A special material or a new state of matter: A review and reconsideration of the aerogel

Materials

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 941-968

  Du, Ai ^a,b   Zhou, Bin ^a,b   Zhang, Zhihua ^a,b   Shen, Jun ^a,b  

^a Tongji University   (China)

^b TONGJI UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Aerogel; History; Nanoporous; Preparation; Review; Sol gel; State of matter; Tendency

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS; COMPOSITE AEROGEL; NANO-POROUS; PREPARATION; QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES; STATE OF MATTER; SYNTHETIC PARAMETERS; TENDENCY;

FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS; HISTORY; INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS; REVIEWS; SOL-GEL PROCESS; SOL-GELS;

AEROGELS;

EID: 84875794724     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19961944     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ma6030941     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Alvarez-Arenas, T.E.G. Acoustic impedance matching of piezoelectric transducers to the air. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2004, 51, 624-633.
2. Clarisse, J.M.; Boudesocque-Dubois, C.; Leidinger, J.P.; Willien, J.L. A linear perturbation computation method applied to hydrodynamic instability growth predictions in ICF targets. J. Phys. IV 2006, 133, 201-204.
3. Pant, H.C.; Desai, T. Coherent structures in ablatively compressed ICF targets and Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Phys. Scripta 1996, T63, 158-161.
4. Back, C.A.; Davis, J.; Grun, J.; Suter, L.J.; Landen, O.L.; Hsing, W.W.; Miller, M.C. Multi-keV X-ray conversion efficiency in laser-produced plasmas. Phys. Plasmas 2003, 10, 2047-2055.
5. Fiedorowicz, H.; Bartnik, A.; Jarocki, R.; Rakowski, R.; Szczurek, M. Enhanced X-ray emission in the 1-keV range from a laser-irradiated gas puff target produced using the double-nozzle setup. Appl. Phys. B 2000, 70, 305-308.
6. Hu, G.Y.; Zheng, J.; Shen, B.F.; Lei, A.L.; Liu, S.Y.; Zhang, J.Y.; Yang, J.M.; Ding, Y.K.; Hu, X.; Huang, Y.X.; et al. Characterization of a multi-keV X-ray source produced by nanosecond laser irradiation of a solid target: The influence of laser focus spot and target thickness. Phys. Plasmas 2008, 15, 023103:1-023103:7.
7. Tompkins, R.J.; Mercer, I.P.; Fettweis, M.; Barnett, C.J.; Klug, D.R.; Porter, L.G.; Clark, I.; Jackson, S.; Matousek, P.; Parker, A.W.; et al. 5-20 keV laser-induced X-ray generation at 1 kHz from a liquid-jet target. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1998, 69, 3113-3117.
8. Adachi, I.; Ishii, Y.; Kawai, H.; Kuratani, A.; Tabata, M. Study of a silica aerogel for a Cherenkov radiator. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 2008, 595, 180-182.
9. Bellunato, T.; Calvi, M.; Matteuzzi, C.; Musy, M.; Negri, P.; Braem, A.; Chesi, E.; Hansen, C.; Liko, D.; Joram, C.; et al. Performance of aerogel as Cherenkov radiator. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 2004, 519, 493-507.
10. Fricke, J. Aerogels-highly tenuous solids with fascinating properties. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1988, 100, 169-173.
11. Fricke, J.; Emmerling, A. Aerogels-recent progress in production techniques and novel applications. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 1998, 13, 299-303.
12. Pierre, A.C.; Pajonk, G.M. Chemistry of aerogels and their applications. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 4243-4265.
13. Vacher, R.; Woignier, T.; Pelous, J.; Courtens, E. Structure and self-similarity of silica aerogels. Phys. Rev. B 1988, 37, 6500-6503.
14. Wagh, P.; Begag, R.; Pajonk, G.; Rao, A.V.; Haranath, D. Comparison of some physical properties of silica aerogel monoliths synthesized by different precursors. Mater. Chem. Phys. 1999, 57, 214-218.
15. Schaefer, D.W.; Keefer, K.D. Structure of random porous materials: Silica aerogel. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986, 56, 2199-2202.
16. Gesser, H.; Goswami, P. Aerogels and related porous materials. Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 765-788.
17. Kistler, S. Coherent Expanded Aerogels and Jellies. Nature 1931, 127, 741.
18. Baumann, T.F.; Gash, A.E.; Chinn, S.C.; Sawvel, A.M.; Maxwell, R.S.; Satcher, J.H. Synthesis of high-surface-area alumina aerogels without the use of alkoxide precursors. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 395-401.
19. 2 aerogel. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1546-1548.
20. Gash, A.E.; Satcher, J.H.; Simpson, R.L. Strong akaganeite aerogel monoliths using epoxides: Synthesis and characterization. Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 3268-3275.
