potential of microorganisms and invertebrates. Pages 117-136 in D. L. Hawksworth, ed. The biodiversity of microorganisms and invertebrates: its role in sustainable agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
    • (1991) The Biodiversity of Microorganisms and Invertebrates: Its Role In Sustainable Agriculture , pp. 117-136
    • Roger, P.-A.1    Heong, K.L.2    Teng, P.S.3
  • 203
    • 78149426807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The whale pump: Marine mammals enhance primary productivity in a coastal basin
    • Roman, J., and J. J. McCarthy. 2010. The whale pump: marine mammals enhance primary productivity in a coastal basin. PLos ONE 5:e13255.
    • (2010) PLos ONE , vol.5
    • Roman, J.1    McCarthy, J.J.2
  • 204
    • 0344304416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental test of predation's effect on divergent selection during character displacement in sticklebacks
    • Rundle, H. D., S. M. Vamosi, and D. Schluter. 2003. Experimental test of predation's effect on divergent selection during character displacement in sticklebacks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100:14943-14948.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , vol.100 , pp. 14943-14948
    • Rundle, H.D.1    Vamosi, S.M.2    Schluter, D.3
  • 205
    • 0013156389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • River-watershed exchange: Effects of riverine subsidies on riparian lizards and their terrestrial prey
    • Sabo, J. L., and M. E. Power. 2002. River-watershed exchange: effects of riverine subsidies on riparian lizards and their terrestrial prey. Ecology 83:1860-1869.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 1860-1869
    • Sabo, J.L.1    Power, M.E.2
  • 206
    • 20444391343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fish aggregation results in inversely density-dependent predation on continuous coral reefs
    • Sandin, S. A., and S. W. Pacala. 2005. Fish aggregation results in inversely density-dependent predation on continuous coral reefs. Ecology 86:1520-1530.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1520-1530
    • Sandin, S.A.1    Pacala, S.W.2
  • 207
    • 79959309545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prey release, trophic cascades, and phase shifts in tropical nearshore ecosystems
    • in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds., Island, Washington, DC
    • Sandin, S. A., S. M. Walsh, and J. B. C. Jackson. 2010. Prey release, trophic cascades, and phase shifts in tropical nearshore ecosystems. Pp. 71-90 in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds. Trophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Island, Washington, DC.
    • (2010) Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and The Changing Dynamics of Nature , pp. 71-90
    • Sandin, S.A.1    Walsh, S.M.2    Jackson, J.B.C.3
  • 208
    • 0030793747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food web structure alters carbon exchange between lakes and the atmosphere
    • Schindler, D. E., S. R. Carpenter, J. J. Cole, J. F. Kitchell, and M. L. Pace. 1997. Food web structure alters carbon exchange between lakes and the atmosphere. Science 277:248-251.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 248-251
    • Schindler, D.E.1    Carpenter, S.R.2    Cole, J.J.3    Kitchell, J.F.4    Pace, M.L.5
  • 210
    • 0026565123 scopus 로고
    • Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks
    • Schluter, D., and J. D. McPhail. 1992. Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. American Naturalist 140:85-108.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.140 , pp. 85-108
    • Schluter, D.1    McPhail, J.D.2
  • 211
    • 33745983554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predators have large effects on ecosystem properties by changing plant diversity, not plant biomass
    • Schmitz, O. J. 2006. Predators have large effects on ecosystem properties by changing plant diversity, not plant biomass. Ecology 87: 1432-1437.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 1432-1437
    • Schmitz, O.J.1
  • 213
    • 0034072299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: A review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants
    • Schmitz, O. J., P. A. Hambäck, and A. P. Beckerman. 2000. Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants. American Naturalist 155:141-153.
    • (2000) American Naturalist , vol.155 , pp. 141-153
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Hambäck, P.A.2    Beckerman, A.P.3
  • 214
    • 0024231715 scopus 로고
    • Leaf damage in island buttonwood, Conocarpus erectus: Correlations with pubescence, island area, isolation, and the distribution of major carnivores
    • Schoener, T. W. 1988. Leaf damage in island buttonwood, Conocarpus erectus: correlations with pubescence, island area, isolation, and the distribution of major carnivores. Oikos 53:253-266.
    • (1988) Oikos , vol.53 , pp. 253-266
    • Schoener, T.W.1
  • 215
    • 0001367628 scopus 로고
    • On the relative importance of direct versus indirect effects in ecological communities
    • in H. Kawanabe, J. E. Cohen, and K. Iwasaki, eds., Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Schoener, T. W. 1993. On the relative importance of direct versus indirect effects in ecological communities. Pages 365-411 in H. Kawanabe, J. E. Cohen, and K. Iwasaki, eds. Mutualism and community organization: behavioral, theoretical, and food-web approaches. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1993) Mutualism and Community Organization: Behavioral, Theoretical, and Food-web Approaches , pp. 365-411
    • Schoener, T.W.1
  • 216
    • 79251576147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The newest new synthesis: Understanding the interplay of ecological and evolutionary dynamics
    • Schoener, T. W. 2010. The newest new synthesis: understanding the interplay of ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Science 331:426-429.
