Circadian regulation of epithelial functions in the intestine

Acta Physiologica

Volumn 208, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 11-24

  Pacha J ^a   Sumova A ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Circadian rhythms; Colon; Digestion; Intestinal transport; Intestine; Proliferation

Indexed keywords

ABC TRANSPORTER;

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; CELL PROLIFERATION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DIGESTION; FOOD INTAKE; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION; HUMAN; INTESTINE CELL; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM; INTESTINE MUCOSA; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STOMACH SECRETION;

ANIMALS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CUES; DIGESTION; EATING; ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; ENTEROCYTES; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; INTESTINAL ABSORPTION; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84876315424     PISSN: 17481708     EISSN: 17481716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/apha.12090     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Akashi, M., Tsuchiya, Y., Toshibo, T. & Nishida, E. 2002. Control of intracellular dynamics of mammalian period proteins by casein kinase I ε (CKIε) and CKIδ in cultured cells. Mol Cell Biol 22, 1693-1703.
2. Akhtar, R.A., Reddy, A.B., Maywood, E.S., Clayton, J.D., King, V.M., Smith, A.G., Gant, T.W., Hastings, M.H. & Kyriacou, C.P. 2002. Circadian cycling of the mouse liver transcriptome, as revealed by cDNA microarray, is driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Curr Biol 12, 540-550.
3. Ando, H., Yanagihara, H., Sugimoto, K., Hayashi, Y., Tsuruoka, S., Takamura, T., Kaneko, S. & Fujimura, A. 2005. Daily rhythms of P-glycoprotein expression in mice. Chronobiol Int 22, 655-665.
4. Bae, K., Jin, X., Maywood, E.S., Hastings, M.H., Reppert, S.M. & Weaver, D.R. 2001. Differential functions of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN circadian clock. Neuron 30, 525-536.
5. Balakrishnan, A., Stearns, A.T., Rounds, J., Irani, J., Giuffrida, M., Rhoads, D.B., Ashley, S.W. & Tavakkolizadeh, A. 2008. Diurnal rhythmicity in glucose uptake is mediated by temporal periodicity in the expression of the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). Surgery 143, 813-818.
6. Balakrishnan, A., Stearns, A.T., Park, P.J., Dreyfuss, J.M., Ashley, S.W., Rhoads, D.B. & Tavakkolizadeh, A. 2010a. MicroRNA mir-16 is anti-proliferative in enterocytes and exhibits diurnal rhythmicity in intestinal crypts. Exp Cell Res 316, 3512-3521.
7. Balakrishnan, A., Stearns, A.T., Ashley, S.W., Tavakkolizadeh, A. & Rhoads, D.B. 2010b. Restricted feeding phase shifts clock gene and sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) expression in rats. J Nutr 140, 908-914.
8. Balakrishnan, A., Stearns, A.T., Ashley, S.W., Rhoads, D.B. & Tavakkolizadeh, A. 2012. PER1 modulates SGLT1 transcription in vitro independent of E-box status. Dig Dis Sci 57, 1525-1536.
9. Barratt, L. & Bronk, J.R. 1982. Effects of feeding and lighting regimes on sugar transport in the rat small intestine. J Physiol 331, 511-522.
10. Benoit, Y.D., Paré, F., Francoeur, C., Jean, D., Tremblay, E., Boudreau, F., Escaffit, F. & Beaulieu, J.F. 2010. Cooperation between HNF-1α, Cdx2, and GATA-4 in initiating an enterocytic differentiation program in a normal human intestinal epithelial progenitor cell line. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 298, G504-G517.
11. Bjarnason, G.A., Jordan, R.C. & Sothern, R.B. 1999. Circadian variation in the expression of cell-cycle proteins in human oral epithelium. Am J Pathol 154, 613-622.
12. Borgs, L., Beukelaers, P., Vandenbosch, R., Belachew, S., Nguyen, L. & Malgrange, B. 2009. Cell "circadian" cycle: new role for mammalian core clock genes. Cell Cycle 8, 832-837.
13. Buchi, K.N., Moore, J.G., Hrushesky, W.J., Sothern, R.B. & Rubin, N.H. 1991. Circadian rhythm of cellular proliferation in the human rectal mucosa. Gastroenterology 101, 410-415.