21. Gash, A.E.; Satcher, J.H.; Simpson, R.L. Monolithic nickel(II)-based aerogels using an organic epoxide: the importance of the counterion. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2004, 350, 145-151.
22. Kucheyev, S.O.; Sadigh, B.; Baumann, T.F.; Wang, Y.M.; Felter, T.E.; van Buuren, T.; Gash, A.E.; Satcher, J.H.; Hamza, A.V. Electronic structure of chromia aerogels from soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 124315:1-124315:8.
23. Gan, L.H.; Yue, T.Y.; Chen, L.W.; Li, G.M.; Zhou, B. Preparation and characterization of beta-FeOOH aerogels. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 1997, 13, 48-51.
24. Bi, Y.T.; Ren, H.B.; Chen, B.W.; Zhang, L. Synthesis and characterization of nickel-based monolithic aerogel via sol-gel method. Adv. Mater. Res. 2011, 335-336, 368-371.
25. Ren, H.B.; Zhang, L.; Shang, C.W.; Wang, X.; Bi, Y.T. Synthesis of a low-density tantalum oxide tile-like aerogel monolithic. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2010, 53, 307-311.
26. Du, A.; Zhou, B.; Shen, J.; Gui, J.Y.; Zhong, Y.H.; Liu, C.Z.; Zhang, Z.H.; Wu, G.M. A versatile sol-gel route to monolithic oxidic gels via polyacrylic acid template. New J. Chem. 2011, 35, 1096-1102.
27. Du, A.; Zhou, B.; Shen, J.; Xiao, S.F.; Zhang, Z.H.; Liu, C.Z.; Zhang, M.X. Monolithic copper oxide aerogel via dispersed inorganic sol-gel method. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2009, 355, 175-181.
28. Du, A.; Zhou, B.; Zhong, Y.H.; Zhu, X.R.; Gao, G.H.; Wu, G.M.; Zhang, Z.H.; Shen, J. Hierarchical microstructure and formative mechanism of low-density molybdena-based aerogel derived from MoCl5. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2011, 58, 225-231.
29. 2+ polluted water. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 2160-2167.
30. 3 nanostructures. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 17431-17439.
31. Yu, H.; Bellair, R.; Kannan, R.M.; Brock, S.L. Engineering strength, porosity, and emission intensity of nanostructured CdSe networks by altering the building-block shape. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 5054-5055.
32. Kalebaila, K.K.; Georgiev, D.G.; Brock, S.L. Synthesis and characterization of germanium sulfide aerogels. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2006, 352, 232-240.
33. Arachchige, I.U.; Brock, S.L. Sol-gel assembly of CdSe nanoparticles to form porous aerogel networks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 7964-7971.
34. Mohanan, J.L.; Arachchige, I.U.; Brock, S.L. Porous semiconductor chalcogenide aerogels. Science 2005, 307, 397-400.
35. Mohanan, J.L.; Brock, S.L. A new addition to the aerogel community: Unsupported CdS aerogels with tunable optical properties. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2004, 350, 1-8.
36. Jones, S.M.; Flynn, G. Hypervelocity capture of meteoritic particles in nonsilica aerogels. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 2011, 46, 1253-1264.
37. Jones, S.M. A method for producing gradient density aerogel. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2007, 44, 255-258.
38. Horz, F.; Bastien, R.; Borg, J.; Bradley, J.P.; Bridges, J.C.; Brownlee, D.E.; Burchell, M.J.; Chi, M.F.; Cintala, M.J.; Dai, Z.R.; et al. Impact features on Stardust: Implications for comet 81P/Wild 2 dust. Science 2006, 314, 1716-1719.
39. Tsou, P. Silica Aerogel captures cosmic dust intact. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1995, 186, 415-427.
40. Zou, J.H.; Liu, J.H.; Karakoti, A.S.; Kumar, A.; Joung, D.; Li, Q.A.; Khondaker, S.I.; Seal, S.; Zhai, L. Ultralight multiwalled carbon nanotube aerogel. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 7293-7302.
41. Skaltsas, T.; Avgouropoulos, G.; Tasis, D. Impact of the fabrication method on the physicochemical properties of carbon nanotube-based aerogels. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2011, 143, 451-457.
42. Kim, K.H.; Vural, M.; Islam, M.F. Single-walled carbon nanotube aerogel-based elastic conductors. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 2865-2869.
43. Aliev, A.E.; Oh, J.Y.; Kozlov, M.E.; Kuznetsov, A.A.; Fang, S.L.; Fonseca, A.F.; Ovalle, R.; Lima, M.D.; Haque, M.H.; Gartstein, Y.N.; et al. Giant-stroke, superelastic carbon nanotube aerogel muscles. Science 2009, 323, 1575-1578.
