In situ reflectance imaging of organic thin film formation from solution deposition

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 114, Issue , 2013, Pages 89-98

  Bergqvist, Jonas ^a   Mauger, Scott A ^a   Tvingstedt, Kristofer ^a   Arwin, Hans ^a   Inganäs, Olle ^a  

^a LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Blade coating; Evaporation; OPV; Process control; Reflectance imaging; Spin coating

Indexed keywords

BLADE COATINGS; INTERFERENCE CONDITION; MORPHOLOGY FORMATION; OPV; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS; RATE OF SOLVENT EVAPORATIONS; REFLECTANCE IMAGING; SOLUTION DEPOSITION;

COATINGS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EVAPORATION; LIGHT EMITTING DIODES; MORPHOLOGY; PHASE TRANSITIONS; PROCESS CONTROL; REFLECTION; REFRACTIVE INDEX; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SPIN COATING;

DRYING;

EID: 84875715896     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2013.02.030     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. M. Jørgensen, K. Norrman, S.A. Gevorgyan, T. Tromholt, B. Andreasen, and F.C. Krebs Stability of polymer solar cells Advanced Materials 24 2012 580 612
2. Z. He, C. Zhong, X. Huang, W.Y. Wong, H. Wu, L. Chen, S. Hu, and Y. Cao Simultaneous enhancement of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor in polymer solar cells Advanced Materials 23 2011 4636 4643
3. F.C. Krebs Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: a review of printing and coating techniques Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93 2009 394 412
4. F.C. Krebs, T. Tromholt, and M. Jørgensen Upscaling of polymer solar cell fabrication using full roll-to-roll processing Nanoscale 2 2010 873 886
5. R. Søndergaard, M. Hösel, D. Angmo, T.T. Larsen-Olsen, and F.C. Krebs Roll-to-roll fabrication of polymer solar cells Materials Today 15 2012 36 49
6. G. Yu, J. Gao, J.C. Hummelen, F. Wudl, and A.J. Heeger Polymer photovoltaic cells: enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions Science 270 1995 1789 1791 (Pubitemid 126635480)
7. J.J.M. Halls, C.A. Walsh, N.C. Greenham, E.A. Marseglla, R.H. Friend, S.C. Moratti, and A.B. Holmes Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks Nature 376 1995 498 500
8. 60 heterojunction photovoltaic cell Applied Physics Letters 68 1996 3120 3122 (Pubitemid 126684227)
9. F. Liu, Y. Gu, J.W. Jung, W.H. Jo, and T.P. Russell On the morphology of polymer-based photovoltaics Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics 50 2012 1018 1044
10. H. Hoppe, M. Niggemann, C. Winder, J. Kraut, R. Hiesgen, A. Hinsch, D. Meissner, and N.S. Sariciftci Nanoscale morphology of conjugated polymer/fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction solar cells Advanced Functional Materials 14 2004 1005 1011
11. B. Schmidt-Hansberg, M. Sanyal, M.F.G. Klein, M. Pfaff, N. Schnabel, S. Jaiser, A. Vorobiev, E. Müller, A. Colsmann, P. Scharfer, D. Gerthsen, U. Lemmer, E. Barrena, and W. Schabel Moving through the phase diagram: morphology formation in solution cast polymer-fullerene blend films for organic solar cells ACS Nano 5 2011 8579 8590
12. B. Schmidt-Hansberg, M.F.G. Klein, K. Peters, F. Buss, J. Pfeifer, S. Walheim, A. Colsmann, U. Lemmer, P. Scharfer, and W. Schabel In situ monitoring the drying kinetics of knife coated polymer-fullerene films for organic solar cells Journal of Applied Physics 106 2009 124501
13. P. Mokarian-Tabari, M. Geoghegan, J.R. Howse, S.Y. Heriot, R.L. Thompson, and R.A. Jones Quantitative evaluation of evaporation rate during spin-coating of polymer blend films: control of film structure through defined-atmosphere solvent-casting European Physical Journal E Soft Matter 33 2010 283 289
14. T. Martens, Z. Beelen, J. D'Haen, T. Munters, L. Goris, J. Manca, M. D́Olieslaeger, D. Vanderzande, L. De Schepper, and R. Andriessen Morphology of MDMO-PPV:PCBM bulk heterojunction organic solar cells by AFM, KFM and TEM Proceedings of the SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering 4801 2003 40 47
15. L. Hou, E. Wang, J. Bergqvist, B.V. Andersson, Z. Wang, C. Müller, M. Campoy-Quiles, M.R. Andersson, F. Zhang, and O. Inganäs Lateral phase separation gradients in spin-coated thin films of high-performance polymer: fullerene photovoltaic blends Advanced Functional Materials 21 2011 3169 3175
16. L. Zeng, C.W. Tang, and S.H. Chen Effects of active layer thickness and thermal annealing on polythiophene: fullerene bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices Applied Physics Letters 97 2010