14. Burholt, D.R., Etzel, S.L., Schenken, L.L. & Kovacs, C.J. 1985. Digestive tract cell proliferation and food consumption patterns of Ha/ICR mice. Cell Tissue Kinet 18, 369-386.
15. Cheng, H.Y., Papp, J.W., Varlamova, O., Dziema, H., Russell, B., Curfman, J.P., Nakazawa, T., Shimizu, K., Okamura, H., Impey, S. & Obrietan, K. 2007. MicroRNA modulation of circadian-clock period and entrainment. Neuron 54, 813-829.
16. Clauss, W., Dürr, J.E., Krattenmacher, R., Hörnicke, H. & Van Driessche, W. 1988. Circadian rhythm of apical Na-channels and Na-transport in rabbit distal colon. Experientia 44, 608-610.
17. Cooke, H.J. 1994. Neuroimmune signaling in regulation of intestinal ion transport. Am J Physiol 266, G167-G178.
18. Corpe, C.P. & Burant, C.F. 1996. Hexose transporter expression in rat small intestine: effect of diet on diurnal variations. Am J Physiol 271, G211-G216.
19. Damiola, F., Le Minh, N., Preitner, N., Kornmann, B., Fleury-Olela, F. & Schibler, U. 2000. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev 14, 2950-2961.
20. Davidson, A.J., Poole, A.S., Yamazaki, S. & Menaker, M. 2003. Is the food-entrainable circadian oscillator in the digestive system? Genes Brain Behav 2, 32-39.
21. Dibner, C., Schibler, U. & Albrecht, U. 2010. The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu Rev Physiol 72, 517-549.
22. Dickmeis, T., Lahiri, K., Nica, G., Vallone, D., Santoriello, C., Neumann, C.J., Hammerschmidt, M. & Foulkes, N.S. 2007. Glucocorticoids play a key role in circadian cell cycle rhythms. PLoS Biol 5, e78.
23. Douris, N., Kojima, S., Pan, X., Lerch-Gaggl, A.F., Duong, S.Q., Hussain, M.M. & Green, C.B. 2011. Nocturnin regulates circadian trafficking of dietary lipid in intestinal enterocytes. Curr Biol 21, 1347-1355.
24. Drazen, D.L., Vahl, T.P., D'Alessio, D.A., Seeley, R.J. & Woods, S.C. 2006. Effects of a fixed meal pattern on ghrelin secretion: evidence for a learned response independent of nutrient status. Endocrinology 147, 23-30.
25. Etchegaray, J.P., Lee, C., Wade, P.A. & Reppert, S.M. 2003. Rhythmic histone acetylation underlies transcription in the mammalian circadian clock. Nature 421, 177-182.
26. Evers, B.M., Izukura, M., Chung, D.H., Parekh, D., Yoshinaga, K., Greeley, G.H. Jr, Uchida, T., Townsend, C.M. Jr. & Thompson, J.C. 1992. Neurotensin stimulates growth of colonic mucosa in young and aged rats. Gastroenterology 103, 86-91.
27. Fatima, J., Iqbal, C.W., Houghton, S.G., Kasparek, M.S., Duenes, J.A., Zheng, Y. & Sarr, M.G. 2009. Hexose transporter expression and function in mouse small intestine: role of diurnal rhythm. J Gastrointest Surg 13, 634-641.
28. Ferris, C.F., George, J.K. & Albers, H.E. 1986. Circadian rhythm of neurotensin levels in rat small intestine. Regul Pept 15, 285-292.
29. Filipski, E. & Lévi, F. 2009. Circadian disruption in experimental cancer processes. Integr Cancer Ther 8, 298-302.
30. Firsov, D., Tokonami, N. & Bonny, O. 2012. Role of the renal circadian timing system in maintaining water and electrolytes homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 349, 51-55.
31. Fisher, R.B. & Gardner, M.L. 1976. A diurnal rhythm in the absorption of glucose and water by isolated rat small intestine. J Physiol 254, 821-825.
32. Foligne, B., Aissaoui, S., Senegas-Balas, F., Cayuela, C., Bernard, P., Antoine, J.M. & Balas, D. 2001. Changes in cell proliferation and differentiation of adult rat small intestine epithelium after adrenalectomy: kinetic, biochemical, and morphological studies. Dig Dis Sci 46, 1236-1246.