44. Xu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Li, P.G.; Gao, C. Strong, conductive, lightweight, neat graphene aerogel fibers with aligned pores. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 7103-7113.
45. Wu, X.Z.; Zhou, J.; Xing, W.; Wang, G.Q.; Cui, H.Y.; Zhuo, S.P.; Xue, Q.Z.; Yan, Z.F.; Qiao, S.Z. High-rate capacitive performance of graphene aerogel with a superhigh C/O molar ratio. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 23186-23193.
46. Li, J.; Wang, F.; Liu, C.Y. Tri-isocyanate reinforced graphene aerogel and its use for crude oil adsorption. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 382, 13-16.
47. Zhang, X.T.; Sui, Z.Y.; Xu, B.; Yue, S.F.; Luo, Y.J.; Zhan, W.C.; Liu, B. Mechanically strong and highly conductive graphene aerogel and its use as electrodes for electrochemical power sources. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 6494-6497.
48. Lin, Y.R.; Ehlert, G.J.; Bukowsky, C.; Sodano, H.A. Superhydrophobic functionalized graphene aerogels. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 2200-2203.
49. Worsley, M.A.; Pauzauskie, P.J.; Olson, T.Y.; Biener, J.; Satcher, J.H.; Baumann, T.F. Synthesis of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 14067-14069.
50. Wang, J.; Ellsworth, M.W. Graphene aerogels. ECS Trans. 2009, 19, 241-247.
51. Chen, K.; Bao, Z.H.; Du, A.; Zhu, X.R.; Shen, J.; Wu, G.M.; Zhang, Z.H.; Zhou, B. One-pot synthesis, characterization and properties of acid-catalyzed resorcinol/formaldehyde cross-linked silica aerogels and their conversion to hierarchical porous carbon monoliths. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2012, 62, 294-303.
52. Chen, K.; Bao, Z.H.; Liu, D.; Zhu, X.R.; Zhang, Z.H.; Zhou, B. Confined synthesis and properties of porous silicon from silica aerogel templates by magnesiothermic reduction. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2011, 27, 2719-2725.
53. Leventis, N.; Sadekar, A.; Chandrasekaran, N.; Sotiriou-Leventis, C. Click synthesis of monolithic silicon carbide aerogels from polyacrylonitrile-coated 3D silica networks. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 2790-2803.
54. 2/C and TiCN/C composites. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 7146-7150.
55. Worsley, M.A.; Kuntz, J.D.; Pauzauskie, P.J.; Cervantes, O.; Zaug, J.M.; Gash, A.E.; Satcher, J.H.; Baumann, T.F. High surface area carbon nanotube-supported titanium carbonitride aerogels. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 5503-5506.
56. McNaught, A.D.; Wilkinson, A. Compendium of Chemical Terminology; Blackwell Science Oxford: Cambridge, UK, 1997.
57. Aegerter, M.A.; Leventis, N.; Koebel, M.M. Aerogels Handbook; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2011.
58. Husing, N.; Schubert, U. Aerogels airy materials: Chemistry, structure, and properties. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 23-45.
59. Schaedler, T.A.; Jacobsen, A.J.; Torrents, A.; Sorensen, A.E.; Lian, J.; Greer, J.R.; Valdevit, L.; Carter, W.B. Ultralight metallic microlattices. Science 2011, 334, 962-965.
60. Kistler, S. Coherent expanded-aerogels. J. Phys. Chem. 1932, 36, 52-64.
61. Nicolaon, G.; Teichner, S. New preparation process for silica xerogels and aerogels, and their textural properties. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1968, 5, 1900-1906.
62. Russo, R.; Hunt, A. Comparison of ethyl versus methyl sol-gels for silica aerogels using polar nephelometry. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1986, 86, 219-230.
63. Tewari, P.H.; Hunt, A.J.; Lofftus, K.D. Ambient-temperature supercritical drying of transparent silica aerogels. Mater. Lett. 1985, 3, 363-367.
64. Pekala, R.W. Low Density, Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Aerogels. U.S. Patent 4,873,218, 10 October 1989.
65. Smith, D.M.; Deshpande, R.; Jeffrey Brinke, C. Preparation of low-density aerogels at ambient pressure. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1992, 271, 567-572.
66. 2 nano porous aerogels. Key Eng. Mater. 2008, 373, 702-705.
67. Pekala, R. Organic aerogels from the polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde. J. Mater. Sci. 1989, 24, 3221-3227.
68. Gash, A.E.; Tillotson, T.M.; Satcher, J.H., Jr.; Poco, J.F.; Hrubesh, L.W.; Simpson, R.L. Use of epoxides in the sol-gel synthesis of porous iron (III) oxide monoliths from Fe (III) salts. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 999-1007.
