Ultrasound elastography: Principles, techniques, and clinical applications

Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-19

  Dewall, Ryan J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Radiation force; Shear wave imaging; Strain imaging; Tissue elasticity; Tissue mechanics

Indexed keywords

RADIATION FORCES; SHEAR WAVE IMAGING; STRAIN IMAGING; TISSUE ELASTICITY; TISSUE MECHANICS;

ELASTICITY; MEDICAL IMAGING; SHEAR WAVES; TISSUE; ULTRASONICS;

ULTRASONIC APPLICATIONS;

ABLATION THERAPY; ACHILLES TENDINITIS; ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE IMPULSE IMAGING; ACOUSTIC TECHNOLOGY; ACOUSTOGRAPHY; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ELASTICITY; ELASTOGRAPHY; EXCITATION; HEART CYCLE; HEART FUNCTION; HUMAN; LIVER FIBROSIS; MECHANICAL STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; SUPERSONIC SHEAR IMAGING; TENNIS ELBOW; ULTRASOUND SCANNER; VIBRATION;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; ELASTICITY IMAGING TECHNIQUES; HUMANS;

EID: 84875802131     PISSN: 0278940X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2013006991     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. Fung YC. Biomechanics: mechanical properties of living tissues. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1993.
2. Brubaker RG, Wickersham D. Encouraging the practice of testicular self-examination: A field application of the theory of reasoned action. Health Psychol. 1990;9(2):154-63.
3. Lauver D. Instructional information and breast self-examination practice. Res Nursing Health. 1989;12(1):11-9.
4. Kusaka K, Harihara Y, Torzilli G, Kubota K, Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Mori M, Omata S. Objective evaluation of liver consistency to estimate hepatic fibrosis and functional reserve for hepatectomy. J Am Col Surgeons. 2000;191(1):47-53.
5. Ophir J, Cespedes I, Ponnekanti H, Yazdi Y, Li X. Elastography: a quantitative method for imaging the elasticity of biological tissues. Ultrason Imaging. 1991;13(2):111-34.
6. Lerner RM, Parker K., Holen J, Gramiak R, Waag RC. Sono-elasticity: medical elasticity images derived from ultrasound signals in mechanically vibrated targets. Acoust Imaging. 1988;16(3):317-27.
7. Fatemi M, Greenleaf JF. Ultrasound-stimulated vibroacoustic spectrography. Science. 1998;280(5360):82-5.
8. Nightingale KR, Palmeri ML, Nightingale RW, Trahey GE. On the feasibility of remote palpation using acoustic radiation force. J Acoust Soc Am. 2001;110(1):625-34.
9. Sandrin L, Tanter M, Gennisson JL, Catheline S, Fink M. Shear elasticity probe for soft tissues with 1-D transient elastography. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2002;49(4):436-46.
10. Bercoff J, Tanter M, Fink M. Supersonic shear imaging: a new technique for soft tissue elasticity mapping. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2004;51(4):396-409.
11. Chenevert TL, Skovoroda AR, Emelianov SY. Elasticity reconstructive imaging by means of stimulated echo MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2005;39(3):482-90.
12. Sinkus R, Lorenzen J, Schrader D, Lorenzen M, Dargatz M, Holz D. High-resolution tensor MR elastography for breast tumour detection. Phys Med Biol. 2000;45(6):1649-64.
13. Huwart L, Peeters F, Sinkus R, Annet L, Salameh N, ter Beek LC, Horsmans Y, Van Beers BE. Liver fibrosis: noninvasive assessment with MR elastography. NMR Biomed. 2006;19(2):173-9.
14. Muthupillai R, Lomas DJ, Rossman PJ, Greenleaf JF, Manduca A, Ehman RL. Magnetic resonance elastography by direct visualization of propagating acoustic strain waves. Science. 1995;269(5232):1854-7.
15. Manduca A, Oliphant TE, Dresner MA, Mahowald JL, Kruse SA, Amromin E, Felmlee JP, Greenleaf JF, Ehman RL. Magnetic resonance elastography: non-invasive mapping of tissue elasticity. Med Image Anal. 2001;5(4):237-54.
16. Plewes DB, Betty I, Urchuk SN, Soutar I. Visualizing tissue compliance with MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;5(6):733-8.
17. Schmitt JM. OCT elastography: imaging microscopic deformation and strain of tissue. Opt Express. 1998;3(6):199-211.
18. Krouskop TA, Wheeler TM, Kallel F, Garra BS, Hall T. Elastic moduli of breast and prostate tissues under compression. Ultrason Imaging. 1998;20(4):260-74.
19. DeWall RJ, Bharat S, Varghese T, Hanson ME, Agni RM, Kliewer MA. Characterizing the compression-dependent viscoelastic properties of human hepatic pathologies using dynamic compression testing. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57(8):2273-86.
20. Yeh WC, Li PC, Jeng YM, Hsu HC, Kuo PL, Li ML, Yang PM, Lee PH. Elastic modulus measurements of human liver and correlation with pathology. Untrasound Med Biol. 2002;28(4):467-74.
21. Nava A, Mazza E, Furrer M, Villiger P, Reinhart WH. In vivo mechanical characterization of human liver. Med Image Anal. 2008;12(2):203-16.