17. H. Hoppe, N. Arnold, N.S. Sariciftci, and D. Meissner Modeling the optical absorption within conjugated polymer/fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 80 2003 105 113
18. B.V. Andersson, D.M. Huang, A.J. MouÍ, and O. Inganäs An optical spacer is no panacea for light collection in organic solar cells Applied Physics Letters 94 2009 043302
19. S.Y. Heriot, and R.A.L. Jones An interfacial instability in a transient wetting layer leads to lateral phase separation in thin spin-cast polymer-blend films Nature Materials 4 2005 782 786 (Pubitemid 41397028)
20. P.C. Jukes, S.Y. Heriot, J.S. Sharp, and R.A.L. Jones Time-resolved light scattering studies of phase separation in thin film semiconducting polymer blends during spin-coating Macromolecules 38 2005 2030 2032 (Pubitemid 40430362)
21. B. Schmidt-Hansberg, M. Baunach, J. Krenn, S. Walheim, U. Lemmer, P. Scharfer, and W. Schabel Spatially resolved drying kinetics of multi-component solution cast films for organic electronics Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 50 2011 509 515
22. B. Schmidt-Hansberg, M. Sanyal, N. Grossiord, Y. Galagan, M. Baunach, M.F.G. Klein, A. Colsmann, P. Scharfer, U. Lemmer, H. Dosch, J. Michels, E. Barrena, and W. Schabel Investigation of non-halogenated solvent mixtures for high throughput fabrication of polymerfullerene solar cells Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 96 2012 195 201
23. T. Wang, A.D.F. Dunbar, P.A. Staniec, A.J. Pearson, P.E. Hopkinson, J.E. MacDonald, A.J. Ryan, R.A.L. Jones, and D.G. Lidzey The development of nanoscale morphology in polymer:fullerene photovoltaic blends during solvent casting Soft Matter 6 2010 4128 4134
24. M. Campoy-Quiles, M. Schmidt, D. Nassyrov, O. Peña, A.R. Goñi, M.I. Alonso, and M. Garriga Real-time studies during coating and post-deposition annealing in organic semiconductors Thin Solid Films 519 2011 2678 2681
25. Í. López García, J.L. Keddie, and M. Sferrazza Probing the early stages of solvent evaporation and relaxation in solvent-cast polymer thin films by spectroscopic ellipsometry Surface and Interface Analysis 43 2011 1448 1452
26. S. Ebbens, R. Hodgkinson, A.J. Parnell, A. Dunbar, S.J. Martin, P.D. Topham, N. Clarke, and J.R. Howse In situ imaging and height reconstruction of phase separation processes in polymer blends during spin coating ACS Nano 5 2011 5124 5131
27. D.P. Birnie III, D.E. Haas, and C.M. Hernandez Laser interferometric calibration for real-time video color interpretation of thin fluid layers during spin coating Optics and Lasers in Engineering 48 2010 533 537
28. R. Rösch, F.C. Krebs, D.M. Tanenbaum, and H. Hoppe Quality control of roll-to-roll processed polymer solar modules by complementary imaging methods Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 97 2012 176 180
29. E. Wang, L. Hou, Z. Wang, S. Hellström, F. Zhang, O. Inganäs, and M.R. Andersson An easily synthesized blue polymer for high-performance polymer solar cells Advanced Materials 22 2010 5240 5244
30. D. Kronholm, and J.C. Hummelen Fullerene-based n-type semiconductors in organic electronics Journal of Material Matters 2 2007 16 20
31. B. Johs, and J.S. Hale Dielectric function representation by B-splines Physica Status Solidi (A) Applications and Materials Science 205 2008 715 719
32. G. Reiter, and P.G.De Gennes Spin-cast, thin, glassy polymer films: highly metastable forms of matter European Physical Journal E 6 2001 25 28
33. K. Koyama, A. Iwasaki, M. Tanimoto, and I. Kudo Simple interferometric microscopy for in situ real-time two-dimensional observation of crystal growth Review of Scientific Instruments 67 1996 2584 2587 (Pubitemid 126558514)
34. C. Wohlfarth, and B. Wohlfarth Refractive Indices of Organic Liquids 1996 Springer Berlin, Heidelberg 124
35. Z. Wang, E. Wang, L. Hou, F. Zhang, M. Andersson, and O. inganäs Mixed solvents for reproducible photovoltaic bulk heterojunctions Journal of Photonics for Energy 1 2011 011122
36. S. Cook, H. Ohkita, Y. Kim, J.J. Benson-Smith, D.D.C. Bradley, and J.R. Durrant A photophysical study of PCBM thin films Chemical Physics Letters 445 2007 276 280 (Pubitemid 47362086)
37. L.A.A. Pettersson, L.S. Roman, and O. Inganäs Modeling photocurrent action spectra of photovoltaic devices based on organic thin films Journal of Applied Physics 86 1999 487 496 (Pubitemid 129647370)