69. Gash, A.E.; Tillotson, T.M.; Satcher, J.H., Jr.; Hrubesh, L.W.; Simpson, R.L. New sol-gel synthetic route to transition and main-group metal oxide aerogels using inorganic salt precursors. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2001, 285, 22-28.
70. Flynn, G.J.; Bleuet, P.; Borg, J.; Bradley, J.P.; Brenker, F.E.; Brennan, S.; Bridges, J.; Brownlee, D.E.; Bullock, E.S.; Burghammer, M.; et al. Elemental compositions of comet 81P/Wild 2 samples collected by Stardust. Science 2006, 314, 1731-1735.
71. Brinker, C.J.; Scherer, G.W. Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1990.
72. Menaa, B.; Menaa, F.; Aiolfi-Guimaraes, C.; Sharts, O. Silica-based nanoporous sol-gel glasses: From bioencapsulation to protein folding studies. Int. J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 7, 1-45.
73. Hrubesah, L.W.; Tillotson, T.M.; Poco, J.F. Characterization of ultralow-density silica aerogels made from a condensed silica precursor. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1990, 180, 315-319.
74. Liu, G.W.; Ni, X.Y.; Zhou, B.; Yu, Q.J. Preparation and characterization of ultralow density silica aerogels by acetonitrile supercritical drying. Key Eng. Mater. 2012, 519, 83-86.
75. Kugland, N.L.; Moody, J.D.; Kozioziemski, B.J.; Rubenchik, A.M.; Niemann, C. Reduction in helium thermal conductivity by 1 mg/cc silica aerogel foam. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 221913.
76. Kucheyev, S.O.; Stadermann, M.; Shin, S.J.; Satcher, J.H.; Gammon, S.A.; Letts, S.A.; van Buuren, T.; Hamza, A.V. Super-compressibility of ultralow-density nanoporous silica. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 776-780.
77. 5 aerogel targets for radiation transport experiments using thin film fabrication and laser processing. Fusion Sci. Technol. 2009, 55, 499-504.
78. Zhang, L.; Ren, H.B.; Wang, X.; Bi, Y.T.; Fan, Y.H. Characterization of monolithic tantalum oxide aerogels using epichlorohydrin as gel initiator. Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 2010, 39, 154-156.
79. Dong, W.; Dunn, B. Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of molybdenum oxide gels. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1998, 225, 135-140.
80. Dong, W.; Dunn, B. Sol-gel synthesis of monolithic molybdenum oxide aerogels and xerogels. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 665-670.
81. Dong, W.; Mansour, A.N.; Dunn, B. Structural and electrochemical properties of amorphous and crystalline molybdenum oxide aerogels. Solid State Ionics 2001, 144, 31-40.
82. Bi, Y.T.; Ren, H.B.; Chen, B.W.; Chen, G.; Mei, Y.; Zhang, L. Synthesis monolithic copper-based aerogel with polyacrylic acid as template. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2012, 63, 140-145.
83. Kido, Y.; Nakanishi, K.; Miyasaka, A.; Kanamori, K. Synthesis of monolithic hierarchically porous iron-based xerogels from iron(III) salts via an epoxide-mediated sol-gel process. Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 2071-2077.
84. Pekala, R.; Alviso, C.; Kong, F.; Hulsey, S. Aerogels derived from multifunctional organic monomers. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1992, 145, 90-98.
85. Pekala, R.; Alviso, C.; Lu, X.; Gross, J.; Fricke, J. New organic aerogels based upon a phenolic-furfural reaction. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1995, 188, 34-40.
86. Li, W.; Reichenauer, G.; Fricke, J. Carbon aerogels derived from cresol-resorcinol-formaldehyde for supercapacitors. Carbon 2002, 40, 2955-2959.
87. Li, W.; Guo, S. Preparation of low-density carbon aerogels from a cresol/formaldehyde mixture. Carbon 2000, 38, 1499-1524.
88. Brandt, R.; Petricevic, R.; Pröbstle, H.; Fricke, J. Acetic acid catalyzed carbon aerogels. J. Porous Mater. 2003, 10, 171-178.
89. Brandt, R.; Fricke, J. Acetic-acid-catalyzed and subcritically dried carbon aerogels with a nanometer-sized structure and a wide density range. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2004, 350, 131-135.
90. Reuß, M.; Ratke, L. Subcritically dried RF-aerogels catalysed by hydrochloric acid. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2008, 47, 74-80.
91. Wu, D.; Fu, R.; Yu, Z. Organic and carbon aerogels from the NaOH-catalyzed polycondensation of resorcinol-furfural and supercritical drying in ethanol. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 96, 1429-1435.