22. Mazza E, Nava A, Hahnloser D, Jochum W, Bajka M. The mechanical response of human liver and its relation to histology: an in vivo study. Med Image Anal. 2007;11(6):663-72.
23. Kiss MZ, Varghese T, Hall TJ. Viscoelastic characterization of in vitro canine tissue. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49(18):4207-18.
24. DeWall R, Varghese T, Brace C. Quantifying local stiffness variations in radiofrequency ablations with dynamic indentation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2012;59(3):728-35.
25. Duenwald-Kuehl S, Kondratko J, Lakes RS, Vanderby R. Damage mechanics of porcine flexor tendon: mechanical evaluation and modeling. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40(8):1692-707.
26. Kiss MZ, Hobson MA, Varghese T, Harter J, Kliewer MA, Hartenbach EM, Zagzebski JA. Frequency-dependent complex modulus of the uterus: preliminary results. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51(15):3683-95.
27. DeWall RJ, Varghese T, Kliewer MA, Harter JM, Hartenbach EM. Compression-dependent viscoelastic behavior of human cervix tissue. Ultrason Imaging. 2010;32(4):214-28.
28. Myers KM, Paskaleva AP, House M, Socrate S. Mechanical and biochemical properties of human cervical tissue. Acta Biomaterial. 2008;4(1):104-16.
29. Mazza E, Nava A, Bauer M, Winter R, Bajka M, Holzapfel GA. Mechanical properties of the human uterine cervix: an in vivo study. Med Image Anal. 2006;10(2):125-36.
30. DeWall RJ, Bharat S, Varghese T, Hanson ME, Kliewer MA. Spatial stiffness map of a human colon metastasis estimated via dynamic indentation. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2012;59(5):
31. Kiss MZ, Daniels MJ, Varghese T. Investigation of temperature-dependent viscoelastic properties of thermal lesions in ex vivo animal liver tissue. J Biomech. 2009;42(8):959-66.
32. Sarrafian TL, Wang H, Hackett ES, Yao JQ, Shih MS, Ramsay HL, Turner AS. Comparison of Achilles tendon repair techniques in a sheep model using a cross-linked acellular porcine dermal patch and platelet-rich plasma fibrin matrix for augmentation. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;49(2):128-34.
33. Fu SC, Cheng WH, Cheuk YC, Mok TY, Rolf CG, Yung SH, Chan KM. Effect of graft tensioning on mechanical restoration in a rat model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using free tendon graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;1-8.
34. Zhang F, Liu H, Stile F, Lei MP, Pang Y, Oswald TM, Beck J, Dorsett-Martin W, Lineaweaver WC. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on rat Achilles tendon healing. Plastic Reconstruct Surg. 2003;112(6):1613-9.
35. Peltz CD, Sarver JJ, Dourte LAM, Würgler-Hauri CC, Williams GR, Soslowsky LJ. Exercise following a short immobilization period is detrimental to tendon properties and joint mechanics in a rat rotator cuff injury model. J Orthop Res. 2010;28(7):841-5.
36. Eliasson P, Andersson T, Aspenberg P. Rat Achilles tendon healing: mechanical loading and gene expression. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(2):399-407.
37. Eliasson P, Fahlgren A, Pasternak B, Aspenberg P. Unloaded rat Achilles tendons continue to grow, but lose viscoelasticity. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(2):459-63.
38. Cox RH. Comparison of arterial wall mechanics in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol. 1979;237(2):H159-67.
39. Neves MF, Endemann D, Amiri F, Virdis A, Pu Q, Rozen R, Schiffrin EL. Small artery mechanics in hyperhomocysteinemic mice: effects of angiotensin II. J Hypertension. 2004;22(5):959-66.
40. Ponnekanti H, Ophir J, Cespedes I. Ultrasonic imaging of the stress distribution in elastic media due to an external compressor. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994;20(1):27-33.
41. Varghese T, Zagzebski JA, Frank G, Madsen EL. Elastographic imaging using a handheld compressor. Ultrason Imaging. 2002;24(1):25-35.
42. Hall T., Zhu Y, Spalding CS. In vivo real-time freehand palpation imaging. Untrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(3):427-35.
43. Konofagou EE, D'hooge J, Ophir J. Myocardial elastography-a feasibility study in vivo. Untrasound Med Biol. 2002;28(4):475-82.
44. De Korte CL, Van Der Steen AFW. Intravascular ultrasound elastography: an overview. Ultrasonics. 2002;40(1):859-65.
45. Varghese T, Shi H. Elastographic imaging of thermal lesions in liver in-vivo using diaphragmatic stimuli. Ultrason Imaging. 2004;26(1):18-28.
46. Gorcsan III J, Strum DP, Mandarino WA, Gulati VK, Pinsky MR. Quantitative assessment of alterations in regional left ventricular contractility with color-coded tissue Doppler echocardiography: comparison with sonomicrometry and pressurevolume relations. Circulation. 1997;95(10):2423-33.
47. Becker M, Bilke E, Kühl H, Katoh M, Kramann R, Franke A, Bücker A, Hanrath P, Hoffmann R. Analysis of myocardial deformation based on pixel tracking in two dimensional echocardiographic images enables quantitative assessment of regional left ventricular function. Heart. 2006;92(8):1102-8.
