Anaemia: Can we define haemoglobin thresholds for impaired oxygen homeostasis and suggest new strategies for treatment?

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 85-98

  Hare, Gregory M T ^a,b   Tsui, Albert K Y ^a   Ozawa, Sherri ^c   Shander, Aryeh ^c,d  

^a ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c ENGLEWOOD HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

adverse outcomes; anaemia; diagnosis; haemoglobin threshold; treatment

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN;

ANEMIA; ARTERIAL OXYGEN SATURATION; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BLEEDING; BRAIN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; EVENT FREE SURVIVAL; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPOXEMIA; LUNG VENTILATION PERFUSION RATIO; NONHUMAN; ORGAN INJURY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXYGEN SENSING; OXYGEN SUPPLY; PATIENT IDENTIFICATION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW;

EID: 84876210792     PISSN: 15216896     EISSN: 1532169X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2012.12.002     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. A. Shander, M. Javidroozi, and S. Ozawa What is really dangerous: anaemia or transfusion? Br J Anaesth 107 Suppl. 1 2011 i41 i59
2. W.S. Beattie, K. Karkouti, and D.N. Wijeysundera Risk associated with preoperative anemia in noncardiac surgery: a single-center cohort study Anesthesiology 110 2009 574 581
3. K. Karkouti, D.N. Wijeysundera, and W.S. Beattie Risk associated with preoperative anemia in cardiac surgery: a multicenter cohort study Circulation 117 2008 478 484
4. A. Kulier, J. Levin, and R. Moser Impact of preoperative anemia on outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery Circulation 116 2007 471 479
5. K.M. Musallam, H.M. Tamim, and T. Richards Preoperative anaemia and postoperative outcomes in non-cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study Lancet 378 2011 1396 1407
6. J.L. Carson, R.M. Poses, and R.K. Spence Severity of anaemia and operative mortality and morbidity Lancet 1 1988 727 729
7. G. Loor, L. Li, and J.F. Sabik III Nadir hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass: end-organ dysfunction and mortality J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 144 2012 654 662
8. P. Beris, M. Munoz, and J.A. Garcia-Erce Perioperative anaemia management: consensus statement on the role of intravenous iron Br J Anaesth 100 2008 599 604
9. D.R. Spahn Anemia and patient blood management in hip and knee surgery: a systematic review of the literature Anesthesiology 113 2010 482 495
10. M. Hung, M. Besser, and L.D. Sharples The prevalence and association with transfusion, intensive care unit stay and mortality of pre-operative anaemia in a cohort of cardiac surgery patients Anaesthesia 66 2011 812 818
11. B.E. Bierbaum, J.J. Callaghan, and J.O. Galante An analysis of blood management in patients having a total hip or knee arthroplasty J Bone Joint Surg Am 81 1999 2 10
12. J.M. Guralnik, R.S. Eisenstaedt, and L. Ferrucci Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia Blood 104 2004 2263 2268
13. E. Saleh, D.B. McClelland, and A. Hay Prevalence of anaemia before major joint arthroplasty and the potential impact of preoperative investigation and correction on perioperative blood transfusions Br J Anaesth 99 2007 801 808
14. S. Lasocki, D. Longrois, and P. Montravers Hepcidin and anemia of the critically ill patient: bench to bedside Anesthesiology 114 2011 688 694
15. S.R. Pasricha, S.C. Flecknoe-Brown, and K.J. Allen Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anaemia: a clinical update Med J Aust 193 2010 525 532
16. K. Karkouti, D.N. Wijeysundera, and T.M. Yau The influence of baseline hemoglobin concentration on tolerance of anemia in cardiac surgery Transfusion 48 2008 666 672
17. M. Swaminathan, B.G. Phillips-Bute, and P.J. Conlon The association of lowest hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass with acute renal injury after coronary artery bypass surgery Ann Thorac Surg 76 2003 784 791
18. L. De Santo, G. Romano, and C.A. Della Preoperative anemia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting predicts acute kidney injury J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 138 2009 965 970
19. B.D. Westenbrink, L. Kleijn, and R.A. de Boer Sustained postoperative anaemia is associated with an impaired outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: insights from the IMAGINE trial Heart 97 2011 1590 1596
20. A.D. da Silveira, R.A. Ribeiro, and A.P. Rossini Association of anemia with clinical outcomes in stable coronary artery disease Coron Artery Dis 19 2008 21 26