92. Mulik, S.; Sotiriou-Leventis, C.; Leventis, N. Time-efficient acid-catalyzed synthesis of resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 6138-6144.
93. Jin, H.; Nishiyama, Y.; Wada, M.; Kuga, S. Nanofibrillar cellulose aerogels. Colloids Surf. A 2004, 240, 63-67.
94. Tan, C.B.; Fung, B.M.; Newman, J.K.; Vu, C. Organic aerogels with very high impact strength. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 644-646.
95. Jin, H.; Kettunen, M.; Laiho, A.; Pynnonen, H.; Paltakari, J.; Marmur, A.; Ikkala, O.; Ras, R.H.A. Superhydrophobic and superoleophobic nanocellulose aerogel membranes as bioinspired cargo carriers on water and oil. Langmuir 2011, 27, 1930-1934.
96. Kettunen, M.; Silvennoinen, R.J.; Houbenov, N.; Nykanen, A.; Ruokolainen, J.; Sainio, J.; Pore, V.; Kemell, M.; Ankerfors, M.; Lindstrom, T.; et al. Photoswitchable superabsorbency based on nanocellulose aerogels. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 510-517.
97. Ding, B.B.; Cai, J.; Huang, J.C.; Zhang, L.N.; Chen, Y.; Shi, X.W.; Du, Y.M.; Kuga, S. Facile preparation of robust and biocompatible chitin aerogels. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 5801-5809.
98. Tingaut, P.; Zimmermann, T.; Sebe, G. Cellulose nanocrystals and microfibrillated cellulose as building blocks for the design of hierarchical functional materials. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 20105-20111.
99. Hanzawa, Y.; Kaneko, K.; Pekala, R.; Dresselhaus, M. Activated carbon aerogels. Langmuir 1996, 12, 6167-6169.
100. Liu, D.; Shen, J.; Li, Y.J.; Liu, N.P.; Liu, B. Pore structures of carbon aerogels and their effects on electrochemical supercapacitor performance. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2012, 28, 843-849.
101. 3 solutions with carbon aerogel electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 159-169.
102. Halama, A.; Szubzda, B.; Pasciak, G. Carbon aerogels as electrode material for electrical double layer supercapacitors-Synthesis and properties. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 7501-7505.
103. Moreno-Castilla, C.; Maldonado-Hódar, F.J. Carbon aerogels for catalysis applications: An overview. Carbon 2005, 43, 455-465.
104. Pekala, R.; Farmer, J.; Alviso, C.; Tran, T.; Mayer, S.; Miller, J.; Dunn, B. Carbon aerogels for electrochemical applications. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1998, 225, 74-80.
105. Carrasco-Marin, F.; Fairen-Jimenez, D.; Moreno-Castilla, C. Carbon aerogels from gallic acid-resorcinol mixtures as adsorbents of benzene, toluene and xylenes from dry and wet air under dynamic conditions. Carbon 2009, 47, 463-469.
106. Zhang, W.F.; Huang, Z.H.; Zhou, C.J.; Cao, G.P.; Kang, F.Y.; Yang, Y.S. Porous carbon for electrochemical capacitors prepared from a resorcinol/formaldehyde-based organic aquagel with nano-sized particles. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 7158-7163.
107. Zapata-Benabithe, Z.; Carrasco-Marin, F.; Moreno-Castilla, C. Preparation, surface characteristics, and electrochemical double-layer capacitance of KOH-activated carbon aerogels and their O- and N-doped derivatives. J. Power Source 2012, 219, 80-88.
108. Haji, S.; Erkey, C. Removal of dibenzothiophene from model diesel by adsorption on carbon aerogels for fuel cell applications. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42, 6933-6937.
109. Moreno-Castilla, C.; Dawidziuk, M.B.; Carrasco-Marin, F.; Zapata-Benabithe, Z. Surface characteristics and electrochemical capacitances of carbon aerogels obtained from resorcinol and pyrocatechol using boric and oxalic acids as polymerization catalysts. Carbon 2011, 49, 3808-3819.
110. Pauzauskie, P.J.; Crowhurst, J.C.; Worsley, M.A.; Laurence, T.A.; Kilcoyne, A.L.D.; Wang, Y.M.; Willey, T.M.; Visbeck, K.S.; Fakra, S.C.; Evans, W.J.; et al. Synthesis and characterization of a nanocrystalline diamond aerogel. PNAS 2011, 108, 8550-8553.
111. Worsley, M.A.; Kucheyev, S.O.; Kuntz, J.D.; Olson, T.Y.; Han, T.Y.J.; Hamza, A.V.; Satcher, J.H.; Baumann, T.F. Carbon scaffolds for stiff and highly conductive monolithic oxide-carbon nanotube composites. Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 3054-3061.