48. O'Donnell M, Skovoroda AR, Shapo BM, Emelianov SY. Internal displacement and strain imaging using ultrasonic speckle tracking. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 1994;41(3):314-25.
49. Pellot-Barakat C, Frouin F, Insana MF, Herment A. Ultrasound elastography based on multiscale estimations of regularized displacement fields. IEEE Trans Medical Imaging. 2004;23(2):153-63.
50. Bilgen M, Insana MF. Deformation models and correlation analysis in elastography. J Acoust Soc Am. 1996;99(5):3212-24.
51. Brusseau E, Perrey C, Delachartre P, Vogt M, Vray D, Ermert H. Axial strain imaging using a local estimation of the scaling factor from RF ultrasound signals. Ultrason Imaging. 2000;22(2):95-107.
52. Zhu Y, Hall TJ. A modified block matching method for real-time freehand strain imaging. Ultrason Imaging. 2002;24(3):161-76.
53. Chaturvedi P, Insana MF, Hall TJ. 2-D companding for noise reduction in strain imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 1998;45(1):179-91.
54. Chen X, Xie H, Erkamp R, Kim K, Jia C, Rubin JM, O'Donnell M. 3-D correlation-based speckle tracking. Ultrason Imaging. 2005;27(1):21-36.
55. Patil AV, Garson CD, Hossack JA. 3D prostate elastography: algorithm, simulations and experiments. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52(12):3643-63.
56. Konofagou EE, Harrigan T, Ophir J. Shear strain estimation and lesion mobility assessment in elastography. Ultrasonics. 2000;38(1):400-4.
57. Rao M, Chen Q, Shi H, Varghese T, Madsen EL, Zagzebski JA, Wilson TA. Normal and shear strain estimation using beam steering on linear-array transducers. Untrasound Med Biol. 2007;33(1):57-66.
58. Kallel F, Bertrand M. Tissue elasticity reconstruction using linear perturbation method. IEEE Trans Medical Imaging. 1996;15(3):299-313.
59. Barbone PE, Bamber JC. Quantitative elasticity imaging: what can and cannot be inferred from strain images. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47(12):2147-64.
60. Catheline S, Wu F, Fink M. A solution to diffraction biases in sonoelasticity: the acoustic impulse technique. J Acoust Soc Am. 1999;105(5):2941-50.
61. Sarvazyan AP, Rudenko OV, Swanson SD, Fowlkes JB, Emelianov SY. Shear wave elasticity imaging: a new ultrasonic technology of medical diagnostics. Untrasound Med Biol. 1998;24(9):1419-35.
62. Nightingale K, Nightingale R, Stutz D, Trahey G. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of in vivo vastus medialis muscle under varying isometric load. Ultrason Imaging. 2002;24(2):100-8.
63. Deffieux T, Montaldo G, Tanter M, Fink M. Shear wave spectroscopy for in vivo quantification of human soft tissues visco-elasticity. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2009;28(3):313-22.
64. Palmeri ML, Nightingale KR. On the thermal effects associated with radiation force imaging of soft tissue. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2004;51(5):551-65.
65. Luo J, Li RX, Konofagou EE. Pulse wave imaging of the human carotid artery: an in vivo feasibility study. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2012;59(1):174-81.
66. Gallot T, Catheline S, Roux P, Brum J, Benech N, Negreira C. Passive elastography: shear-wave tomography from physiological-noise correlation in soft tissues. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2011;58(6):1122-6.
67. Garra BS, Cespedes EI, Ophir J, Spratt SR, Zuurbier RA, Magnant CM, Pennanen MF. Elastography of breast lesions: initial clinical results. Radiology. 1997;202(1):79- 86.
68. Sumura M, Shigeno K, Hyuga T, Yoneda T, Shiina H, Igawa M. Initial evaluation of prostate cancer with real-time elastography based on step-section pathologic analysis after radical prostatectomy: a preliminary study. Int J Urol. 2007;14(9):811-6.
69. Souchon R, Rouvière O, Gelet A, Detti V, Srinivasan S, Ophir J, Chapelon JY. Visualisation of HIFU lesions using elastography of the human prostate in vivo: preliminary results. Untrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(7):1007-15.
70. Righetti R, Kallel F, Stafford RJ, Price RE, Krouskop TA, Hazle JD, Ophir J. Elastographic characterization of HIFU-induced lesions in canine livers. Untrasound Med Biol. 1999;25(7):1099-113.
71. Varghese T, Zagzebski JA, Lee Jr FT. Elastographic imaging of thermal lesions in the liver in vivo following radiofrequency ablation: preliminary results. Untrasound Med Biol. 2002;28(11-12):1467-73.
72. Lyshchik A, Higashi T, Asato R, Tanaka S, Ito J, Mai JJ, Pellot-Barakat C, Insana MF, Brill AB, Saga T, Hiraoka M, Togashi K. Thyroid gland tumor diagnosis at US Elastography. Radiology. 2005;237(1):202-11.
73. Hobson MA, Kiss MZ, Varghese T, Sommer AM, Kliewer MA, Zagzebski JA, Hall T., Harter J, Hartenbach EM, Madsen EL. In vitro uterine strain imaging preliminary results. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26(7):899-908.