21. K. Dimopoulos, G.P. Diller, and G. Giannakoulas Anemia in adults with congenital heart disease relates to adverse outcome J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 2093 2100
22. P.N. Peterson, D.J. Magid, and E.E. Lyons Association of longitudinal measures of hemoglobin and outcomes after hospitalization for heart failure Am Heart J 159 2010 81 89
23. D.S. Ang, M.P. Kao, and A. Noman The prognostic significance of early and late anaemia in acute coronary syndrome QJM 105 2012 445 454
24. N. Voormolen, D.C. Grootendorst, and T.A. Urlings Prevalence of anemia and its impact on mortality and hospitalization rate in predialysis patients Nephron Clin Pract 115 2010 c133 c141
25. C. Martinez-Rivera, K. Portillo, and A. Munoz-Ferrer Anemia is a mortality predictor in hospitalized patients for COPD exacerbation COPD 9 2012 243 250
26. L. Rasmussen, S. Christensen, and P. Lenler-Petersen Anemia and 90-day mortality in COPD patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation Clin Epidemiol 3 2010 1 5
27. E.W. Steyerberg, N. Mushkudiani, and P. Perel Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics PLoS Med 5 2008 e165
28. J.A. Deal, M.C. Carlson, and Q.L. Xue Anemia and 9-year domain-specific cognitive decline in community-dwelling older women: the Women's Health and Aging Study II J Am Geriatr Soc 57 2009 1604 1611
29. P. Del Fabbro, J.C. Luthi, and E. Carrera Anemia and chronic kidney disease are potential risk factors for mortality in stroke patients: a historic cohort study BMC Nephrol 11 2010 27
30. E. Nikolsky, E.D. Aymong, and A. Halkin Impact of anemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: analysis from the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) Trial J Am Coll Cardiol 44 2004 547 553
31. Z. Hao, B. Wu, D. Wang, S. Lin, W. Tao, and M. Liu A cohort study of patients with anemia on admission and fatality after acute ischemic stroke J Clin Neurosci 20 1 2013 Jan 37 42
32. P.C. Hebert, G. Wells, and M.A. Blajchman A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care N Engl J Med 340 1999 409 417
33. A. Fox Recombinant human erythropoeitin: efficacy and safety considerations for maximizing blood conservation in cardiac surgery Anesthesiology 115 2011 912 914
34. C. Natanson, S.J. Kern, and P. Lurie Cell-free hemoglobin-based blood substitutes and risk of myocardial infarction and death: a meta-analysis J Am Med Assoc 299 2008 2304 2312
35. L.G. Glance, A.W. Dick, and D.B. Mukamel Association between intraoperative blood transfusion and mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery Anesthesiology 114 2011 283 292
36. E.S. Xenos, H.D. Vargas, and D.L. Davenport Association of blood transfusion and venous thromboembolism after colorectal cancer resection Thromb Res 129 2012 568 572
37. C.T. Taylor, and J.C. McElwain Ancient atmospheres and the evolution of oxygen sensing via the hypoxia-inducible factor in metazoans Physiology (Bethesda) 25 2010 272 279
38. W.G. Kaelin Jr., and P.J. Ratcliffe Oxygen sensing by metazoans: the central role of the HIF hydroxylase pathway Mol Cell 30 2008 393 402
39. K.T. Rytkonen, and J.F. Storz Evolutionary origins of oxygen sensing in animals EMBO Rep 12 2011 3 4
40. G.L. Semenza Life with oxygen Science 318 2007 62 64
41. M. Feelisch, and J.F. Martin The early role of nitric oxide in evolution Trends Ecol Evol 10 1995 496 499
42. R. Hardison Hemoglobins from bacteria to man: evolution of different patterns of gene expression J Exp Biol 201 1998 1099 1117
43. A.T. McLaren, P.A. Marsden, and C.D. Mazer Increased expression of HIF-1{alpha}, nNOS, and VEGF in the cerebral cortex of anemic rats Am J Physiol 292 2007 R403 R414
44. A.K. Tsui, P.A. Marsden, and C.D. Mazer Priming of hypoxia-inducible factor by neuronal nitric oxide synthase is essential for adaptive responses to severe anemia Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 2011 17544 17549
45. T.E. Ragoonanan, W.S. Beattie, and C.D. Mazer Metoprolol reduces cerebral tissue oxygen tension after acute hemodilution in rats Anesthesiology 111 2009 988 1000
46. W.S. Beattie, D.N. Wijeysundera, and K. Karkouti Acute surgical anemia influences the cardioprotective effects of beta-blockade: a single-center, propensity-matched cohort study Anesthesiology 112 2010 25 33
47. C.K. Chapler, and S.M. Cain The physiologic reserve in oxygen carrying capacity: studies in experimental hemodilution Can J Physiol Pharmacol 64 1986 7 12
48. A.K. Tsui, N.D. Dattani, and P.A. Marsden Reassessing the risk of hemodilutional anemia: some new pieces to an old puzzle Can J Anaesth 57 2010 779 791