112. Bryning, M.B.; Milkie, D.E.; Islam, M.F.; Hough, L.A.; Kikkawa, J.M.; Yodh, A.G. Carbon nanotube aerogels. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 661-664.
113. Mecklenburg, M.; Schuchardt, A.; Mishra, Y.K.; Kaps, S.; Adelung, R.; Lotnyk, A.; Kienle, L.; Schulte, K. Aerographite: Ultra lightweight, flexible nanowall, carbon microtube material with outstanding mechanical performance. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 3486-3490.
114. Gacoin, T.; Malier, L.; Boilot, J.P. New transparent chalcogenide materials using a sol-gel process. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 1502-1504.
115. Bag, S.; Trikalitis, P.N.; Chupas, P.J.; Armatas, G.S.; Kanatzidis, M.G. Porous semiconducting gels and aerogels from chalcogenide clusters. Science 2007, 317, 490-493.
116. Arachchige, I.U.; Brock, S.L. Sol-gel methods for the assembly of metal chalcogenide quantum dots. Acc. Chem. Res. 2007, 40, 801-809.
117. Yao, Q.H.; Brock, S.L. Optical sensing of triethylamine using CdSe aerogels. Nanotechnology 2010, 21, 115502:1-115502:10.
118. Yu, H.T.; Brock, S.L. Effects of nanoparticle shape on the morphology and properties of porous CdSe assemblies (aerogels). ACS Nano 2008, 2, 1563-1570.
119. Yu, H.T.; Liu, Y.; Brock, S.L. Tuning the optical band gap of quantum dot assemblies by varying network density. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 2000-2006.
120. Hassan, S.; Hector, A.L.; Hyde, J.R.; Kalaji, A.; Smith, D.C. A non-oxide sol-gel route to synthesise silicon imidonitride monolithic gels and high surface area aerogels. Chem. Commun. 2008, 5304-5306.
121. 2/C and SiC/C composites. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 4840-4844.
122. Leventis, N.; Chandrasekaran, N.; Sadekar, A.G.; Mulik, S.; Sotiriou-Leventis, C. The effect of compactness on the carbothermal conversion of interpenetrating metal oxide/resorcinol-formaldehyde nanoparticle networks to porous metals and carbides. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 7456-7471.
123. Babic, B.; Bucevac, D.; Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic, A.; Dosen, A.; Zagorac, J.; Pantic, J.; Matovic, B. New manufacturing process for nanometric SiC. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2012, 32, 1901-1906.
124. 2 composite aerogels. Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 2012, 28, 2071-2076.
125. Xu, J.; Liu, Y.M.; Xue, B.; Li, Y.X.; Cao, Y.; Fan, K.N. A hybrid sol-gel synthesis of mesostructured SiC with tunable porosity and its application as a support for propane oxidative dehydrogenation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 10111-10118.
126. Zhong, J.; Liang, S.Q.; Wang, K.; Wang, H.T.; Williams, T.; Huang, H.; Cheng, Y.B. Synthesis of mesoporous carbon-bonded TiC/SiC composites by direct carbothermal reduction of sol-gel derived monolithic precursor. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2011, 94, 4025-4031.
127. Jung, S.M.; Jung, H.Y.; Dresselhaus, M.S.; Jung, Y.J.; Kong, J. A facile route for 3D aerogels from nanostructured 1D and 2D materials. Sci. Rep. 2012, 2, 849.
128. Clapsaddle, B.J.; Gash, A.E.; Satcher, J.H.; Simpson, R.L. Silicon oxide in an iron(III) oxide matrix: The sol-gel synthesis and characterization of Fe-Si mixed oxide nanocomposites that contain iron oxide as the major phase. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2003, 331, 190-201.
129. Clapsaddle, B.J.; Sprehn, D.W.; Gash, A.E.; Satcher, J.H.; Simpson, R.L. A versatile sol-gel synthesis route to metal-silicon mixed oxide nanocomposites that contain metal oxides as the major phase. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2004, 350, 173-181.
130. Xu, W.; Du, A.; Tang, J.; Chen, K.; Zou, L.; Zhang, Z.; Shen, J.; Zhou, B. Rapid preparation of highly doped CuO/SiO2 composite aerogels. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2012, 28, 2958-2964.
131. Shobe, A.M.; Gill, S.K.; Hope-Weeks, L.J. Monolithic CuO-NiO aerogels via an epoxide addition route. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2010, 356, 1337-1343.
132. Davis, M.; Zhang, K.; Wang, S.R.; Hope-Weeks, L.J. Enhanced electrical conductivity in mesoporous 3D indium-tin oxide materials. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 20163-20165.
133. Leventis, N.; Chandrasekaran, N.; Sadekar, A.G.; Sotiriou-Leventis, C.; Lu, H.B. One-pot synthesis of interpenetrating inorganic/organic networks of CuO/resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels: Nanostructured energetic materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 4576-4577.