74. Thittai AK, Galaz B, Ophir J. Visualization of HIFUinduced lesion boundaries by axial-shear strain elastography: a feasibility study. Untrasound Med Biol. 2011;37(3):426-33.
75. Kimura K, Takenaka K, Ebihara A, Uno K, Iwata H, Sata M, Kohro T, Morita H, Yatomi Y, Nagai R. Reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy of three-layer speckle tracking echocardiography in a swine chronic ischemia model. Echocardiography. 2011;28(10):1148-55.
76. Hardegree EL, Sachdev A, Villarraga HR, Frantz RP, Mc-Goon MD, Kushwaha SS, Hsiao JF, McCully RB, Oh JK, Pellikka PA, Kane GC. Role of serial quantitative assessment of right ventricular function by strain in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(1):143-8.
77. De Korte CL, Céspedes EI, Van der Steen AFW, Lancée CT. Intravascular elasticity imaging using ultrasound: feasibility studies in phantoms. Untrasound Med Biol. 1997;23(5):735-46.
78. Kanai H, Hasegawa H, Ichiki M, Tezuka F, Koiwa Y. Elasticity imaging of atheroma with transcutaneous ultrasound preliminary study. Circulation. 2003;107(24):3018-21.
79. Maurice RL, Daronat M, Ohayon J, Stoyanova E, Foster FS, Cloutier G. Non-invasive high-frequency vascular ultrasound elastography. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50(7):1611-28.
80. McCormick M, Varghese T, Wang X, Mitchell C, Kliewer MA, Dempsey RJ. Methods for robust in vivo strain estimation in the carotid artery. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57(22):7329-53.
81. Huang SR, Lerner RM, Parker KJ. On estimating the amplitude of harmonic vibration from the Doppler spectrum of reflected signals. J Acoust Soc Am. 1990;88(6):2702-12.
82. Wu Z, Taylor LS, Rubens DJ, Parker KJ. Sonoelastographic imaging of interference patterns for estimation of the shear velocity of homogeneous biomaterials. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49(6):911-22.
83. Taylor LS, Rubens DJ, Porter BC, Wu Z, Baggs RB, di Sant'Agnese PA, Nadasdy G, Pasternack D, Messing EM, Nigwekar P, Parker KJ. Prostate cancer: three-dimensional sonoelastography for in vitro detection. Radiology. 2005;237(3):981-5.
84. Zhang M, Nigwekar P, Castaneda B, Hoyt K, Joseph JV, di Sant'Agnese A, Messing EM, Strang JG, Rubens DJ, Parker KJ. Quantitative characterization of viscoelastic properties of human prostate correlated with histology. Untrasound Med Biol. 2008;34(7):1033-42.
85. Zhang M, Castaneda B, Christensen J, Saad W, Bylund K, Hoyt K, Strang JG, Rubens DJ, Parker KJ. Real-time sonoelastography of hepatic thermal lesions in a swine model. Med Phys. 2008;35(9):4132-41.
86. Hoyt K, Kneezel T, Castaneda B, Parker KJ. Quantitative sonoelastography for the in vivo assessment of skeletal muscle viscoelasticity. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53(15):4063-80.
87. Hazard C, Hah Z, Rubens D, Parker K. Integration of crawling waves in an ultrasound imaging system. Part 1: system and design considerations. Untrasound Med Biol. 2012;38(2):296-311.
88. Hah Z, Hazard C, Mills B, Barry C, Rubens D, Parker K. Integration of crawling waves in an ultrasound imaging system. Part 2: signal processing and applications. Untrasound Med Biol. 2012;38(2):312-23.
89. Gennisson JL, Catheline S, Chaffaï S, Fink M. Transient elastography in anisotropic medium: application to the measurement of slow and fast shear wave speeds in muscles. J Acoust Soc Am. 2003;114(1):536-41.
90. Gennisson JL, Cornu C, Catheline S, Fink M, Portero P. Human muscle hardness assessment during incremental isometric contraction using transient elastography. J Biomech. 2005;38(7):1543-50.
91. Nordez A, Gennisson JL, Casari P, Catheline S, Cornu C. Characterization of muscle belly elastic properties during passive stretching using transient elastography. J Biomech. 2008;41(10):2305-11.
92. Gennisson JL, Baldeweck T, Tanter M, Catheline S, Fink M, Sandrin L, Cornillon C, Querleux B. Assessment of elastic parameters of human skin using dynamic elastography. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2004;51(8):980-9.
93. Gennisson JL, Lerouge S, Cloutier G. Assessment by transient elastography of the viscoelastic properties of blood during clotting. Untrasound Med Biol. 2006;32(10):1529-37.
94. Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph JM, Yon S, Fournier C, Mal F, Christidis C, Ziol M, Poulet B, Kazemi F, Beaugrand M, Palau R. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Untrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(12):1705-13.
95. Foucher J, Chanteloup E, Vergniol J, Castéra L, Le Bail B, Adhoute X, Bertet J, Couzigou P, de Lédinghen V. Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (FibroScan): a prospective study. Gut. 2006;55(3):403-8.