49. R.B. Weiskopf, M.K. Viele, and J. Feiner Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia J Am Med Assoc 279 1998 217 221
50. G.M. Hare, A.K. Tsui, and A.T. McLaren Anemia and cerebral outcomes: many questions, fewer answers Anesth Analg 107 2008 1356 1370
51. A.P. Shepherd, H.J. Granger, and E.E. Smith Local control of tissue oxygen delivery and its contribution to the regulation of cardiac output Am J Physiol 225 1973 747 755
52. D.F. Wilson, W.L. Rumsey, and T.J. Green The oxygen dependence of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation measured by a new optical method for measuring oxygen concentration J Biol Chem 263 1988 2712 2718
53. S. Deem, R.G. Hedges, and S. McKinney Mechanisms of improvement in pulmonary gas exchange during isovolemic hemodilution J Appl Physiol 87 1999 132 141
54. J.F. Murray, and E. Rapaport Coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism in acute experimental anaemia Cardiovasc Res 6 1972 360 367
55. F.C. Fan, R.Y. Chen, and G.B. Schuessler Effects of hematocrit variations on regional hemodynamics and oxygen transport in the dog Am J Physiol 238 1980 H545 H622
56. J. van Bommel, M. Siegemund, and C. Henny Heart, kidney, and intestine have different tolerances for anemia Transl Res 151 2008 110 117
57. J. van Bommel, A. Trouwborst, and L. Schwarte Intestinal and cerebral oxygenation during severe isovolemic hemodilution and subsequent hyperoxic ventilation in a pig model Anesthesiology 97 2002 660 670
58. M. Mathru, D.R. Solanki, and L.C. Woodson Splanchnic oxygen consumption is impaired during severe acute normovolemic anemia in anesthetized humans Anesthesiology 105 2006 37 44
59. G.M. Hare, J.M. Worrall, and A.J. Baker Beta2 adrenergic antagonist inhibits cerebral cortical oxygen delivery after severe haemodilution in rats Br J Anaesth 97 2006 617 623
60. P.J. Devereaux, H. Yang, and S. Yusuf Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 371 2008 1839 1847
61. W.A. van Klei, G.L. Bryson, and H. Yang Effect of beta-blocker prescription on the incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction after hip and knee arthroplasty Anesthesiology 111 2009 717 724
62. K. Karkouti, W.S. Beattie, and D.N. Wijeysundera Hemodilution during cardiopulmonary bypass is an independent risk factor for acute renal failure in adult cardiac surgery J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 129 2005 391 400
63. H. Johannsson, and B.K. Siesjo Blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat brain in dilutional anemia Acta Physiol Scand 91 1974 136 138
64. J. Torrance, P. Jacobs, and A. Restrepo Intraerythrocytic adaptation to anemia N Engl J Med 283 1970 165 169
65. R. El Hasnaoui-Saadani, A. Pichon, and D. Marchant Cerebral adaptations to chronic anemia in a model of erythropoietin-deficient mice exposed to hypoxia Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296 2009 R801 R811
66. M. Li, J.A. Bertout, and S.J. Ratcliffe Acute anemia elicits cognitive dysfunction and evidence of cerebral cellular hypoxia in older rats with systemic hypertension Anesthesiology 113 2010 845 858
67. J.L. Carson, A. Duff, and R.M. Poses Effect of anaemia and cardiovascular disease on surgical mortality and morbidity Lancet 348 1996 1055 1060
68. C.D. Vaislic, N. Dalibon, and O. Ponzio Outcomes in cardiac surgery in 500 consecutive Jehovah's Witness patients: 21 year experience J Cardiothorac Surg 7 2012 95
69. N.P. Conlon, E.P. Bale, and G.P. Herbison Postoperative anemia and quality of life after primary hip arthroplasty in patients over 65 years old Anesth Analg 106 2008 1056 1061 [table]
70. E.A. Halm, J.J. Wang, and K. Boockvar The effect of perioperative anemia on clinical and functional outcomes in patients with hip fracture J Orthop Trauma 18 2004 369 374
71. M. Dunkelgrun, S.E. Hoeks, and G.M. Welten Anemia as an independent predictor of perioperative and long-term cardiovascular outcome in patients scheduled for elective vascular surgery Am J Cardiol 101 2008 1196 1200
72. K. Karkouti, G. Djaiani, and M.A. Borger Low hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with increased risk of perioperative stroke in cardiac surgery Ann Thorac Surg 80 2005 1381 1387
73. T. Johannes, E.G. Mik, and B. Nohe Acute decrease in renal microvascular PO2 during acute normovolemic hemodilution Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293 2007 F796 F803
74. J. Creteur, A.P. Neves, and J.L. Vincent Near-infrared spectroscopy technique to evaluate the effects of red blood cell transfusion on tissue oxygenation Crit Care 13 Suppl. 5 2009 S11