134. 2 aerogels as acoustic impedance matching layers in ultrasonic devices. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1992, 145, 227-232.
135. 2 aerogel. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2011, 58, 470-475.
136. Zhong, Y.H.; Zhou, B.; Gui, J.Y.; Du, A.; Zhang, Z.H.; Shen, J. Fabrication of multilayer graded density peeled-carbon-aerogel target. Fusion Eng. Des. 2011, 86, 238-243.
137. Du, A.; Zhou, B.; Gui, J.Y.; Liu, G.W.; Li, Y.N.; Wu, G.M.; Shen, J.; Zhang, Z.H. Thermal and mechanical properties of density-gradient aerogels for outer-space hypervelocity particle capture. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2012, 28, 1189-1196.
138. Morris, C.A.; Anderson, M.L.; Stroud, R.M.; Merzbacher, C.I.; Rolison, D.R. Silica sol as a nanoglue: Flexible synthesis of composite aerogels. Science 1999, 284, 622-624.
139. Zhang, Z.H.; Shen, J.; Ni, X.Y.; Wu, G.M.; Zhou, B.; Yang, M.X.; Gu, X.H.; Qian, M.J.; Wu, Y.H. Hydrophobic silica aerogels strengthened with nonwoven fibers. J. Macromol. Sci. A Pure Appl. Chem. 2006, 43, 1663-1670.
140. Zhang, Z.; Shen, J.; Ni, X.Y.; Li, Y.; Wang, B.; Wu, G.M.; Zhou, B. Preparation and characterization of hydrophobic silica aerogels doped with fibers. Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 2008, 37, 16-19.
141. 2 aerogel insulation. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1998, 225, 101-104.
142. Tillotson, T.M.; Gash, A.E.; Simpson, R.L.; Hrubesh, L.W.; Satcher, J.H.; Poco, J.F. Nanostructured energetic materials using sol-gel methodologies. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2001, 285, 338-345.
143. Gash, A.E.; Satcher, J.H.; Simpson, R.L.; Clapsaddle, B.J. Nanostructured energetic materials with sol-gel methods. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 2004, 800, 55-66.
144. Prentice, D.; Pantoya, M.L.; Gash, A.E. Combustion wave speeds of sol-gel-synthesized tungsten trioxide and nano-aluminum: The effect of impurities on flame propagation. Energy Fuels 2006, 20, 2370-2376.
145. Randall, J.P.; Meador, M.A.B.; Jana, S.C. Tailoring mechanical properties of aerogels for aerospace applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 613-626.
146. Leventis, N.; Sotiriou-Leventis, C.; Zhang, G.H.; Rawashdeh, A.M.M. Nanoengineering strong silica aerogels. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 957-960.
147. Zhang, G.H.; Dass, A.; Rawashdeh, A.M.M.; Thomas, J.; Counsil, J.A.; Sotiriou-Leventis, C.; Fabrizio, E.F.; Ilhan, F.; Vassilaras, P.; Scheiman, D.A.; et al. Isocyanate-crosslinked silica aerogel monoliths: preparation and characterization. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2004, 350, 152-164.
148. Leventis, N.; Palczer, A.; McCorkle, L.; Zhang, G.H.; Sotiriou-Leventis, C. Nanoengineered silica-polymer composite aerogels with no need for supercritical fluid drying. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2005, 35, 99-105.
149. Meador, M.A.B.; Fabrizio, E.F.; Ilhan, F.; Dass, A.; Zhang, G.H.; Vassilaras, P.; Johnston, J.C.; Leventis, N. Cross-linking amine-modified silica aerogels with epoxies: Mechanically strong lightweight porous materials. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 1085-1098.
150. Ilhan, U.F.; Fabrizio, E.F.; McCorkle, L.; Scheiman, D.A.; Dass, A.; Palczer, A.; Meador, M.B.; Johnston, J.C.; Leventis, N. Hydrophobic monolithic aerogels by nanocasting polystyrene on amine-modified silica. J. Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 3046-3054.
151. Meador, M.A.B.; Capadona, L.A.; McCorkle, L.; Papadopoulos, D.S.; Leventis, N. Structure-property relationships in porous 3D nanostructures as a function of preparation conditions: Isocyanate cross-linked silica aerogels. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 2247-2260.
152. Yin, W.; Venkitachalam, S.M.; Jarrett, E.; Staggs, S.; Leventis, N.; Lu, H.B.; Rubenstein, D.A. Biocompatibility of surfactant-templated polyurea-nanoencapsulated macroporous silica aerogels with plasma platelets and endothelial cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2010, 92A, 1431-1439.