33. Froy, O. & Chapnik, N. 2007. Circadian oscillation of innate immunity components in mouse small intestine. Mol Immunol 44, 1954-1960.
34. Fu, L. & Lee, C.C. 2003. The circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor. Nat Rev Cancer 3, 350-361.
35. Fujimoto, K., Granger, D.N., Johnson, L.R., Price, V.H., Sakata, T. & Tso, P. 1992. Circadian rhythm of ornithine decarboxylase activity in small intestine of fasted rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 200, 409-413.
36. Furuya, S. & Yugari, Y. 1974. Daily rhythmic change of L-histidine and glucose absorptions in rat small intestine in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 343, 558-564.
37. George, J.K., Albers, H.E., Carraway, R.E. & Ferris, C.F. 1987. Neurotensin levels in the hepatic-portal circulation are inversely related to the circadian feeding cycle in rats. Endocrinology 121, 7-13.
38. Griniatsos, J., Michail, O.P., Theocharis, S., Arvelakis, A., Papaconstantinou, I., Felekouras, E., Pikoulis, E., Karavokyros, I., Bakoyiannis, C., Marinos, G., Bramis, J. & Michail, P.O. 2006. Circadian variation in expression of G1 phase cyclins D1 and E and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p21 in human bowel mucosa. World J Gastroenterol 12, 2109-2114.
39. Gumz, M.L., Stow, L.R., Lynch, I.J., Greenlee, M.M., Rudin, A., Cain, B.D., Weaver, D.R. & Wingo, C.S. 2009. The circadian clock protein Period 1 regulates expression of the renal epithelial sodium channel in mice. J Clin Invest 119, 2423-2434.
40. Gumz, M.L., Cheng, K.Y., Lynch, I.J., Stow, L.R., Greenlee, M.M., Cain, B.D. & Wingo, C.S. 2010. Regulation of αENaC expression by the circadian clock protein Period 1 in mpkCCD(c14) cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1799, 622-629.
41. Hamdan, A.M., Koyanagi, S., Wada, E., Kusunose, N., Murakami, Y., Matsunaga, N. & Ohdo, S. 2012. Intestinal expression of mouse Abcg2/breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) gene is under control of circadian clock-activating transcription factor-4 pathway. J Biol Chem 287, 17224-17231.
42. Hara, E. & Saito, M. 1989. Diurnal change in digestion and absorption of sucrose in vivo in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 35, 667-671.
43. Hastings, M.H., Reddy, A.B. & Maywood, E.S. 2003. A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 4, 649-661.
44. Hayashi, Y., Ushijima, K., Ando, H., Yanagihara, H., Ishikawa, E., Tsuruoka, S., Sugimoto, K. & Fujimura, A. 2010. Influence of a time-restricted feeding schedule on the daily rhythm of abcb1a gene expression and its function in rat intestine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 335, 418-423.
45. Hekkens, W.T., van Rijn, P.A., Lukac-Bajalo, J., Ungerer, R. & Rietveld, W.J. 1985. Influence of a dorsomedial hypothalamus lesion on the circadian changes in the enzyme development and activity of intestinal brushborder membranes in the rat. Chronobiol Int 2, 103-108.
46. Hirota, T., Okano, T., Kokame, K., Shirotani-Ikejima, H., Miyata, T. & Fukada, Y. 2002. Glucose down-regulates Per1 and Per2 mRNA levels and induces circadian gene expression in cultured Rat-1 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 277, 44244-44251.
47. Hoogerwerf, W.A. 2006. Biologic clocks and the gut. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 8, 353-359.
48. Hoogerwerf, W.A., Hellmich, H.L., Cornélissen, G., Halberg, F., Shahinian, V.B., Bostwick, J., Savidge, T.C. & Cassone, V.M. 2007. Clock gene expression in the murine gastrointestinal tract: endogenous rhythmicity and effects of a feeding regimen. Gastroenterology 133, 1250-1260.