96. Sandrin L, Tanter M, Catheline S, Fink M. Shear modulus imaging with 2-D transient elastography. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2002;49(4):426-35.
97. Bercoff J, Chaffai S, Tanter M, Sandrin L, Catheline S, Fink M, Gennisson JL, Meunier M. In vivo breast tumor detection using transient elastography. Untrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(10):1387-96.
98. Azar RZ, Dickie K, Pelissier L. Real-time 1-D/2-D transient elastography on a standard ultrasound scanner using mechanically induced vibration. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2012;59(10):2167-77.
99. Bharat S, Varghese T, Madsen EL, Zagzebski JA. Radiofrequency ablation electrode displacement elastography: a phantom study. Med Phys. 2008;35(6):2432-42.
100. Bharat S, Varghese T. Contrast-transfer improvement for electrode displacement elastography. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51(24):6403-18.
101. Bharat S, Fisher TG, Varghese T, Hall T., Jiang J, Madsen EL, Zagzebski JA, Lee FT Jr. Three-dimensional electrode displacement elastography using the Siemens C7F2 four sight four-dimensional ultrasound transducer. Untrasound Med Biol. 2008;34(8):1307-16.
102. DeWall RJ, Varghese T, Madsen EL. Shear wave velocity imaging using transient electrode perturbation: phantom and ex vivo validation. IEEE Trans Medical Imaging. 2011;30(3):666-78.
103. Bharat S, Varghese T. Radiofrequency electrode vibration-induced shear wave imaging for tissue modulus estimation: a simulation study. J Acoust Soc Am. 2010;128(4):1582-5.
104. Dewall RJ, Varghese T. Improving thermal ablation delineation with electrode vibration elastography using a bidirectional wave propagation assumption. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2012;59(1):168-73.
105. DeWall RJ, Varghese T, Brace CL. Visualizing ex vivo radiofrequency and microwave ablation zones using electrode vibration elastography. Med Phys. 2012;39(11):6692-700.
106. Orescanin M, Insana MF. Shear modulus estimation with vibrating needle stimulation. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2010;57(6):1358-67.
107. Orescanin M, Qayyum MA, Toohey KS, Insana MF. Dispersion and shear modulus measurements of porcine liver. Ultrason Imaging. 2010;32(4):255-66.
108. Dahl JJ, Pinton GF, Palmeri ML, Agrawal V, Nightingale KR, Trahey GE. A parallel tracking method for acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2007;54(2):301-12.
109. Meng W, Zhang G, Wu C, Wu G, Song Y, Lu Z. Preliminary results of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) ultrasound imaging of breast lesions. Untrasound Med Biol. 2011;37(9):1436-43.
110. Zhai L, Madden J, Foo WC, Palmeri ML, Mouraviev V, Polascik TJ, Nightingale KR. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of human prostates ex vivo. Untrasound Med Biol. 2010;36(4):576-88.
111. Fahey BJ, Nightingale KR, Nelson RC, Palmeri ML, Trahey GE. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of the abdomen: demonstration of feasibility and utility. Untrasound Med Biol. 2005;31(9):1185-98.
112. Palmeri ML, Frinkley KD, Zhai L, Gottfried M, Bentley RC, Ludwig K, Nightingale KR. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. Ultrason Imaging. 2005;27(2):75-88.
113. Fahey BJ, Nightingale KR, McAleavey SA, Palmeri ML, Wolf PD, Trahey GE. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of myocardial radiofrequency ablation: initial in vivo results. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2005;52(4):631-41.
114. Dahl JJ, Dumont DM, Allen JD, Miller EM, Trahey GE. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for noninvasive characterization of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques: a feasibility study. Untrasound Med Biol. 2009;35(5):707-16.
115. Palmeri ML, Dahl JJ, Macleod DB, Grant SA, Nightingale KR. On the feasibility of imaging peripheral nerves using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. Ultrason Imaging. 2009;31(3):172-82.
116. Nightingale K, McAleavey S, Trahey G. Shear-wave generation using acoustic radiation force: in vivo and ex vivo results. Untrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(12):1715-23.
117. Palmeri ML, Wang MH, Dahl JJ, Frinkley KD, Nightingale KR. Quantifying hepatic shear modulus in vivo using acoustic radiation force. Untrasound Med Biol. 2008;34(4):546-58.
118. Friedrich-Rust M, Romenski O, Meyer G, Dauth N, Holzer K, Grünwald F, Kriener S, Herrmann E, Zeuzem S, Bojunga J. Acoustic radiation force impulse-imaging for the evaluation of the thyroid gland: a limited patient feasibility study. Ultrasonics. 2012;52(1):69-74.
119. Tierney ÁP, Dumont DM, Callanan A, Trahey G., Mc-Gloughlin TM. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging on ex vivo abdominal aortic aneurysm model. Untrasound Med Biol. 2010;36(5):821-32.
120. Tanter M, Bercoff J, Athanasiou A, Deffieux T, Gennisson JL, Montaldo G, Muller M, Tardivon A, Fink M. Quantitative assessment of breast lesion viscoelasticity: initial clinical results using supersonic shear imaging. Untrasound Med Biol. 2008;34(9):1373-86.