    • (2010) Science , vol.331 , pp. 426-429
    • Schoener, T.W.1
  • 217
    • 0029668418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Devastation of prey diversity by experimentally introduced predators in the field
    • Schoener, T. W., and D. A. Spiller. 1996. Devastation of prey diversity by experimentally introduced predators in the field. Nature 381: 691:208-694.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.381 , Issue.691 , pp. 208-694
    • Schoener, T.W.1    Spiller, D.A.2
  • 218
    • 0032945812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects in an experimentally staged invasion by a major predator
    • Schoener, T. W. 1999. Indirect effects in an experimentally staged invasion by a major predator. American Naturalist 153:347-358.
    • (1999) American Naturalist , vol.153 , pp. 347-358
    • Schoener, T.W.1
  • 220
    • 67650066458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serengeti birds maintain forests by inhibiting seed predators
    • Sharam, G. J., A. R. E. Sinclair, and R. Turkington. 2009. Serengeti birds maintain forests by inhibiting seed predators. Science 325: 51.
    • (2009) Science , vol.325 , pp. 51
    • Sharam, G.J.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    Turkington, R.3
  • 221
    • 0030619279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic relations in the subarctic North Pacific ecosystem: Possible feeding effect from pink salmon
    • Shiomoto, A., K. Tadokoro, K. Nagasawa, and Y. Ishida. 1997. Trophic relations in the subarctic North Pacific ecosystem: possible feeding effect from pink salmon. Marine Ecology Progress Series 150:75-85.
    • (1997) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.150 , pp. 75-85
    • Shiomoto, A.1    Tadokoro, K.2    Nagasawa, K.3    Ishida, Y.4
  • 222
    • 0141716808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system
    • Sinclair, A. R. E., S. Mduma, and J. S. Brashares. 2003. Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system. Nature 425:288-290.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.425 , pp. 288-290
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1    Mduma, S.2    Brashares, J.S.3
  • 225
    • 0034999336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental analysis of the effects of herbivory and nutrient enrichment on benthic community dynamics on a Hawaiian reef
    • Smith, J. E., C. M. Smith, and C. L. Hunter. 2001. An experimental analysis of the effects of herbivory and nutrient enrichment on benthic community dynamics on a Hawaiian reef. Coral Reefs 19: 332-342.
    • (2001) Coral Reefs , vol.19 , pp. 332-342
    • Smith, J.E.1    Smith, C.M.2    Hunter, C.L.3
  • 226
    • 0141873335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological effectiveness: Conservation goals for interactive species
    • Soulé, M. E., J. A. Estes, J. Berger, and C. Martinez del Rio. 2003. Ecological effectiveness: conservation goals for interactive species. Conservation Biology 17:1238-1250.
    • (2003) Conservation Biology , vol.17 , pp. 1238-1250
    • Soulé, M.E.1    Estes, J.A.2    Berger, J.3    del Rio, C.M.4
  • 228
    • 0024876364 scopus 로고
    • Biogeographical variation in brown algal polyphenolics and other secondary metabolites: Comparison between temperate Australasia and North America
    • Steinberg, P. D. 1989. Biogeographical variation in brown algal polyphenolics and other secondary metabolites: comparison between temperate Australasia and North America. Oecologia (Berlin) 78: 373-382.
    • (1989) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.78 , pp. 373-382
    • Steinberg, P.D.1
  • 231
    • 3042697257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accelerating trophic level dysfunction in kelp forest ecosystems of the western North Atlantic
    • Steneck, R. S., J. Vavrinec, and A. V. Leland. 2004. Accelerating trophic level dysfunction in kelp forest ecosystems of the western North Atlantic. Ecosystems 7:323-331.
    • (2004) Ecosystems , vol.7 , pp. 323-331
    • Steneck, R.S.1    Vavrinec, J.2    Leland, A.V.3
  • 232
    • 0035713884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale and long-term, spatial and temporal patterns in demography and landings of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, in Maine
    • Steneck, R. S., and C. J. Wilson. 2001. Large-scale and long-term, spatial and temporal patterns in demography and landings of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, in Maine. Marine and Freshwater Research 52:1303-1319.