49. Hoogerwerf, W.A., Sinha, M., Conesa, A., Luxon, B.A., Shahinian, V.B., Cornélissen, G., Halberg, F., Bostwick, J., Timm, J. & Cassone, V.M. 2008. Transcriptional profiling of mRNA expression in the mouse distal colon. Gastroenterology 135, 2019-2029.
50. van der Horst, G.T., Muijtjens, M., Kobayashi, K., Takano, R., Kanno, S., Takao, M., de Wit, J., Verkerk, A., Eker, A.P., van Leenen, D., Buijs, R., Bootsma, D., Hoeijmakers, J.H. & Yasui, A. 1999. Mammalian Cry1 and Cry2 are essential for maintenance of circadian rhythms. Nature 398, 627-630.
51. Houghton, S.G., Zarroug, A.E., Duenes, J.A., Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. & Sarr, M.G. 2006. The diurnal periodicity of hexose transporter mRNA and protein levels in the rat jejunum: role of vagal innervation. Surgery 139, 542-549.
52. Hughes, M.E., Hong, H.K., Chong, J.L., Indacochea, A.A., Lee, S.S., Han, M., Takahashi, J.S. & Hogenesch, J.B. 2012. Brain-specific rescue of Clock reveals system-driven transcriptional rhythms in peripheral tissue. PLoS Genet 8, e1002835.
53. Iwashina, I., Mochizuki, K., Inamochi, Y. & Goda, T. 2011. Clock genes regulate the feeding schedule-dependent diurnal rhythm changes in hexose transporter gene expressions through the binding of BMAL1 to the promoter/enhancer and transcribed regions. J Nutr Biochem 22, 334-343.
54. Kalsbeek, A., Palm, I.F., La Fleur, S.E., Scheer, F.A., Perreau-Lenz, S., Ruiter, M., Kreier, F., Cailotto, C. & Buijs, R.M. 2006. SCN outputs and the hypothalamic balance of life. J Biol Rhythms 21, 458-469.
55. Ko, C.H. & Takahashi, J.S. 2006. Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Hum Mol Genet 15, R271-R277.
56. Kornmann, B., Schaad, O., Reinke, H., Saini, C. & Schibler, U. 2007. Regulation of circadian gene expression in liver by systemic signals and hepatocyte oscillators. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 72, 319-330.
57. Koyanagi, S., Hamdan, A.M., Horiguchi, M., Kusunose, N., Okamoto, A., Matsunaga, N. & Ohdo, S. 2011. cAMP-response element (CRE)-mediated transcription by activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) is essential for circadian expression of the Period2 gene. J Biol Chem 286, 32416-32423.
58. Lamont, E.W., Diaz, L.R., Barry-Shaw, J., Stewart, J. & Amir, S. 2005. Daily restricted feeding rescues a rhythm of period2 expression in the arrhythmic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience 132, 245-248.
59. Lee, C., Etchegaray, J.P., Cagampang, F.R., Loudon, A.S. & Reppert, S.M. 2001. Posttranslational mechanisms regulate the mammalian circadian clock. Cell 107, 855-867.
60. LeSauter, J., Hoque, N., Weintraub, M., Pfaff, D.W. & Silver, R. 2009. Stomach ghrelin-secreting cells as food-entrainable circadian clocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106, 13582-13587.
61. Liu, A.C., Welsh, D.K., Ko, C.H., Tran, H.G., Zhang, E.E., Priest, A.A., Buhr, E.D., Singer, O., Meeker, K., Verma, I.M., Doyle, F.J., Takahashi, J.S. & Kay, S.A. 2007. Intercellular coupling confers robustness against mutations in the SCN circadian clock network. Cell 129, 605-616.
62. Lowrey, P.L., Shimomura, K., Antoch, M.P., Yamazaki, S., Zemenides, P.D., Ralph, M.R., Menaker, M. & Takahashi, J.S. 2000. Positional syntenic cloning and functional characterization of the mammalian circadian mutation tau. Science 288, 483-492.
63. Malloy, J.N., Paulose, J.K., Li, Y. & Cassone, V.M. 2012. Circadian rhythms of gastrointestinal function are regulated by both central and peripheral oscillators. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303, G461-G473.
64. Marchant, E.G. & Mistlberger, R.E. 1997. Anticipation and entrainment to feeding time in intact and SCN-ablated C57BL/6j mice. Brain Res 765, 273-282.