121. Athanasiou A, Tardivon A, Tanter M, Sigal-Zafrani B, Bercoff J, Deffieux T, Gennisson JL, Fink M, Neuenschwander S. Breast Lesions: Quantitative elastography with supersonic shear imaging-preliminary results. Radiology. 2010;256(1):297-303.
122. Barr RG, Memo R, Schaub CR. Shear Wave Ultrasound Elastography of the Prostate: Initial Results. Ultrasound Q. 2012;28(1):13-20.
123. Arnal B, Pernot M, Tanter M. Monitoring of thermal therapy based on shear modulus changes: I. shear wave thermometry. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2011;58(2):369-78.
124. Arnal B, Pernot M, Tanter M. Monitoring of thermal therapy based on shear modulus changes: II. shear wave imaging of thermal lesions. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2011;58(8):1603-11.
125. Sebag F, Vaillant-Lombard J, Berbis J, Griset V, Henry JF, Petit P, Oliver C. Shear wave elastography: a new ultrasound imaging mode for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(12):5281-8.
126. Muller M, Gennisson JL, Deffieux T, Tanter M, Fink M. Quantitative viscoelasticity mapping of human liver using supersonic shear imaging: preliminary in vivo feasability study. Untrasound Med Biol. 2009;35(2):219-29.
127. Bavu É, Gennisson JL, Couade M, Bercoff J, Mallet V, Fink M, Badel A, Vallet-Pichard A, Nalpas B, Tanter M, Pol S. Noninvasive in vivo liver fibrosis evaluation using supersonic shear imaging: a clinical study on 113 hepatitis C virus patients. Untrasound Med Biol. 2011;37(9):1361-73.
128. Couade M, Pernot M, Messas E, Bel A, Ba M, Hagège A, Fink M, Tanter M. In vivo quantitative mapping of myocardial stiffening and transmural anisotropy during the cardiac cycle. IEEE Trans Medical Imaging. 2011;30(2):295-305.
129. Couade M, Pernot M, Prada C, Messas E, Emmerich J, Bruneval P, Criton A, Fink M, Tanter M. Quantitative assessment of arterial wall biomechanical properties using shear wave imaging. Untrasound Med Biol. 2010;36(10):1662-76.
130. Maïsetti O, Hug F, Bouillard K, Nordez A. Characterization of passive elastic properties of the human medial gastrocnemius muscle belly using supersonic shear imaging. J Biomech. 2012;45(6):978-84.
131. Nordez A, Hug F. Muscle shear elastic modulus measured using supersonic shear imaging is highly related to muscle activity level. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(5):1389-94.
132. Lv F, Tang J, Luo Y, Ban Y, Wu R, Tian J, Yu T, Xie X, Li T. Muscle crush injury of extremity: quantitative elastography with supersonic shear imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2012;38(5):795-802.
133. Tanter M, Touboul D, Gennisson JL, Bercoff J, Fink M. High-resolution quantitative imaging of cornea elasticity using supersonic shear imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2009;28(12):1881-93.
134. Macé E, Cohen I, Montaldo G, Miles R, Fink M, Tanter M. In vivo mapping of brain elasticity in small animals using shear wave imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging, 2011;30(3):550-8.
135. Fatemi M, Wold LE, Alizad A, Greenleaf JF. Vibroacoustic tissue mammography. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2002;21(1):1-8.
136. Mitri FG, Davis BJ, Urban MW, Alizad A, Greenleaf JF, Lischer GH, Wilson TM, Fatemi M. Vibro-acoustography imaging of permanent prostate brachytherapy seeds in an excised human prostate-Preliminary results and technical feasibility. Ultrasonics. 2009;49(3):389-94.
137. Alizad A, Wold LE, Greenleaf JF, Fatemi M. Imaging mass lesions by vibro-acoustography: modeling and experiments. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2004;23(9):1087-93.
138. Allizad A, Mitri FG, Kinnick RR, Greenleaf JF, Fatemi M. Vibro-acoustography of thyroid. J Acoust Soc Am. 2007;122(5):3026-3026.
139. Pislaru C, Kantor B, Kinnick RR, Anderson JL, Aubry MC, Urban MW, Fatemi M, Greenleaf JF. In vivo vibroacoustography of large peripheral arteries. Investigat Radiol. 2008;43(4):243-52.
140. Alizad A, Walch M, Greenleaf JF, Fatemi M. Vibrational characteristics of bone fracture and fracture repair: application to excised rat femur. ASME J Biomech Eng. 2006;128(3):300-8.
141. Urban MW, Chalek C, Kinnick RR, Kinter TM, Haider B, Greenleaf JF,Thomenius KE, Fatemi M. Implementation of vibro-acoustography on a clinical ultrasound system. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2011;58(6):1169-81.
142. Jiang J, Hall T., Sommer AM. A novel performance descriptor for ultrasonic strain imaging: a preliminary study. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control. 2006;53(6):1088-102.
143. Tavassoli FA. Pathology of the breast. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill; 1999.
144. Burnside ES, Hall T., Sommer AM, Hesley GK, Sisney GA, Svensson WE, Fine JP, Jiang J, Hangiandreou NJ. Differentiating benign from malignant solid breast masses with US Strain Imaging. Radiology. 2007;245(2):401-10.
