Influence of food web structure on carbon exchange between lakes and the atmosphere

Science

Volumn 277, Issue 5323, 1997, Pages 248-251

  Schindler, Daniel E ^a,c   Carpenter, Stephen R ^a   Cole, Jonathan J ^b   Kitchell, James F ^a   Pace, Michael L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b CARY INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBON DIOXIDE;

CARBON FLUX; FOOD WEB; LAKE CARBON DIOXIDE;

ALGA; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION; ECOSYSTEM; FISH; LAKE; NONHUMAN; PREDATOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0030793747     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5323.248     Document Type: Article

References (38)

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18. S. R. Carpenter, J. F. Kitchell, J. R. Hodgson, Bio-Science 35, 634 (1985); M. J. Vanni, Ecology 68, 624 (1987); R. Quiros, Hydrobiologia 200/201, 343 (1990); J. J. Elser and C. R. Goldman, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 64 (1991); L.-A. Hansson, Ecology 73, 241 (1992); O. Sarnelle, ibid., p. 551; A. Mazumder, ibid. 75, 1141 (1994).
19. S. R. Carpenter, J. F. Kitchell, J. R. Hodgson, Bio-Science 35, 634 (1985); M. J. Vanni, Ecology 68, 624 (1987); R. Quiros, Hydrobiologia 200/201, 343 (1990); J. J. Elser and C. R. Goldman, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 64 (1991); L.-A. Hansson, Ecology 73, 241 (1992); O. Sarnelle, ibid., p. 551; A. Mazumder, ibid. 75, 1141 (1994).
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23. Biomass of minnows in Peter Lake declined from 9 g wet mass per square meter to less than 2 g wet mass per square meter after a partial die-off in late July 1994. Populations remained at low densities until successful spawning in June 1995. By mid-August 1995, minnow biomass had recovered to 10 g wet mass per square meter. Variability in population densities of planktivorous fishes is often due to density-dependent interactions and is relatively common in lakes [S. R. Carpenter and P. R. Leavitt, Ecology 72, 277 (1991); S. F. Hamrin and L. Persson, Oikos 47, 223 (1986)].
24. Biomass of minnows in Peter Lake declined from 9 g wet mass per square meter to less than 2 g wet mass per square meter after a partial die-off in late July 1994. Populations remained at low densities until successful spawning in June 1995. By mid-August 1995, minnow biomass had recovered to 10 g wet mass per square meter. Variability in population densities of planktivorous fishes is often due to density-dependent interactions and is relatively common in lakes [S. R. Carpenter and P. R. Leavitt, Ecology 72, 277 (1991); S. F. Hamrin and L. Persson, Oikos 47, 223 (1986)].
25. o = 1.453, SE = 0.193, t = 7.517, P = 0.000) and a lag-1 autoregressive term (φ = 0.227, SE = 0.088, t = 2.587, P = 0.013). Residuals of both time series models had no significant autocorrelations and were approximately normally distributed.
26. standard) - 1] × 1000 Isotope ratios were determined with a Europa 20-20 continuous-flow mass spectrometer with reproducibility of 0.2 per mil.
27. standard) - 1] × 1000 Isotope ratios were determined with a Europa 20-20 continuous-flow mass spectrometer with reproducibility of 0.2 per mil.
28. standard) - 1] × 1000 Isotope ratios were determined with a Europa 20-20 continuous-flow mass spectrometer with reproducibility of 0.2 per mil.
29. standard) - 1] × 1000 Isotope ratios were determined with a Europa 20-20 continuous-flow mass spectrometer with reproducibility of 0.2 per mil.
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34. 2 pool is depleted, discrimination of C isotopes by algae becomes nonexistent because the entire pool is used [J. A. Calder and P. L. Parker, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 133 (1973); J. W. Pardue, R. S. Scalan, C. V. Baalen, P. L. Parker, ibid. 40, 309 (1976)].
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36. -1. ∝ is the chemical enhancement factor. When the formulation in Hoover and Berkshire was used [ T. E. Hoover and P. C. Berkshire, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 456 (1969)], ∝ was significantly different from 1.0 only in Peter Lake (undersaturated, high pH) and averaged about 3.0.
37. -1. ∝ is the chemical enhancement factor. When the formulation in Hoover and Berkshire was used [ T. E. Hoover and P. C. Berkshire, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 456 (1969)], ∝ was significantly different from 1.0 only in Peter Lake (undersaturated, high pH) and averaged about 3.0.
38. We thank K. Cottingham, J. Hodgson, D. Thomas, and N. Voichick for assistance with experiments and sampling; S. Blumenshine, N. Caraco, K. Cottingham, T. Kratz, D. Lodge, Y. Vadeboncoeur, and K. Webster for helpful discussions; and T. Frost and R. Hellenthal for logistical support. N. Haubenstock and K. Tholke performed the stable isotope analyses. This manuscript benefited from reviews by P. Leavitt and K. Webster. Financial support was provided by the National Science Foundation-Ecosystems Program and Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Program. This is a contribution to the University of Wisconsin, Center for Limnology, the Institute of Ecosystem Studies, and the University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center.