65. Marra, G., Anti, M., Percesepe, A., Armelao, F., Ficarelli, R., Coco, C., Rinelli, A., Vecchio, F.M. & D'Arcangelo, E. 1994. Circadian variations of epithelial cell proliferation in human rectal crypts. Gastroenterology 106, 982-987.
66. +-glucose cotransporter gene, SGLT1, by HNF-1 and Sp1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 278, G591-G603.
67. Matsuo, T., Yamaguchi, S., Mitsui, S., Emi, A., Shimoda, F. & Okamura, H. 2003. Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo. Science 302, 255-259.
68. Mattern, J., Büchler, M.W. & Herr, I. 2007. Cell cycle arrest by glucocorticoids may protect normal tissue and solid tumors from cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 6, 1345-1354.
69. Mistlberger, R.E. 1994. Circadian food-anticipatory activity: formal models and physiological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18, 171-195.
70. Mistlberger, R.E. & Antle, M.C. 2011. Entrainment of circadian clocks in mammals by arousal and food. Essays Biochem 49, 119-136.
71. Mohawk, J.A., Green, C.B. & Takahashi, J.S. 2012. Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annu Rev Neurosci 35, 445-462.
72. Mourad, F.H. & Saadé, N.E. 2011. Neural regulation of intestinal nutrient absorption. Prog Neurobiol 95, 149-162.
73. Murakami, Y., Higashi, Y., Matsunaga, N., Koyanagi, S. & Ohdo, S. 2008. Circadian clock-controlled intestinal expression of the multidrug-resistance gene mdr1a in mice. Gastroenterology 135, 1636-1644.
74. Neal, J.V. & Potten, C.S. 1981. Circadian rhythms in the epithelial cells and the pericryptal fibroblast sheath in three different sites in the murine intestinal tract. Cell Tissue Kinet 14, 581-587.
75. Nishida, T., Saito, M. & Suda, M. 1978. Parallel between circadian rhythms of intestinal disaccharidases and foot intake of rats under constant lighting conditions. Gastroenterology 74, 224-227.
76. Nojkov, B., Rubenstein, J.H., Chey, W.D. & Hoogerwerf, W.A. 2010. The impact of rotating shift work on the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in nurses. Am J Gastroenterol 105, 842-847.
77. Nováková, M., Polidarová, L., Sládek, M. & Sumová, A. 2011. Restricted feeding regime affects clock gene expression profiles in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats exposed to constant light. Neuroscience 197, 65-71.
78. Oike, H., Nagai, K., Fukushima, T., Ishida, N. & Kobori, M. 2010. High-salt diet advances molecular circadian rhythms in mouse peripheral tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 402, 7-13.
79. Pácha, J. 2000. Development of intestinal transport function in mammals. Physiol Rev 80, 1633-1667.
80. Pan, X. & Hussain, M.M. 2007. Diurnal regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and plasma lipid levels. J Biol Chem 282, 24707-24719.
81. Pan, X. & Hussain, M.M. 2009. Clock is important for food and circadian regulation of macronutrient absorption in mice. J Lipid Res 50, 1800-1813.
82. +-peptide cotransporter in rat small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 283, G57-G64.
83. Pan, X., Terada, T., Okuda, M. & Inui, K. 2004. The diurnal rhythm of the intestinal transporters SGLT1 and PEPT1 is regulated by the feeding conditions in rats. J Nutr 134, 2211-2215.
84. Pezük, P., Mohawk, J.A., Wang, L.A. & Menaker, M. 2012. Glucocorticoids as entraining signals for peripheral circadian oscillators. Endocrinology 153, 4775-4783.
85. Pittendrigh, C.L. 1981. Circadian systems: entrainment. In: J. Aschoff (ed.) Biological Rhythms. Handbook of Behavioral Neurology Vol. 4. pp. 95-124. Plenum, New York.
86. Polidarová, L., Soták, M., Sládek, M., Pácha, J. & Sumová, A. 2009. Temporal gradient in the clock gene and cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Wee1 expression along the gut. Chronobiol Int 26, 607-620.