75. R. Dhar, A.R. Zazulia, and T.O. Videen Red blood cell transfusion increases cerebral oxygen delivery in anemic patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 40 2009 3039 3044
76. D.A. Zygun, J. Nortje, and P.J. Hutchinson The effect of red blood cell transfusion on cerebral oxygenation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury Crit Care Med 37 2009 1074 1078
77. G.M. Hare, A. Mu, and A. Romaschin Plasma methemoglobin as a potential biomarker of anemic stress in humans Can J Anaesth 59 2012 348 356
78. P.E. Marik, and H.L. Corwin Efficacy of red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill: a systematic review of the literature Crit Care Med 36 2008 2667 2674
79. E. Irisson, Y. Hemon, and V. Pauly Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and financial cost in primary total hip and knee replacement surgery Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 98 2012 477 483
80. A. Kotze, L.A. Carter, and A.J. Scally Effect of a patient blood management programme on preoperative anaemia, transfusion rate, and outcome after primary hip or knee arthroplasty: a quality improvement cycle Br J Anaesth 108 2012 943 952
81. D.M. Moskowitz, J.N. McCullough, and A. Shander The impact of blood conservation on outcomes in cardiac surgery: is it safe and effective? Ann Thorac Surg 90 2010 451 458
82. A.A. Alghamdi, M.J. Albanna, and V. Guru Does the use of erythropoietin reduce the risk of exposure to allogeneic blood transfusion in cardiac surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis J Card Surg 21 2006 320 326
83. J. Freedman, K. Luke, and M. Escobar Experience of a network of transfusion coordinators for blood conservation (Ontario Transfusion Coordinators [ONTraC]) Transfusion 48 2008 237 250
84. L.T. Goodnough, A. Maniatis, and P. Earnshaw Detection, evaluation, and management of preoperative anaemia in the elective orthopaedic surgical patient: NATA guidelines Br J Anaesth 106 2011 13 22
85. J.R. de Andrade, D. Frei, and M. Guilfoyle Integrated analysis of thrombotic/vascular event occurrence in epoetin alfa-treated patients undergoing major, elective orthopedic surgery Orthopedics 22 1999 s113 s118
86. B.G. Feagan, C.J. Wong, and A. Kirkley Erythropoietin with iron supplementation to prevent allogeneic blood transfusion in total hip joint arthroplasty. A randomized, controlled trial Ann Intern Med 133 2000 845 854
87. O.M. Theusinger, P.F. Leyvraz, and U. Schanz Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in orthopedic surgery with intravenous iron: efficacy and limits: a prospective study Anesthesiology 107 2007 923 927
88. M. Auerbach, H. Ballard, and J. Glaspy Clinical update: intravenous iron for anaemia Lancet 369 2007 1502 1504
89. A. Shander, R.K. Spence, and M. Auerbach Can intravenous iron therapy meet the unmet needs created by the new restrictions on erythropoietic stimulating agents? Transfusion 50 2010 719 732
90. J.A. Garcia-Erce, J. Cuenca, and S. Haman-Alcober Efficacy of preoperative recombinant human erythropoietin administration for reducing transfusion requirements in patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture repair. An observational cohort study Vox Sang 97 2009 260 267
91. H.S. Na, S.Y. Shin, and J.Y. Hwang Effects of intravenous iron combined with low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin on transfusion requirements in iron-deficient patients undergoing bilateral total knee replacement arthroplasty Transfusion 51 2011 118 124
92. U. Testa Erythropoietic stimulating agents Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 15 2010 119 138
93. J.D. Rizzo, M.R. Somerfield, and K.L. Hagerty Use of epoetin and darbepoetin in patients with cancer: 2007 American Society of Hematology/American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update Blood 111 2008 25 41
94. C.P. Stowell, S.C. Jones, and C. Enny An open-label, randomized, parallel-group study of perioperative epoetin alfa versus standard of care for blood conservation in major elective spinal surgery: safety analysis Spine 34 2009 2479 2485
95. D.A. Henry, P.A. Carless, and A.J. Moxey Anti-fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion Cochrane Database Syst Rev 19 2011 CD001886
96. S.M. Frank, W.J. Savage, and J.A. Rothschild Variability in blood and blood component utilization as assessed by an anesthesia information management system Anesthesiology 117 2012 99 106
97. E. Bennett-Guerrero, Y. Zhao, and S.M. O'Brien Variation in use of blood transfusion in coronary artery bypass graft surgery J Am Med Assoc 304 2010 1568 1575
98. R.B. Weiskopf Emergency transfusion for acute severe anemia: a calculated risk Anesth Analg 111 2010 1088 1092