153. Mohite, D.P.; Larimore, Z.J.; Lu, H.; Mang, J.T.; Sotiriou-Leventis, C.; Leventis, N. Monolithic hierarchical fractal assemblies of silica nanoparticles cross-linked with polynorbornene via ROMP: A structure-property correlation from molecular to bulk through nano. Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 3434-3448.
154. Du, A.; Zhou, B.; Li, Y.N.; Li, X.Y.; Ye, J.J.; Li, L.X.; Zhang, Z.H.; Gao, G.H.; Shen, J. Aerogel: A potential three-dimensional nanoporous filler for resins. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2011, 30, 912-921.
155. Chervin, C.N.; Clapsaddle, B.J.; Chiu, H.W.; Gash, A.E.; Satcher, J.H.; Kauzlarich, S.M. Aerogel synthesis of yttria-stabilized zirconia by a non-alkoxide sol-gel route. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 3345-3351.
156. Chervin, C.N.; Clapsaddle, B.J.; Chiu, H.W.; Gash, A.E.; Satcher, J.H.; Kauzlarich, S.M. Role of cyclic ether and solvent in a non-alkoxide sol-gel synthesis of yttria-stabilized zirconia nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 4865-4874.
157. Chien, H.C.; Cheng, W.Y.; Wang, Y.H.; Lu, S.Y. Ultrahigh specific capacitances for supercapacitors achieved by nickel cobaltite/carbon aerogel composites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 5038-5043.
158. Lin, Y.H.; Wei, T.Y.; Chien, H.C.; Lu, S.Y. Manganese oxide/carbon aerogel composite: An outstanding supercapacitor electrode material. Adv. Energy Mater. 2011, 1, 901-907.
159. Wei, T.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Chien, H.C.; Lu, S.Y.; Hu, C.C. A cost-effective supercapacitor material of ultrahigh specific capacitances: Spinel nickel cobaltite aerogels from an epoxide-driven sol-gel process. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 347-351.
160. Back, C.A.; Bauer, J.D.; Hammer, J.H.; Lasinski, B.F.; Turner, R.E.; Rambo, P.W.; Landen, O.L.; Suter, L.J.; Rosen, M.D.; Hsing, W.W. Diffusive, supersonic X-ray transport in radiatively heated foam cylinders. Phys. Plasmas 2000, 7, 2126-2134.
161. Back, C.A.; Seely, J.F.; Weaver, J.L.; Feldman, U.; Tommasini, R.; Glendinning, S.G.; Chung, H.K.; Rosen, M.; Lee, R.W.; Scott, H.A.; et al. Underdense radiation sources: Moving towards longer wavelengths. J. Phys. IV 2006, 133, 1173-1175.
162. Fournier, K.B.; Satcher, J.H.; May, M.J.; Poco, J.F.; Sorce, C.M.; Colvin, J.D.; Hansen, S.B.; MacLaren, S.A.; Moon, S.J.; Davis, J.F.; et al. Absolute X-ray yields from laser-irradiated germanium-doped low-density aerogels. Phys. Plasmas 2009, 16, 052703:1-052703:13.
163. Colvin, J.D.; Fournier, K.B.; May, M.J.; Scott, H.A. A computational study of X-ray emission from laser-irradiated Ge-doped foams. Phys. Plasmas 2010, 17, 073111:1-073111:8.
164. Tanabe, M.; Nishimura, H.; Ohnishi, N.; Fournier, K.B.; Fujioka, S.; Iwamae, A.; Hansen, S.B.; Nagai, K.; Girard, F.; Primout, M.; Villette, B.; Brebion, D.; Mima, K. Characterization of heat-wave propagation through laser-driven Ti-doped underdense plasma. High Energy Density Phys. 2010, 6, 89-94.
165. Girard, F.; Primout, M.; Villette, B.; Brebion, D.; Nishimura, H.; Fournier, K.B. Experimental X-ray characterization of Gekko-XII laser propagation through very low-density aerogels (2-5 mg/cc) creating multi-keV photons from a titanium solid foil. High Energy Density Phys. 2011, 7, 285-287.
166. Ganeev, R.A. Generation of harmonics of laser radiation in plasmas. Laser Phys. Lett. 2012, 9, 175-194.
167. Perez, F.; Kay, J.J.; Patterson, J.R.; Kane, J.; Villette, B.; Girard, F.; Reverdin, C.; May, M.; Emig, J.; Sorce, C.; et al. Efficient laser-induced 6-8 keV X-ray production from iron oxide aerogel and foil-lined cavity targets. Phys. Plasmas 2012, 19, 083101:1-083101:10.
168. 2/CRF bilayer perturbation aerogel target for ICF hydrodynamic instability experiment. Fusion Eng. Des. 2012, 87, 92-97.