87. Polidarová, L., Sládek, M., Soták, M., Pácha, J. & Sumová, A. 2011. Hepatic, duodenal, and colonic circadian clocks differ in their persistence under conditions of constant light and in their entrainment by restricted feeding. Chronobiol Int 28, 204-215.
88. Preitner, N., Damiola, F., Lopez-Molina, L., Zakany, J., Duboule, D., Albrecht, U. & Schibler, U. 2002. The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator. Cell 110, 251-260.
89. Preuss, F., Tang, Y., Laposky, A.D., Arble, D., Keshavarzian, A. & Turek, F.W. 2008. Adverse effects of chronic circadian desynchronization in animals in a "challenging" environment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295, R2034-R2040.
90. Qandeel, H.G., Alonso, F., Hernandez, D.J., Duenes, J.A., Zheng, Y., Scow, J.S. & Sarr, M.G. 2009. Role of vagal innervation in diurnal rhythm of intestinal peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1). J Gastrointest Surg 13, 1976-1985.
91. Ralph, M.R., Foster, R.G., Davis, F.C. & Menaker, M. 1990. Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 247, 975-978.
92. Reddy, A.B., Karp, N.A., Maywood, E.S., Sage, E.A., Deery, M., O'Neill, J.S., Wong, G.K., Chesham, J., Odell, M., Lilley, K.S., Kyriacou, C.P. & Hastings, M.H. 2006. Circadian orchestration of the hepatic proteome. Curr Biol 16, 1107-1115.
93. Reddy, A.B., Maywood, E.S., Karp, N.A., King, V.M., Inoue, Y., Gonzalez, F.J., Lilley, K.S., Kyriacou, C.P. & Hastings, M.H. 2007. Glucocorticoid signaling synchronizes the liver circadian transcriptome. Hepatology 45, 1478-1488.
94. Reppert, S.M. & Weaver, D.R. 2001. Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms. Annu Rev Physiol 63, 647-676.
95. +/glucose cotransporter 1 mRNA levels is transcriptionally regulated. J Biol Chem 273, 9510-9516.
96. Ribeiro, D.C., Hampton, S.M., Morgan, L., Deacon, S. & Arendt, J. 1998. Altered postprandial hormone and metabolic responses in a simulated shift work environment. J Endocrinol 158, 305-310.
97. + exchanger NHE3 in the kidney. Kidney Int 67, 1410-1419.
98. Rubin, N.H., Singh, P., Alinder, G., Greeley, G.H. Jr, Rayford, P.L., Rietveld, W.J. & Thompson, J.C. 1988. Circadian rhythms in gastrin receptors in rat fundic stomach. Dig Dis Sci 33, 931-937.
99. Rubin, N.H., Shayestehmehr, M., Wofford, D.C., Poston, G.J., Townsend, C.M. Jr. & Thompson, J.C. 1992. Effect of colostomy on the circadian rhythm in DNA synthesis in the rat colon. Chronobiol Int 9, 11-18.
100. Saini, C., Suter, D.M., Liani, A., Gos, P. & Schibler, U. 2011. The mammalian circadian timing system: synchronization of peripheral clocks. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 76, 39-47.
101. Saito, M., Murakami, E. & Suda, M. 1976. Circadian rhythms in disaccharidases of rat small intestine and its relation to food intake. Biochim Biophys Acta 421, 177-179.
102. Saito, M., Kato, H. & Suda, M. 1980. Circadian rhythm of intestinal disaccharidases of rats fed with a diurnal periodicity. Am J Physiol 238, G97-G101.
103. +/peptide cotransporter 1 (PEPT1). Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295, G395-G402.
104. Sato, T.K., Panda, S., Miraglia, L.J., Reyes, T.M., Rudic, R.D., McNamara, P., Naik, K.A., Fitzgerald, G.A., Kay, S.A. & Hogenesch, J.B. 2004. A functional genomics strategy reveals Rora as a component of the mammalian circadian clock. Neuron 43, 527-537.
105. Scheving, L.E. & Pauly, J.E. 1973. Cellular mechanism involving biorhythms with emphasis on those rhythms associated with the S and M stages of the cell cycle. Int J Chronobiol 1, 269-286.
106. Scheving, L.E., Burns, E.R., Pauly, J.E. & Tsai, T.H. 1978. Circadian variation in cell division of the mouse alimentary tract, bone marrow and corneal epithelium. Anat Rec 191, 479-486.