145. Thitaikumar A, Krouskop TA, Garra BS, Ophir J. Visualization of bonding at an inclusion boundary using axialshear strain elastography: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52(9):2615-33.
146. Xu H, Rao M, Varghese T, Sommer A, Baker S, Hall T., Sisney GA, Burnside ES. Axial-shear strain imaging for differentiating benign and malignant breast masses. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010;36(11):1813-24.
147. Thittai AK, Yamal JM, Mobbs LM, Kraemer-Chant CM, Chekuri S, Garra BS, Ophir J. Axial-shear strain elastography for breast lesion classification: further results from in vivo data. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011;37(2):189-97.
148. Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Martens S, Sarrazin C, Bojunga J, Zeuzem S, Herrmann E. Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(4):960-74.
149. Palmeri ML, Wang MH, Rouze NC, Abdelmalek MF, Guy CD, Moser B, Diehl AM, Nightingale KR. Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using acoustic radiation force-based shear stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2011;55(3):666-72.
150. Buckler AJ, Bresolin L, Dunnick NR, Sullivan DC. A collaborative enterprise for multi-stakeholder participation in the advancement of quantitative imaging. Radiology. 2011;258(3):906-14.
151. Gheorghe L, Iacob S, Iacob R, Dumbrava M, Becheanu G, Herlea V, Gheorghe C, Lupescu I, Popescu I. Real time elastography-a non-invasive diagnostic method of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2009;18(4):439-46.
152. Van Vledder MG, Boctor EM, Assumpcao LR, Rivaz H, Foroughi P, Hager GD, Hamper UM, Pawlik TM, Choti MA. Intra-operative ultrasound elasticity imaging for monitoring of hepatic tumour thermal ablation. nternational Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association. 2010;12(10):717-23.
153. Kolokythas O, Gauthier T, Fernandez AT, Xie H, Timm BA, Cuevas C, Dighe MK, Mitsumori LM, Bruce MF, Herzka DA, Goswami GK, Andrews RT, Oas KM, Dubinsky TJ, Warren BH. Ultrasound-based elastography: a novel approach to assess radio frequency ablation of liver masses performed with expandable ablation probes. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27(6):935-46.
154. Masuzaki R, Tateishi R, Yoshida H, Sato T, Ohki T, Goto T, Yoshida H, Sato S, Sugioka Y, Ikeda H, Shiina S, Kawabe T, Omata M. Assessing liver tumor stiffness by transient elastography. Hepatol Int. 2007;1(3):394-7.
155. Fahey BJ, Nelson RC, Hsu SJ, Bradway DP, Dumont DM, Trahey GE. In vivo guidance and assessment of liver radiofrequency ablation with acoustic radiation force elastography. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008;34(10):1590-603.
156. Fahey BJ, Nelson RC, Bradway DP, Hsu SJ, Dumont DM, Trahey GE. In vivo visualization of abdominal malignancies with acoustic radiation force elastography. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53(1):279-93.
157. Cho SH, Lee JY, Han JK, Choi BI. Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography for the evaluation of focal solid hepatic lesions: preliminary findings. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010;36(2):202-8.
158. Kwon HJ, Kang MJ, Cho JH, Oh JY, Nam KJ, Han SY, Lee SW. Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography for hepatocellular carcinoma-associated radiofrequency ablation. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(14):1874-8.
159. Chou R, Croswell JM, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Fu R, Gleitsmann K, Koenig HC, Lam C, Maltz A. Screening for prostate cancer: a review of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Internal Med. 2011;155(11):762-71.
160. Lorenz A, Sommerfeld HJ, Garcia-Schurmann M, Philippou S, Senge T, Ermert H. A new system for the acquisition of ultrasonic multicompression strain images of the human prostate in vivo. IEEE Trans Ultrason, Ferroelectrics Frequency Control, 1999;46(5):1147-54.
161. Sumura M, Mitsui Y, Arichi N, Hiraoka T, Wake K, Honda S, Yasumoto H, Shiina H, Igawa M. Real-time balloon inflation elastography of prostate might surpass MRI for detection of prostate cancer. J Urol. 2010;183(4):e780.
162. Bharat S, Techavipoo U, Kiss MZ, Liu W, Varghese T. Monitoring stiffness changes in lesions after radiofrequency ablation at different temperatures and durations of ablation. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2005;31(3):415-22.
163. Zhai L, Polascik TJ, Foo WC, Rosenzweig S, Palmeri ML, Madden J, Nightingale KR. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of human prostates: initial in vivo demonstration. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2012;38(1):50-61.
164. Muranaka A, Yuda S, Tsuchihashi K, Hashimoto A, Nakata T, Miura T, Tsuzuki M, Wakabayashi C, Watanabe N, Shimamoto K. Quantitative assessment of left ventricular and left atrial functions by strain rate imaging in diabetic patients with and without hypertension. Echocardiography. 2008;26(3):262-71.
165. Delgado V, Ypenburg C, Van Bommel RJ, Tops LF, Mollema SA, Marsan NA, Bleeker GB, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony by speckle tracking strain imaging: comparison between longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain in cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Col Cardiol. 2008;51(20):1944-52.
