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0345394567
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-
note
-
4OH (base-catalyzed gels; gelation time of 1.5 min) or 0.07 g of HCl (acid-catalyzed gels; gelation time of 3 min) was used. To date, the only solid we have found that affects the gelation time relative to neat silica sol is titania aerogel, for which the gelation time decreases proportionately to the amount of solid added. The composite gels are aged for no longer than 10 to 20 min before washing steps are initiated.
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0344963161
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2 particles ∼10 nm in size (7)] does not compromise the strength and porosity of the silica network.
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0344963159
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-
note
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Gold colloids were either obtained commercially or synthesized in-house (1); Pt colloids were prepared by published procedures (13) and their size derived from UV-vis absorption (14) and verified by transmission electron microscopy.
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22
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37049095102
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D. N. Furlong, A. Launikonis, W. H. F. Sasse, J. V. Sanders, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 80, 571 (1984).
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23
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-
0344532264
-
-
note
-
2 aerogel was prepared by published procedures (16, 17) and heated in air to 450°C to crystallize to anatase titania; this aerogel powder was then suspended in silica sol.
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25
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0000541970
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K. E. Swider, C. I. Merzbacher, P. L. Hagans, D. R. Rolison, Chem. Mater. 9, 1248 (1997).
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Rolison, D.R.4
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26
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-
0344100819
-
-
note
-
2+-modified NaY was previously prepared and characterized (19).
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0345394560
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35
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0344532261
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note
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3 and thereby enhances the durability of the aerogel structure upon rewetting), immersed into a methyl orange/acetone solution to modify the colloidal Au surfaces, rinsed thoroughly with acetone, and then air dried.
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41
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0344963149
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note
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Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and x-ray diffraction show that both amorphous titania aerogel (17) and a titania (aerogel) - silica composite aerogel crystallize to anatase at 270°C. The mass loss of titania-containing aerogels (at 10 to 20 wt %) is greater than that for silica aerogels (<5 wt %), indicating that the titania aerogel contains more water (in keeping with its -OH-rich surface). The titania (aerogel) -silica composite aerogel has a weight loss between that of the pure titania and pure silica aerogels.
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42
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0344532258
-
-
note
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The silica aerogel, titania aerogel, and titania (aerogel) - silica composite aerogel are transparent, so spectra were obtained for aerogel monoliths. Because the titania (Degussa) - silica composite aerogel scatters light in all UV-vis regions, a powder of the composite was mixed with pure silica aerogel and pressed into a pellet, and the absorption spectrum of the pellet was then measured.
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44
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0344963147
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note
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The positions of the bipyridyl frequencies are in good agreement with those previously reported for 2,2′-bipyridine directly adsorbed to NaY zeolite (32).
-
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48
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0344532257
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note
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A vol % of 6.4 (determined from the volume of carbon added in the total volume of sol/gel) indicates that the carbon participates are not statistically mixed throughout the aerogel's total volume, so that a lower threshold for transport is obtained than that expected in 3D. Tuning in electrical transport with a lower volume fraction indicates that the carbon incorporates into the silica network already associated, which is in agreement with the ease at which the carbon phase-separates from the silica sol if over-agitated (2).
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50
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0344100814
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note
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The ability to achieve conduction paths through carbon - (base-catalyzed) silica composite aerogels also demonstrates the importance of using an about-to-gel silica sol before introducing the particulate guest. We find that when the mixing or contact time between the silica oligomers and the carbon increases, electronic paths cannot be established, even for base-catalyzed silica.
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51
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0344532255
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note
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Supported by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR). M.L.A. acknowledges a postdoctoral fellowship from ASEE (American Society for Engineering Education)-ONR. Helpful discussions with K. E. Swider Lyons and N. Leventis are gratefully acknowledged.
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