107. Scheving, L.A., Yeh, Y.C., Tsai, T.H. & Scheving, L.E. 1979. Circadian phase-dependent stimulatory effects of epidermal growth factor on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the tongue, esophagus, and stomach of the adult male mouse. Endocrinology 105, 1475-1480.
108. Scheving, L.A., Yeh, Y.C., Tsai, T.H. & Scheving, L.E. 1980. Circadian phase-dependent stimulatory effects of epidermal growth factor on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, and rectum of the adult male mouse. Endocrinology 106, 1498-1503.
109. Scheving, L.E., Scheving, L.A., Tsai, T.H. & Pauly, J.E. 1984. Effect of fasting on circadian rhythmicity in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of several murine tissues. J Nutr 114, 2160-2166.
110. Sellix, M.T., Evans, J.A., Leise, T.L., Castanon-Cervantes, O., Hill, D.D., Delisser, P., Block, G.D., Menaker, M. & Davidson, A.J. 2012. Aging differentially affects the re-entrainment response of central and peripheral circadian oscillators. J Neurosci 32, 16193-16202.
111. Shearman, L.P., Sriram, S., Weaver, D.R., Maywood, E.S., Chaves, I., Zheng, B., Kume, K., Lee, C.C., van der Horst, G.T., Hastings, M.H. & Reppert, S.M. 2000. Interacting molecular loops in the mammalian circadian clock. Science 288, 1013-1019.
112. Shepherd, E.J., Helliwell, P.A., Mace, O.J., Morgan, E.L., Patel, N. & Kellett, G.L. 2004. Stress and glucocorticoid inhibit apical GLUT2-trafficking and intestinal glucose absorption in rat small intestine. J Physiol 560, 281-290.
113. Sládek, M., Rybová, M., Jindráková, Z., Zemanová, Z., Polidarová, L., Mrnka, L., O'Neill, J., Pácha, J. & Sumová, A. 2007. Insight into the circadian clock within rat colonic epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 133, 1240-1249.
114. Sládek, M., Polidarová, L., Nováková, M., Parkanová, D. & Sumová, A. 2012. Early chronotype and tissue-specific alterations of circadian clock function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS ONE 7, e46951.
115. Son, G.H., Chung, S., Choe, H.K., Kim, H.D., Baik, S.M., Lee, H., Lee, H.W., Choi, S., Sun, W., Kim, H., Cho, S., Lee, K.H. & Kim, K. 2008. Adrenal peripheral clock controls the autonomous circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid by causing rhythmic steroid production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105, 20970-20975.
116. Soták, M., Polidarová, L., Musílková, J., Hock, M., Sumová, A. & Pácha, J. 2011. Circadian regulation of electrolyte absorption in the rat colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 301, G1066-G1074.
117. Stearns, A.T., Balakrishnan, A., Rhoads, D.B., Ashley, S.W. & Tavakkolizadeh, A. 2008a. Diurnal rhythmicity in the transcription of jejunal drug transporters. J Pharmacol Sci 108, 144-148.
118. +/glucose cotransporter SGLT1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294, G1078-G1083.
119. Stearns, A.T., Balakrishnan, A., Rhoads, D.B., Ashley, S.W. & Tavakkolizadeh, A. 2009. Diurnal expression of the rat intestinal sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) is independent of local luminal factors. Surgery 145, 294-302.
120. Stevenson, N.R. & Fierstein, J.S. 1976. Circadian rhythms of intestinal sucrase and glucose transport: cued by time of feeding. Am J Physiol 230, 731-735.
121. Stevenson, N.R., Ferrigni, F., Parnicky, K., Day, S. & Fierstein, J.S. 1975. Effect of changes in feeding schedule on the diurnal rhythms and daily activity levels of intestinal brush border enzymes and transport systems. Biochim Biophys Acta 406, 131-145.
122. Stevenson, N.R., Sitren, H.S. & Furuya, S. 1980. Circadian rhythmicity in several small intestinal functions is independent of use of the intestine. Am J Physiol 238, G203-G207.
123. Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H., Sakaki, Y. & Menaker, M. 2001. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science 291, 490-493.