    • (2001) Marine and Freshwater Research , vol.52 , pp. 1303-1319
    • Steneck, R.S.1    Wilson, C.J.2
  • 233
    • 34247183707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and habitat characteristics of Manayunkia speciosa and infection prevalence with the parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in the Klamath River, Oregon-California
    • Stocking, R. W., and J. L. Bartholomew. 2007. Distribution and habitat characteristics of Manayunkia speciosa and infection prevalence with the parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in the Klamath River, Oregon-California. Journal of Parasitology 93:78-88.
    • (2007) Journal of Parasitology , vol.93 , pp. 78-88
    • Stocking, R.W.1    Bartholomew, J.L.2
  • 234
    • 0031980581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the effects of brown algal phlorotannins on marine herbivores in tropical and temperate oceans
    • Targett, N. M., and T. M. Arnold. 1998. Predicting the effects of brown algal phlorotannins on marine herbivores in tropical and temperate oceans. Journal of Phycology 34:195-205.
    • (1998) Journal of Phycology , vol.34 , pp. 195-205
    • Targett, N.M.1    Arnold, T.M.2
  • 235
    • 0033731595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem effects of fishing in kelp forest communities
    • Tegner, M. J., and P. K. Dayton. 2000. Ecosystem effects of fishing in kelp forest communities. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 579-589.
    • (2000) ICES Journal of Marine Science , vol.57 , pp. 579-589
    • Tegner, M.J.1    Dayton, P.K.2
  • 237
    • 84862820628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propagation of trophic cascades via multiple pathways in tropical forests
    • in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds., Island, Washington, DC
    • Terborgh, J., and K. Feeley. 2010. Propagation of trophic cascades via multiple pathways in tropical forests. Pp. 125-140 in J. Terborgh and J. A. Estes, eds. Trophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics of nature. Island, Washington, DC.
    • (2010) Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and The Changing Dynamics of Nature , pp. 125-140
    • Terborgh, J.1    Feeley, K.2
  • 239
    • 0035012522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of herbivore exclusion and nutrient enrichment on coral reef macroalgae and cyanobacteria
    • Thacker, R. W., D. W. Ginsburg, and V. J. Paul. 2001. Effects of herbivore exclusion and nutrient enrichment on coral reef macroalgae and cyanobacteria. Coral Reefs 19:318-329.
    • (2001) Coral Reefs , vol.19 , pp. 318-329
    • Thacker, R.W.1    Ginsburg, D.W.2    Paul, V.J.3
  • 242
    • 0037071852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic structure and dynamics of coevolutionary selection
    • Thompson, J. N., and B. M. Cunningham. 2002. Geographic structure and dynamics of coevolutionary selection. Nature 417:735-738.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.417 , pp. 735-738
    • Thompson, J.N.1    Cunningham, B.M.2
  • 244
  • 245
    • 0002054335 scopus 로고
    • Overfishing and inferences in kelp-sea urchin interactions
    • in H. R. Skjoldal, C. Hopkins, K. J. Erikstad, and H. P. Leinaas, eds., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam
    • Vadas, R. L. and R. S. Steneck. 1995. Overfishing and inferences in kelp-sea urchin interactions. Pages 509-524 in H. R. Skjoldal, C. Hopkins, K. J. Erikstad, and H. P. Leinaas, eds. Ecology of fjords and coastal waters. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
    • (1995) Ecology of Fjords and Coastal Waters , pp. 509-524
    • Vadas, R.L.1    Steneck, R.S.2
  • 246
    • 79451471229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elephant-induced structural changes in the vegetation and habitat selection by large herbivores in an African savanna
    • Valeix, M., H. Fritz, R. Sabatier, F. Murindagomo, D. Cumming, and P. Duncan. 2011. Elephant-induced structural changes in the vegetation and habitat selection by large herbivores in an African savanna. Biological Conservation 144:902-912.
    • (2011) Biological Conservation , vol.144 , pp. 902-912
    • Valeix, M.1    Fritz, H.2    Sabatier, R.3    Murindagomo, F.4    Cumming, D.5    Duncan, P.6
  • 247
    • 63849140083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral adjustments of African herbivores to predation risk by lions: Spatiotemporal variations influence habitat use
    • Valeix, M., A. J. Loveridge, S. Chamaillé-Jammes, Z. Davidson, F. Murindagomo, H. Fritz, and D. W. Macdonald. 2009. Behavioral adjustments of African herbivores to predation risk by lions: spatiotemporal variations influence habitat use. Ecology 90:23-30.
    • (2009) Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 23-30
    • Valeix, M.1    Loveridge, A.J.2    Chamaillé-Jammes, S.3    Davidson, Z.4    Murindagomo, F.5    Fritz, H.6    Macdonald, D.W.7
  • 248
    • 1642284414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Character shifts in the defensive armor of sympatric sticklebacks
    • Vamosi, S. M., and D. Schluter. 2004. Character shifts in the defensive armor of sympatric sticklebacks. Evolution 58:376-385.