166. Bouchard RR, Hsu SJ, Palmeri ML, Rouze NC, Nightingale KR, Trahey GE. Acoustic radiation force-driven assessment of myocardial elasticity using the displacement ratio rate (DRR) method. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011;37(7):1087-100.
167. Pernot M, Couade M, Mateo P, Crozatier B, Fischmeister R, Tanter M. Real-time assessment of myocardial contractility using shear wave imaging. J Am Col Cardiol. 2011;58(1):65-72.
168. Céspedes EI, De Korte CL, Van der Steen AFW. Intraluminal ultrasonic palpation: assessment of local and cross-sectional tissue stiffness. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2000;26(3):385-96.
169. Schmitt C, Soulez G, Maurice RL, Giroux MF, Cloutier G. Noninvasive vascular elastography: toward a complementary characterization tool of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;33(12):1841-58.
170. Allen JD, Ham KL, Dumont DM, Sileshi B, Trahey G., Dahl JJ. The development and potential of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging for carotid artery plaque characterization. Vasc Med. 2011;16(4):302-11.
171. Mattace-Raso FUS, Hofman A, Verwoert GC, Wittemana JC, Wilkinson I, Cockcroft J, McEniery C, Yasmin, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Bozec E, Hansen TW, Torp-Pedersen C, Ibsen H, Jeppesen J, Vermeersch SJ, Rietzschel E, De Buyzere M, Gillebert TC, Van Bortel L, Segers P, Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis C, Stefanadis C, Benetos A, Labat C, Lacolley P, Stehouwer C, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Stehouwer C, Ferreira I, Twisk JW, Czernichow S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Pannier B, Guérin A, London G, Cruickshank JK, Anderson SG, Paini A, Agabiti Rosei E, Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Filipovsky J, Seidlerova J, Dolejsova M. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors:'establishing normal and reference values. European Heart Journal (Eur Heart J). 2010;31(19):2338-50.
172. Drakonaki EE, Allen GM, Wilson DJ. Real-time ultrasound elastography of the normal Achilles tendon: reproducibility and pattern description. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(12):1196- 202.
173. Nirschl RP, Pettrone FA. Tennis elbow. the surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1979;61(6A):832-9.
174. De Zordo T, Chhem R, Smekal V, Feuchtner G, Reindl M, Fink C, Faschingbauer R, Jaschke W, Klauser AS. Realtime sonoelastography: findings in patients with symptomatic Achilles tendons and comparison to healthy volunteers (Echtzeit-Sonoelastografie: Vergleich zwischen Patienten mit symptomatischen Achillessehnen und Normalprobanden). Ultraschall in der Medizin (Ultraschall Med). 2010;31(4):394-400.
175. De Zordo T, Lill SR, Fink C, Feuchtner GM, Jaschke W, Bellmann-Weiler R, Klauser AS. Real-time sonoelastography of lateral epicondylitis: comparison of findings between patients and healthy volunteers. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):180-5.
176. Lacourpaille L, Hug F, Bouillard K, Hogrel JY, Nordez A. Supersonic shear imaging provides a reliable measurement of resting muscle shear elastic modulus. Physiolog Meas. 2012;33(3):N19-28.
177. Shinohara M, Sabra K, Gennisson JL, Fink M, Tanter M. Real-time visualization of muscle stiffness distribution with ultrasound shear wave imaging during muscle contraction. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(3):438-41.
178. Arda K, Ciledag N, Aktas E, Aribas BK, Köse K. Quantitative assessment of normal soft-tissue elasticity using shear-wave ultrasound elastography. Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(3):532-6.
179. Garcia T, Hornof WJ, Insana MF. On the ultrasonic properties of tendon. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(12):1787- 97.
180. Rago T, Santini F, Scutari M, Pinchera A, Vitti P. Elastography: new developments in ultrasound for predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(8):2917-22.
181. Goertz RS, Amann K, Heide R, Bernatik T, Neurath MF, Strobel D. An abdominal and thyroid status with acoustic radiation force impulse elastometry-a feasibility study: Acoustic radiation force impulse elastometry of human organs. Eur J Radiol. 2011;80(3):e226-30.
182. Carrión JA, Navasa M, Bosch J, Bruguera M, Gilabert R, Forns X. Transient elastography for diagnosis of advanced fibrosis and portal hypertension in patients with hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2006;12(12):1791-8.
183. Arndt R, Schmidt S, Loddenkemper C, Grünbaum M, Zidek W, van der Giet M, Westhoff TH. Noninvasive evaluation of renal allograft fibrosis by transient elastography- a pilot study. Transplant Int. 2010;23(9):871-7.
184. Syversveen T, Midtvedt K, Berstad AE, Brabrand K, StrØm EH, Abildgaard A. Tissue elasticity estimated by acoustic radiation force impulse quantification depends on the applied transducer force: an experimental study in kidney transplant patients. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(10):2130-7.
185. Grenier N, Poulain S, Lepreux S, Gennisson JL, Dallaudière B, Lebras Y, Bavu E, Servais A, Meas-Yedid V, Piccoli M, Bachelet T, Tanter M, Merville P, Couzi L. Quantitative elastography of renal transplants using supersonic shear imaging: a pilot study. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(10):2138-46.