124. Swanson, G.R., Burgess, H.J. & Keshavarzian, A. 2011. Sleep disturbances and inflammatory bowel disease: a potential trigger for disease flare? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 7, 29-36.
125. Takeda, Y., Jothi, R., Birault, V. & Jetten, A.M. 2012. RORγ directly regulates the circadian expression of clock genes and downstream targets in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 40, 8519-8535.
126. Tanaka, J., Fujimoto, K., Sakata, T., Fujimoto, T., Tsunada, S., Iwakiri, R., Yamaguchi, M., Okabe, Y. & Yoshimatsu, H. 1993. Effect of vagotomy on ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat duodenal mucosa. Am J Physiol 265, G1016-G1020.
127. Tavakkolizadeh, A., Berger, U.V., Shen, K.R., Levitsky, L.L., Zinner, M.J., Hediger, M.A., Ashley, S.W., Whang, E.E. & Rhoads, D.B. 2001. Diurnal rhythmicity in intestinal SGLT-1 function, V(max), and mRNA expression topography. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280, G209-G215.
128. Tavakkolizadeh, A., Ramsanahie, A., Levitsky, L.L., Zinner, M.J., Whang, E.E., Ashley, S.W. & Rhoads, D.B. 2005. Differential role of vagus nerve in maintaining diurnal gene expression rhythms in the proximal small intestine. J Surg Res 129, 73-78.
129. Terazono, H., Mutoh, T., Yamaguchi, S., Kobayashi, M., Akiyama, M., Udo, R., Ohdo, S., Okamura, H. & Shibata, S. 2003. Adrenergic regulation of clock gene expression in mouse liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100, 6795-6800.
130. Tsunada, S., Iwakiri, R., Fujimoto, K. & Aw, T.Y. 2003. Chronic lipid hydroperoxide stress suppresses mucosal proliferation in rat intestine: potentiation of ornithine decarboxylase activity by epidermal growth factor. Dig Dis Sci 48, 2333-2341.
131. Ventura, M.A., Gardey, C. & d'Athis, P. 1984. Rapid reset of the corticosterone rhythm by food presentation in rats under a circadian restricted feeding schedule. Chronobiol Int 1, 287-295.
132. Wang, Q., Horisberger, J.D., Maillard, M., Brunner, H.R., Rossier, B.C. & Burnier, M. 2000. Salt- and angiotensin II-dependent variations in amiloride-sensitive rectal potential difference in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 27, 60-66.
133. Wang, Y., Osterbur, D.L., Megaw, P.L., Tosini, G., Fukuhara, C., Green, C.B. & Besharse, J.C. 2001. Rhythmic expression of Nocturnin mRNA in multiple tissues of the mouse. BMC Dev Biol 1, 9.
134. Welsh, D.K., Logothetis, D.E., Meister, M. & Reppert, S.M. 1995. Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron 14, 697-706.
135. Welsh, D.K., Takahashi, J.S. & Kay, S.A. 2010. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: cell autonomy and network properties. Annu Rev Physiol 72, 551-577.
136. Wofford, D.C., Rubin, N.H., Rayfordm, P.L., Townsend, C.M. Jr. & Thompson, J.C. 1991. Pentagastrin-stimulated DNA synthesis in mouse gut is influenced by the circadian system. Peptides 12, 419-423.
137. Wróbel, J. & Nagel, G. 1979. Diurnal rhythm of active calcium transport in rat intestine. Experientia 35, 1581-1582.
138. Yannielli, P.C., Molyneux, P.C., Harrington, M.E. & Golombek, D.A. 2007. Ghrelin effects on the circadian system of mice. J Neurosci 27, 2890-2895.
139. Zheng, B., Albrecht, U., Kaasik, K., Sage, M., Lu, W., Vaishnav, S., Li, Q., Sun, Z.S., Eichele, G., Bradley, A. & Lee, C.C. 2001. Nonredundant roles of the mPer1 and mPer2 genes in the mammalian circadian clock. Cell 105, 683-694.
140. Zuber, A.M., Centeno, G., Pradervand, S., Nikolaeva, S., Maquelin, L., Cardinaux, L., Bonny, O. & Firsov, D. 2009. Molecular clock is involved in predictive circadian adjustment of renal function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106, 16523-16528.