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , pp. 376-385
    • Vamosi, S.M.1    Schluter, D.2
  • 249
    • 34547599816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Megaparks for metapopulations: Addressing the causes of locally high elephant numbers in southern Africa
    • van Aarde, R. J., and T. P. Jackson. 2007. Megaparks for metapopulations: addressing the causes of locally high elephant numbers in southern Africa. Biological Conservation 134:289-297.
    • (2007) Biological Conservation , vol.134 , pp. 289-297
    • van Aarde, R.J.1    Jackson, T.P.2
  • 251
    • 43149102054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: White rhino impacts on a South African savanna
    • Waldram, M. S., W. J. Bond, and W. D. Stock. 2008. Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: white rhino impacts on a South African savanna. Ecosystems 11:101-112.
    • (2008) Ecosystems , vol.11 , pp. 101-112
    • Waldram, M.S.1    Bond, W.J.2    Stock, W.D.3
  • 253
    • 0026270617 scopus 로고
    • Genetic interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids: Lessons from the Pacific Northwest
    • Waples, W. S. 1991. Genetic interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids: lessons from the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(suppl. 1):124-133.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , vol.48 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 124-133
    • Waples, W.S.1
  • 254
    • 28044442460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trickle-down effects of aboveground trophic cascades on the soil food web
    • Wardle, D. A., W. M. Williamson, G. W. Yeates, and K. I. Bonner. 2005. Trickle-down effects of aboveground trophic cascades on the soil food web. Oikos 111:348-358.
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.111 , pp. 348-358
    • Wardle, D.A.1    Williamson, W.M.2    Yeates, G.W.3    Bonner, K.I.4
  • 255
    • 79955513256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability, resilience, and phase shifts in kelp forest communities along the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada
    • Watson, J., and J. A. Estes. 2011. Stability, resilience, and phase shifts in kelp forest communities along the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. Ecological Monographs 81:215-239.
    • (2011) Ecological Monographs , vol.81 , pp. 215-239
    • Watson, J.1    Estes, J.A.2
  • 256
    • 0033012306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niche-partitioning of Pochlorococcus populations in a stratified water column in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean
    • West, N. J., and D. J. Scanlan. 1999. Niche-partitioning of Pochlorococcus populations in a stratified water column in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65:2582-2591.
    • (1999) Applied and Environmental Microbiology , vol.65 , pp. 2582-2591
    • West, N.J.1    Scanlan, D.J.2
  • 257
  • 258
    • 0035010619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale associations between macroalgal cover and grazer biomass on mid-depth reefs in the Caribbean
    • Williams, I. D., and N. V. C. Polunin. 2001. Large-scale associations between macroalgal cover and grazer biomass on mid-depth reefs in the Caribbean. Coral Reefs 19:358-366.
    • (2001) Coral Reefs , vol.19 , pp. 358-366
    • Williams, I.D.1    Polunin, N.V.C.2
  • 259
    • 84866994236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do trophic cascades affect the storage and flux of atmospheric carbon? an analysis of sea otters and kelp forests
    • doi:10.1890.110176
    • Wilmers, C. C., J. A. Estes, M. Edwards, K. L. Laidre, and B. Konar. 2012. Do trophic cascades affect the storage and flux of atmospheric carbon? an analysis of sea otters and kelp forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10:409-415, doi:10.1890.110176.
    • (2012) Frontiers In Ecology and The Environment , vol.10 , pp. 409-415
    • Wilmers, C.C.1    Estes, J.A.2    Edwards, M.3    Laidre, K.L.4    Konar, B.5
  • 260
    • 0027090615 scopus 로고
    • Regional variation in fish predation intensity: A historical perspective in the Gulf of Maine
    • Witman, J. D., and K. P. Sebens. 1992. Regional variation in fish predation intensity: a historical perspective in the Gulf of Maine. Oecologia (Berlin) 90:305-315.
    • (1992) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.90 , pp. 305-315
    • Witman, J.D.1    Sebens, K.P.2
  • 262
    • 0037916533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of cod-shrimp interactions reveals top-down control in oceanic food webs
    • Worm, B., and R. A. Myers. 2003. Meta-analysis of cod-shrimp interactions reveals top-down control in oceanic food webs. Ecology 84:162-173.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 162-173
    • Worm, B.1    Myers, R.A.2
  • 263
    • 0007878738 scopus 로고
    • Species introduction in a tropical lake
    • Zaret, T. M., and R. T. Paine. 1973. Species introduction in a tropical lake. Science 182:449-455.
    • (1973) Science , vol.182 , pp. 449-455
    • Zaret, T.M.1    Paine, R.T.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.